General Relation Research Articles

Replacement of Line Loads acting on slabs to equivalent uniformly Distributed Loads

This study aims to derive a general relation between line loads that acting on two-way slab system and the equivalent uniformly distributed loads. This relation will be so useful to structural designer that are used to working with a uniformly distributed load and enable them to use the traditional methods for analysis of two-way systems (e.g. Direct Design Method). Two types of slab systems, Slab System with Beams and Flat Slab Systems, have been considered in this study to include the effect of aspect ratio and type of slab on the proposed relation. Five aspect ratios, l2/l1 of 0.5, 0.75, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0, have been considered for both types of two-way systems. All necessary finite element analyses have been executed with SAFE Software. Data obtained from the F. E. analyses have been used in a statistical analysis using Statistic Software to derive the relation based on a Linear Regression Analysis.

Physics of drift Alfvén instabilities and energetic particles in fusion plasmas

Shear Alfvén wave (SAW)/drift Alfvén wave (DAW) fluctuations can be destabilized by energetic particles (EPs) as well as thermal plasma components, which play a key role in the EP energy and momentum transport processes in burning fusion plasmas. The drift Alfvén energetic particle stability (DAEPS) code, which is an eigenvalue code using the finite element method, was developed to analyze Alfvén instabilities excited by EPs. The model equations, consisting of the quasineutrality condition and the Schrödinger-like form of the vorticity equation, are derived within the general fishbone-like dispersion relation theoretical framework, which is widely used to analyze SAW/DAW physics. The mode structure decomposition approach and asymptotic matching between the inertial/singular layer and ideal regions are adopted. Therefore, the DAEPS code can provide not only frequency and growth/damping rate but also the parallel mode structure as well as the asymptotic behavior corresponding to the singular-layer contribution. Thus, it fully describes fluid and kinetic continuous spectra as well as unstable and damped modes. The model equations have been extended to include general axisymmetric geometry and to solve for the response of circulating and trapped particles by means of the action-angle approach. In this work, we discuss linear dispersion relation and parallel mode structure of drift Alfvén instabilities excited by EPs, computed with the DAEPS code with realistic experimental plasma profile and magnetic configuration. We compare DAEPS results with FALCON/LIGKA to provide a verification of the code. We then adopt the Dyson–Schrödinger model (DSM) to further analyze the EP energy and momentum flux. We will briefly discuss how the parallel mode structure of the drift Alfvén instabilities can be used in the DSM to calculate the nonlinear radial envelope evolution and the EP transport.

Purely subjective revealed ambiguity

The objective of this paper is to show how ambiguity, and an individual’s response to it, can be modeled formally in the context of a likelihood relation over events. When certain structural conditions are met, we introduce the rational core of a likelihood relation and show that it can be represented by a set of priors, as suggested by Ghirardato et al. (2004). We also prove that a general likelihood relation can be represented in the spirit of Hurwicz’s “optimism index” model (Hurwicz, 1951). We then obtain a fully subjective model of likelihood judgments under ambiguity for ambiguity averse individuals.

A thermodynamics-based micro-macro elastoplastic micropolar continuum model for granular materials

A micro–macro elastoplastic micropolar continuum model for granular materials in the dry and pendular states is proposed on the basis of thermodynamics. The independent rotational degrees of freedom are considered besides the translational degrees of freedom for particles among the discrete particle system, which is described by the equivalent micropolar continuum. In the framework of the micropolar continuum, the elastic part and yield locus at macroscale are firstly rigorously deduced from the general elastic constitutive relation and Coulomb-type yield criterion at inter-particle contacts, respectively. Furthermore, the micro–macro elastoplastic micropolar continuum model is proposed, in which the model parameters have clear physical meanings. Subsequently, a return mapping algorithm for the integration of the micropolar elastoplastic model is presented. Finally, the proposed model, coded into ABAQUS software, is validated by comparisons of test and discrete element method results in terms of the stress–strain relation and strain localization phenomenon. The stress–strain relation and shear band modes are well reproduced, and the effects of the confining pressure and the partially saturated state on granular materials can also be correctly predicted by the proposed model.

Subjective quality of life among first-episode psychosis patients in Chennai, India and Montreal, Canada.

Differences in subjective quality of life among persons receiving early intervention for psychosis in varying geo-sociocultural contexts have rarely been examined. Our prospective longitudinal study compared the quality of life of persons with first-episode psychosis receiving two years of similar early intervention in Chennai, India and Montreal, Canada. We hypothesized that general life satisfaction would be higher in Chennai compared to Montreal, and that social relations (a specific quality of life component) would also be higher in Chennai and positively contribute to general life satisfaction. Participants completed the general satisfaction and social relations domains of the Wisconsin Quality of Life Index at baseline, months 12 and 24. Baseline weighted mean general satisfaction and social relations scores were in the low to moderate range. Generalized estimating equation analyses showed that general satisfaction scores increased with time [Wald χ2 (1)=125.28, p<0.001] and were higher in Chennai than in Montreal [Wald χ2 (1)=7.50, p=0.006]. Social relations scores showed the highest association with general satisfaction scores (B=0.52), followed by positive symptom remission (B=0.24) and gender (B=0.18) with Chennai males having the highest general satisfaction scores. Social relations weighted mean scores increased with time [Wald χ2 (1)=87.30, p<0.001] and were positively associated with years of education [Wald χ2 (1)=4.76, p=0.029] and early negative symptom remission [Wald χ2 (1)=7.38, p=0.007]. Our results suggest that subjective quality of life may improve following early intervention for psychosis across contexts. Our findings advance knowledge about the role of sociocultural (e.g., gender) and clinical factors in influencing subjective outcomes in psychosis, and point to social support networks and symptom remission as avenues to boost quality of life.

Yield criteria for voided materials with anisotropic matrix behavior

This paper presents a theoretical and micromechanical procedure for determining the macroscopic behavior of voided materials with anisotropic matrix constitutive behavior. Within the Gurson approach (Gurson, 1977), it combines the IPE (Isotropy Plasticity Equivalent) concept proposed by Karafillis and Boyce (1993) to the procedure proposed by Benallal (2017) to build macroscopic behavior of voided materials with general isotropic matrix behavior. For sake of clarity, the simple Gurson kinematically admissible velocity field is used and can be replaced by any more suitable trial field. The matrix may have any anisotropic behavior represented by the linear transformation of the IPE setting, which is traceless. A general parametric constitutive relation is obtained for the six-dimensional yield surface of the porous solid. A numerical algorithm is then proposed to evaluate and visualize arbitrary sections of this full six-dimensional macroscopic yield surface and various illustrations are provided for different matrix plastic constitutive behavior including Lode angle effects and materials symmetries. Some qualitative aspects of the macroscopic yield locus are summarized and discussed.

General practitioners ending their practice and impact on patients’ health, healthcare use and mortality: a protocol for national registry cohort studies in Norway, 2008 to 2021

IntroductionContinuous general practitioner (GP) and patient relations associate with positive health outcomes. Termination of GP practice is unavoidable, while consequences of final breaks in relations are less explored. We will...

Spatial distribution and precipitation intensity of supercells: Response to terrain asymmetry in the Western Carpathians, Central Europe

Empirically based research presents a challenge posing a question as to how much the complex terrain affects the behavior of actual supercell storms. An investigation took place in the Western Carpathians in Central Europe during warm seasons over a period of 5 years. The occurrence of 62 supercells was identified by mesocyclone/supercell features in two-dimensional radar products. Specifically, in the fields of Doppler radial velocity and reflectivity factor. Statistical qualities of radar reflectivity at 2–6 km above mean sea level and around approximate mesocyclone centers within 5, 10 and 15-km radius were perceived as an estimated precipitation intensity descriptor. Reflectivity data were compared with several terrain attributes such as elevation, slope angle and curvature. Results suggest that supercells were spatially bonded to the mountains, e.g., through initiation sites that were predominantly placed over leeward slopes. A mountain-related propagation pattern of storms based on their translation speed was observed as well. Overall, storms did not appear to be unable to traverse significantly higher terrain, and they did not become stronger or weaker while doing so. Most of their maximum precipitation intensity was situated in the lowlands. The accumulation of precipitation intensity revealed, though, that the largest values were concentrated over two elevated regions. The general relation between changing precipitation intensity and the terrain was not found and remained insignificant, suggesting that terrain-related effects may impact the precipitation intensity of storms rather on a case-by-case basis. The strongest, if moderate positive correlation of 0.4 was assigned to the pairs of fast-moving supercells and current elevation of the ground within 15-km radius along the paths of the storms.

Affable thermal treatment process to overcome the trade-off relation via interface engineering in an Fe-based amorphous film

As pre-eminent soft magnetic materials, Fe-based amorphous alloys have been extensively studied due to adjustable composition, low cost, and low iron core loss. The soft magnetic properties could be further improved after thermal annealing, which achieve a low coercive force (Hc) due to the low magnetic anisotropy and a high saturation magnetic flux density (Bs) on account of the precipitation of soft magnetic nanocrystalline phases. However, it is a key difficulty to control the nucleation and growth procedures of nanocrystals during annealing, resulting in rapid deterioration of Hc. Here, a soft magnetic Fe76Si8B13Nb3 film with ultra-fine amorphous/crystalline (a/c) core–shell structure is achieved from an amorphous precursor with the nanoscale phase separation. The pre-existing nanoscale phase separation provides vast nucleation sites and interphase boundaries, which could generate high concentration of nanocrystals and depresses the subsequent coarsening behavior even for long-time heat treatment. In consequence, the a/c core–shell soft magnetic film breaks the general trade-off relation in the soft magnetic material family with the highest Bs and lowest Hc simultaneously. This work provides a new perspective to design a/c alloys by amorphous precursor with dual phase structure, and importantly, it supplies effortless thermal treatment requirement to conveniently regulate the microstructures and soft magnetic properties of metallic glasses.

From celestial correlators to AdS, and back

We present a general relation between celestial correlation functions in d-dimensions and Witten diagrams in (d + 1)-dimensional Euclidean anti-de Sitter (EAdS) space, to all orders in perturbation theory. Contact diagram processes are proportional to contact Witten diagrams and particle exchanges can be recast as a continuum of particle exchanges in EAdS where the exchanged particles carrying unitary Principal Series representations of SO(d + 1, 1). One can then try to import familiar EAdS techniques to study the properties of celestial correlators. In this work we use this relation to infer the analytic structure of the spectral density in the conformal partial wave expansion of celestial correlators which, at least perturbatively, should be a meromorphic function of the spectral parameter. We also discuss non-perturbative constraints from unitarity in Euclidean Conformal Field Theory, which requires positivity of the spectral density. This extends similar relations recently uncovered between boundary correlation functions in de Sitter space and Witten diagrams in EAdS, suggesting that EAdS could play a central role in efforts towards holography for all lambdas.

Nonequilibrium mixture dynamics: A model for mobilities and its consequences.

Extending the famous model B for the time evolution of a liquid mixture, we derive an approximate expression for the mobility matrix that couples different mixture components. This approach is based on a single component fluid with particles that are artificially grouped into separate species labeled by "colors." The resulting mobility matrix depends on a single dimensionless parameter, which can be determined efficiently from experimental data or numerical simulations, and includes existing standard forms as special cases. We identify two distinct mobility regimes, corresponding to collective motion and interdiffusion, respectively, and show how they emerge from the microscopic properties of the fluid. As a test scenario, we study the dynamics after a thermal quench, providing a number of general relations and analytical insights from a Gaussian theory. Specifically, for systems with two or three components, analytical results for the time evolution of the equal time correlation function compare well to results of Monte Carlo simulations of a lattice gas. A rich behavior is observed, including the possibility of transient fractionation.

Propagatory dynamics of electromagnetic drift waves in inhomogeneous spin degenerate compact objects plasmas

A theoretical analysis is carried out to investigate the dynamics of electromagnetic drift modes in non-uniform spin quantum magnetoplasmas found in degenerate compact objects. General dispersion relations are derived using spin quantum hydrodynamic equations, Poisson equation, and Maxwell equation, with and without ion inertial effects. The effects of quantum spin magnetization, Bohm potential, and density inhomogeneity on the dispersion of electromagnetic drift modes are explored numerically. The advancing theoretical analysis demonstrated herein has strong correlations and consistencies with the dynamic growth of compact astrophysical objects and their surrounding atmospheres, such as black holes, white dwarfs, and dense molecular clouds.

Generalized ρ-Almost Periodic Sequences and Applications

In this paper, we analyze the Bohr ρ-almost periodic type sequences and the generalized ρ-almost periodic type sequences of the form F:I×X→Y, where ∅≠I⊆Zn, X and Y are complex Banach spaces and ρ is a general binary relation on Y. We provide many structural results, observations and open problems about the introduced classes of ρ-almost periodic sequences. Certain applications of the established theoretical results to the abstract Volterra integro-difference equations are also given.

Generalized uncertainty relation between thermodynamic variables in quantum thermodynamics

Macroscopic thermodynamics, via the weak coupling approximation, assumes that the equilibrium properties of a system are not affected by interactions with its environment. However, this assumption may not hold for quantum systems, where the strength of interaction between the system and the environment may become non-negligible in a strong coupling regime. In such a regime, the equilibrium properties of the system depend on the interaction energy and the system state is no longer of the Gibbs form. Regarding such interactions, using tools from the quantum estimation theory, we derive the thermodynamic uncertainty relation between intensive and extensive variables valid at all coupling regimes through the generalized Gibbs ensemble. Where we demonstrate the lower bound on the uncertainty of intensive variables increases in presence of quantum fluctuations. Also, we calculate the general uncertainty relations for several ensembles to corroborate the literature results, thus showing the versatility of our method.

Similarity measure-based three-way decisions in Pythagorean fuzzy information systems and its application in FANETs

The existing researchers generalize the decision-theoretic rough sets (DTRSs) model from the viewpoint of the cost function, whether the information system is complete, and so on. Few of them consider multiple different strategies to rank the expected losses. Furthermore, under the circumstance of Pythagorean fuzzy, we can’t directly define the partition of the objects set by employing equivalence relation, there is a need for constructing the general binary relation. Aiming at these problems, in present paper, we propose the similarity measure-based three-way decisions (3WD) in Pythagorean fuzzy information systems, both the binary relation and the similarity neighborhood are induced by similarity measure between objects. Each object has its own losses, different strategies are designed to rank the expected losses. Further, the similarity measure-based DTRSs dealing with crisp concept and the similarity measure-based Pythagorean fuzzy DTRSs dealing with Pythagorean fuzzy concept are developed to establish the three regions of similarity measure-based 3WD. Finally, the proposed models are used to make decisions for classifying the network nodes of flying ad-hoc networks (FANETs) into normal nodes also called safe nodes, suspicious nodes, and malicious nodes also called unsafe nodes under the evaluation of Pythagorean fuzzy information.

Reconstruction of Past Antarctic Temperature Using Present Seasonal δ18O–Inversion Layer Temperature: Unified Slope Equations and Applications

Abstract Reconstructing the history of polar temperature from ice core water isotope (δ18O) calibration has remained a challenge in paleoclimate research, because of our incomplete understanding of various temperature–δ18O relationships. This paper resolves this classical problem in a new framework called the unified slope equations (USE), which illustrates the general relations among spatial and temporal δ18O–surface temperature slopes. The USE is applied to the Antarctica temperature change during the last deglaciation in model simulations and observations. It is shown that the comparable Antarctica-mean spatial slope with deglacial temporal slope in δ18O–surface temperature reconstruction is caused, accidentally, by the compensation responses between the δ18O–inversion layer temperature relation and the inversion layer temperature itself. Furthermore, in light of the USE, we propose that the present seasonal slope of δ18O–inversion layer temperature is an optimal paleothermometer that is more accurate and robust than the spatial slope. This optimal slope suggests the possibility of reconstructing past Antarctic temperature changes using present and future instrumental observations. Significance Statement This paper develops a new framework called the unified slope equations (USE) to provide, for the first time, a general relation among various spatial and temporal water isotope–temperature slopes. The application of the USE to Antarctic deglacial temperature change shows that the optimal paleothermometer is the seasonal slope of the inversion layer temperature.

False Onsager relations

Recent research suggests that when a system has a “false time-reversal violation” the Onsager reciprocity relations hold despite the presence of a magnetic field. The purpose of this work is to clarify that the Onsager relations may well be violated in the presence of a “false time-reversal violation”: that rather guarantees the validity of distinct relations, which we dub “false Onsager relations”. We also point out that for quantum systems “false time-reversal violation” is omnipresent and comment that, per se, this has in general no consequence in regard to the validity of Onsager relations, or the more general non-equilibrium fluctuation relations, in the presence of a magnetic field. Our arguments are illustrated with the Heisenberg model of a magnet in an external magnetic field.

The Initial Mass Function and Other Stellar Properties Across the Core of the Hydra I Cluster* * This paper includes data gathered with the 6.5 m Magellan Telescopes located at Las Campanas Observatory, Chile.

The Hydra I cluster offers an excellent opportunity to study and compare the relic old stellar populations in the core of its two brightest galaxies. In addition, the differing kinematics of the two galaxies allows a test of the local validity of general scaling relations. In this work, we present a direct comparison employing full spectral fitting of new high-quality long-slit optical and near-infrared spectroscopic data. We retrieve age, metallicity, and 19 elemental abundances out to ∼12 kpc within each galaxy, as well as the Initial Mass Function (IMF) in their central regions. Our results suggest that the inner ∼5 kpc regions of both galaxies, despite their different masses, formed at the same time and evolved with a similar star formation timescale and chemical enrichment, confirming their early formation in the cluster buildup. Only the overall metallicity and IMF radial profiles show differences connected with their different velocity dispersion profiles. The radial trends of the IMF positively correlate with both [Z/H] and σ. While the trends of the IMF slope values with metallicity agree with a global trend for both galaxies, the trends with the velocity dispersion exhibit differences. The outer regions show signs of mixed stellar populations with large differences in chemical content compared to the centers, but with similarly old ages.

History of European Union–Kazakhstan relations (1991-2001)

Diplomatic, economic and other relations between the Republic of Kazakhstan and the European Union have been officially established since 1993. Such interaction between Kazakhstan and the European Union has been effective for both sides. The aim of this research is to consider the economic, political, diplomatic and cultural relations between the European Union and Kazakhstan, as well as to propose recommendations for countries that are just beginning relations with the Union. The creation of a single dense economic and currency space on the European continent, the expansion of the Union, a strategy to advance the world economy, the formation of a common defense and security system, integration and components of global processes have become the main requirements of this union. Political, trade, economic and investment cooperation between the Republic of Kazakhstan and the EU is carried out within the framework of the Partnership and Cooperation Agreement signed on 23 January 1995 in Brussels and entered into force on 1 July 1999. On the basis of the agreement, it was possible to establish appropriate discussions on trade, investment, general economic relations, as well as cooperation in energy, transport, environment and finance. For the European Union, Kazakhstan has established partnerships in Central Asia as a key and effective partner. Thus, it became clear that Kazakhstan is a Eurasian state connecting Europe and Asia and a “Golden Bridge” in terms of geopolitical location.&#x0D; Received: 29 November 2022Accepted: 08 February 2023

An alternative approach to the osmotic second virial coefficient of protein solutions and its application to liquid-liquid phase separation.

The osmotic second virial coefficient B2 is an important parameter to describe the interactions and phase behavior of protein solutions, including colloidal systems and macromolecular solutions. Another key parameter to describe the driving force of the nucleation of a new phase is the supersaturation, which is used in the classical nucleation theory framework and is connected with the favorable contribution in the Gibbs free energy in the bulk solution. In this article, we establish a connection between B2 calculated from small angle x-ray scattering (SAXS) data and the values of B2 obtained from supersaturation measurements using thermodynamics considerations. The values of the second virial coefficient calculated employing this method agree with those determined via SAXS in the region near the liquid-liquid phase separation border for human serum albumin and bovine serum albumin. The general relations adopted are shown to be useful for the estimation of the second virial coefficient B2 for globular proteins, in the proximity of the binodal biphasic coexistent region.