General Relation Research Articles

Axisymmetric Alfvén modes induced by energetic particles in tokamak plasmas

Axisymmetric Alfvén modes in the presence of energetic ions are studied using the MHD-kinetic hybrid model for tokamak plasmas. The general dispersion relation of continuous spectra is derived for the coupled m=0,±2 poloidal harmonics. The dispersion relation is analyzed for the single pitch angle slowing down distribution of well circulating energetic particles. In addition to the conventional axisymmetric Alfvén modes existing in the pure MHD description, axisymmetric Alfvén modes are also induced by the energetic ions if the pressure ratio between the energetic ions and the magnetic energy density is larger than a critical value, and the transit frequency of the energetic ions is in resonance with the emerging Alfvén modes. The existence of global Alfvén eigenmodes is also discussed.

Once again about Administrative Legal Relations

The article examines the phenomenon of administrative legal relations, analyzes the significance of this element of the mechanism of legal regulation, reveals the content of these relations, and also shows their diversity. The article also reveals three blocks of administrative legal relations – these are relations in the field of management; police relations, as well as relations related to the law of administrative justice. This approach is of a functional and substantive nature, reflecting the essence of administrative law. The author notes that the question of legal relations in general and administrative legal relations in particular is one of the most significant from the point of view of knowledge of the subject of legal regulation. This is due to the fact that the question of the subject of legal regulation is the question of the types of legal relations that fill its content. The author notes that in the doctrine of administrative law, it is no longer possible to formulate any new elements of administrative legal relations, this issue is theoretically developed and closed, nevertheless, the question of the types of administrative legal relations is not closed. The traditional approach to the definition of an administrative legal relationship is that this relationship develops in the field of public administration, but this is a very narrow approach, it does not disclose the entire content of the subject of administrative law. In addition to administrative relations, police relations and relations related to the protection and protection of citizens' rights (the law of administrative justice) find their place in the construction of the subject of administrative law. It is in this content that, according to the author, the subject of administrative law should be studied.

Russian-American Relations in the Field of International Information Security

The article provides the results of a study to identify the specifics of Russian-American relations in the field of international information security (IIS) and the potential for its development in the digital environment in the 21st century. The author considers such aspects of the topic as the approach of Russia and the United States in the field of ensuring IIS; Russian-American relations in the field of IIS. Particular attention is paid to the consideration of the specifics of Russian-American relations on IIS issues, as well as to the extent to which they have an impact on modern international security in the period from 1998 to the present. The main conclusion of the study is that the IIS is an important component of bilateral relations between Russia and the United States, and the nature of relations on this issue has an impact on the international system, but it has a certain autonomy being inscribed in a broader geopolitical context. The author's special contribution to the study of the topic is the use of the case study method to identify the role of cyber sanctions within the IIS in general and Russian-American relations in particular. The novelty of the study lies in conducting a comprehensive analysis of the issues of IIS in the context of modern bilateral relations between Russia and the United States and the trends of the international system, including the study of the impact of new information and communication technologies on modern international security and strategic stability.

Stochastic solutions of generalized time-fractional evolution equations

We consider a general class of integro-differential evolution equations which includes the governing equation of the generalized grey Brownian motion and the time- and space-fractional heat equation. We present a general relation between the parameters of the equation and the distribution of the underlying stochastic processes, as well as discuss different classes of processes providing stochastic solutions of these equations. For a subclass of evolution equations, containing Marichev-Saigo-Maeda time-fractional operators, we determine the parameters of the corresponding processes explicitly. Moreover, we explain how self-similar stochastic solutions with stationary increments can be obtained via linear fractional Lévy motion for suitable pseudo-differential operators in space.

Theories of indirect chiral coupling and proposal of Fabry–Perot resonance as a flexible chiral-coupling interface

The chiral coupling of an emitter to waveguide mode, i.e., the propagation direction of the excited waveguide mode is locked to the transverse spin (T-spin) of a circularly polarized emitter, has exhibited unprecedented applications in nanophotonics and quantum information processing. This chiral coupling can be largely enhanced in terms of unidirectivity, efficiency, and spontaneous emission rate by introducing resonant modes as coupling interfaces. However, this indirect chiral coupling still undergoes limitations in flexibility and miniaturization, and the underlying physical mechanisms are to be clarified. Here, we present an intuitive and rigorous approach for analyzing the direct/indirect chiral coupling, and thereout, derive some general relations between the chiral-coupling directionality and the T-spin of the field or emitter. Based on the theories, we propose an indirect chiral-coupling system on the platform of surface plasmon polariton (SPP), with a nanocavity supporting Fabry–Perot (FP) resonance of dual SPP modes serving as a novel coupling interface. The FP resonance provides flexible design freedoms which can modulate the chirality of the T-spin (and the resultant chiral-coupling directionality) to flip or disappear. A unidirectivity up to 99.9% along with a high coupling efficiency and enhancement of spontaneous emission rate is achieved. Two first-principles-based SPP models for the reciprocal and original problems are built up to verify the decisive role of the FP resonance in achieving the chiral coupling. The proposed theories and novel chiral-coupling interface will be beneficial to the design of more compact and flexible chiral-coupling systems for diverse applications.

Disgust sensitivity relates to attitudes toward gay men and lesbian women across 31 nations

Previous work has reported a relation between pathogen-avoidance motivations and prejudice toward various social groups, including gay men and lesbian women. It is currently unknown whether this association is present across cultures, or specific to North America. Analyses of survey data from adult heterosexuals ( N = 11,200) from 31 countries showed a small relation between pathogen disgust sensitivity (an individual-difference measure of pathogen-avoidance motivations) and measures of antigay attitudes. Analyses also showed that pathogen disgust sensitivity relates not only to antipathy toward gay men and lesbians, but also to negativity toward other groups, in particular those associated with violations of traditional sexual norms (e.g., prostitutes). These results suggest that the association between pathogen-avoidance motivations and antigay attitudes is relatively stable across cultures and is a manifestation of a more general relation between pathogen-avoidance motivations and prejudice towards groups associated with sexual norm violations.

Defining the family as a legal category and a special phenomenon of social relations

The article compares different definitions of “family”, as the category of family is complex not only in terms of family law, but also in many sciences, such as philosophy, psychology, pedagogy, ethnography, demography, economics and sociology. Each branch of knowledge is of interest to the family in the “context” of their subject and methodology.In legal science, primarily in family law, this category is considered from the standpoint of its legal protection, primarily in connection with the protection of the rights and interests of individual family members. To properly understand the category of the family, it is necessary to define the functions of the family, which will ultimately determine the legal category of the family.It was found that no consensus was reached on the characteristics of the family. Among the features of the family - cohabitation, coexistence and residence, in addition to them - the existence of mutual rights and responsibilities, joint management, mutual moral and material support, etc., so the following legal definition of the family was proposed: “Seven is a legal relationship between persons based on marriage, kinship, adoption and other legal grounds, which is expressed in the fact that they are equally endowed with mutual personal non-property and property family, rights and responsibilities, common life, common interests and mutual legal responsibility “. Taking into account the specifics of family rights guaranteed by Art. 8 of the Convention, the settlement of legal facts in the family law must take into account the limits of state influence on family relationships, as well as to maintain a balance in the regulation of general legal relations and private family relations of a personal nature, which in general should not be regulated by law or should be subject to minimal regulatory influence.Having a legal record of the term “family” will determine which social relations in the family should be protected by law, and which - to leave to regulate morals, customs, traditions, as family law should not regulate. all the relationships between people in the family, but only the most important among them.

Two-point resistances in Archimedean resistor networks

The rise of novel materials such as graphene compounds or carbon nanotubes recently revived the interest on the role of symmetries upon electrical properties. Among possible solids, symmetrical polytopes, widely realized in natural and artificial matter, deserve particular attention. When equal resistors are attached between neighbouring nodes of Perfect (Platonic) solids (PS) along the edges, the two-point resistance between any pair of nodes was established in the 1990s by van Steenwijk using an elegant and efficient method. Using van Steenwijk’s method, Moddy and Aravind subsequently derived the resistance values for two Archimedean and two Catalan solids. Here, with the same method, we derive the exact expression for the two-point resistance between any two nodes for resistor networks made of equal resistors placed along the edges of the thirteen Archimedean solids (AS). While the calculation remains elementary for the simplest AS, a dedicated method using computer assistance was developed for the Snub Cube, the Snub Dodecahedron and the three AS with three different rotation symmetries (the Great Rhombicuboctahedron, the Small Rhombicosidodecahedron and the Great Rhombicosidodecahedron). The largest resistance value (191/90) is obtained between the two opposite nodes of the Truncated Dodecahedron, and the second largest (42815/21114) is obtained between the two opposite nodes of the Great Rhombicosidodecahedron. The smallest resistance value (14137/38016) is obtained between some of the neighbouring nodes of the Snub Cube, whereas the resistance between neighbouring nodes of the Icosahedron (11/30) is slightly smaller. Some general symmetry relations between two-point resistances in AS networks are also derived, as well as some relations with two-point resistances in PS networks. The complete set of exact two-point resistance values for PS and AS networks can be used to check numerical codes or to evaluate the capacity of regular solids to provide appropriate models for given experimental situations.

DOLCE: A descriptive ontology for linguistic and cognitive engineering1

dolce, the first top-level (foundational) ontology to be axiomatized, has remained stable for twenty years and today is broadly used in a variety of domains. dolce is inspired by cognitive and linguistic considerations and aims to model a commonsense view of reality, like the one human beings exploit in everyday life in areas as diverse as socio-technical systems, manufacturing, financial transactions and cultural heritage. dolce clearly lists the ontological choices it is based upon, relies on philosophical principles, is richly formalized, and is built according to well-established ontological methodologies, e.g. OntoClean. Because of these features, it has inspired most of the existing top-level ontologies and has been used to develop or improve standards and public domain resources (e.g. CIDOC CRM, DBpedia and WordNet). Being a foundational ontology, dolce is not directly concerned with domain knowledge. Its purpose is to provide the general categories and relations needed to give a coherent view of reality, to integrate domain knowledge, and to mediate across domains. In these 20 years dolce has shown that applied ontologies can be stable and that interoperability across reference and domain ontologies is a reality. This paper briefly introduces the ontology and shows how to use it on a few modeling cases.

Thermodynamic uncertainty relation for quantum work distribution: Exact case study for a perturbed oscillator.

Recently, some general relations have been intensively investigated in nonequilibrium mesoscopic systems. In particular, the thermodynamic uncertainty relation (TUR) provides a general bound of the precision for the fluctuation of some currents in terms of the corresponding entropy production. On the other hand, the fluctuation of the work performed is also a significant quantity, which is supposed to satisfy TUR under some conditions, such as symmetric driving protocol. In this paper, we analytically show that the TUR holds for the work performed on an externally perturbed quantum harmonic oscillator interacting with multiple reservoirs in full quantum regime. In this manner, we evaluate how the noncommutativity affects the thermodynamic precision. We also explore its experimental accessibility.

Critical velocities and displacements of anisotropic tubes under a moving pressure

Critical velocities and middle-surface displacements of anisotropic axisymmetric cylindrical shells (tubes) under a uniform internal pressure moving at a constant velocity are derived in closed-form expressions by using the Love–Kirchhoff thin shell theory incorporating the rotary inertia and material anisotropy. The formulation is based on the general three-dimensional constitutive relations for orthotropic elastic materials and provides a unified treatment of orthotropic, transversely isotropic, cubic and isotropic tubes, which can represent various composite and metallic tubes. Closed-form formulas are first obtained for the general case with both the rotary inertia and radial stress effects, which are then reduced to the special cases without the rotary inertia effect and/or radial stress effect. It is shown that when the rotary inertia effect is suppressed and the radial normal stress is neglected, the newly derived formulas for the critical velocities of orthotropic and isotropic tubes recover the two existing ones for thin tubes as special cases. An example for an isotropic tube is provided to illustrate the new formulas, which give the values of the critical velocity and dynamic amplification factor that agree well with those obtained experimentally and computationally by others.

Fractional operators and multi-integral representations for associated Legendre functions

In a recent paper, Cohl and Costas-Santos derived a number of interesting multi-derivative and multi-integral relations for the associated Legendre and Ferrers functions in which the orders of those functions are changed in integral steps. These are of potential use in a number of physical problems. We show here how their results can be derived simply from more general relations involving non-integer changes in the order obtained using the fractional group operator methods developed earlier for SO(2,1), E(2,1) and its conformal extension, and SO(3). We also present general integral relations for fractional changes of the degrees of the functions and related multi-derivative and multi-integral representations.

Gauge embedding procedure: classical and quantum equivalence between dual models

In this paper the gauge embedding procedure of dualization is reassessed through a deeper analysis of the mutual equivalence of vector field models of more generic forms, explicitly, a general modified massive gauge-breaking extension of electrodynamics and its dual gauge-invariant model we derive in the paper. General relations between the vector field propagators and interaction terms of these models are obtained. Further, these models are shown to be equivalent at tree-level and one-loop physical calculations. Finally, we discuss extension of this equivalence to all loop orders.

A General Polynomial Reverse Design of Step-Up Converters for EV Battery Applications

The boom of electric vehicles (EVs) has urged new designs and applications of power conversion technologies. Power converters, as one of the most critical components in EV battery systems, have seen significant developments in recent years. However, thus far forward design approaches for power converter topologies have been widely adopted, which are based on engineers’ empirical knowledge and instinct. This has been deemed having low design efficiency with high randomness and limited applicability, due to the absence of a systematic guideline. This approach, though widely adopted, can no longer meet the increasingly stringent and diverse needs of today’s research and industry, with the emerging trend of renewable energy sources. Aware of these drawbacks, in this study, we propose a novel reverse design approach through establishing general polynomial relations between the topology and voltage gain of high-step-up converters, which are found to be functions of basic boost converters’ voltage gains. With this newly formed polynomial relation, a generalized approach to devising power converters for various industrial needs can be derived, which is baptized the General Polynomial Reverse Design (GPRD) approach. Three polynomial converters are derived as examples to validate the proposed method, whereby their functionality and performances are verified and tested by prototype experiments, which substantiate the proposed design theory.

Adolescent smoking, alcohol use, inebriation, and use of narcotics during the Covid-19 pandemic

BackgroundThe aim of the study was to investigate how general family relations, reported changes in family interaction and involvement with peers during the Covid-19 pandemic, and following rules and recommendations during the pandemic relate to adolescent smoking, alcohol use, inebriation, and use of narcotics during Covid-19.MethodsAn online national survey of Swedish adolescents (n = 1818) aged 15–19 years was conducted in June 2020. Hierarchical regression analysis was used to predict adolescents’ reported change in substance use during the pandemic. Person-oriented analyses, were used to identify clusters of participants characterized by similar patterns of substance use following ANOVA analysis with Scheffe post hoc tests testing differences between clusters in terms of family relations, reported changes in family interaction and involvement with peers during the Covid-19 pandemic, and following rules and recommendations during the pandemic.ResultsHigher general family conflict, increased involvement with peers, a strained relationship with parents, and less compliance with rules and restrictions during the pandemic predicted a reported increase in adolescent substance use during this period. The grouping of scores for adolescent smoking, alcohol use, inebriation, and use of narcotics resulted in a six-cluster solution. One cluster (n = 767) either did not use or had decreased use of substances during the Covid-19 pandemic. Five other clusters, thus risk clusters, had retained or increased use of substances during the pandemic. Poor general family relations, increased peer involvement, and difficulties to conform to the rules and restrictions during the covid-19 pandemic were characteristics of risk clusters.ConclusionsMost of adolescents in our study did not increase their substance use during the pandemic. However, adolescents with poor family relations who turn to peers during stressful times and who have difficulty following the government’s rules and restrictions, are at risk of increased substance use during the pandemic. This is a potential threat both to adolescents themselves and others in their surroundings which is why at-risk adolescents and their families need more attention from public health and social services during this time of crisis.

From the Electron Density Gradient to the Quantitative Reactivity Indicators: Local Softness and the Fukui Function.

Important reactivity measures such as the local softness, the Fukui function, and the global hardness have been calculated directly from first principles with the use of the electron density function, beyond the finite difference approximation. Our recently derived density gradient theorem and the principle of nearsightedness of the electronic matter have been instrumental in obtaining the original, albeit approximate, result on the local softness of an atom. By integration of the local softness s(r), we obtain the global softness S and the Fukui function f(r) = s(r)/S. Local and global softness values have also been calculated analytically for the basic hydrogenic orbitals; the general relation to the atomic number S = σZ–2 has been demonstrated, with constants σ characteristic for each orbital type. Global hardness η = 1/S calculated for atoms and ions has been favorably tested against its conventional measure given by the finite difference approximation: (I – A). Calculated test results for atoms and ions in rows 1–4 of the periodic table have been presented.

Recent progress in the interaction between energetic particles and tearing modes.

The dynamics of energetic particles and tearing modes and the interactions between them are of great significance for magnetically confined fusion plasmas. In this review, we focus on these issues in the context of tokamak plasmas. The interaction between energetic particles and tearing modes is considered from two perspectives: (i) the influence of energetic particles on tearing modes and (ii) the transport of energetic particles by tearing modes. The influence of energetic particles on tearing modes is described on the basis of a general dispersion relation for tearing modes. The effects of energetic particles are considered separately in the outer region and the island region of a tearing mode. The physics mainly results from the modification of the perturbed parallel current by energetic particles without wave-particle resonance. In addition, the resonance between energetic particles and tearing modes is also reviewed. For the transport of energetic particles, transport of both circulating and trapped energetic particles by tearing mode is reviewed. Our descriptions of physical phenomena here are based on an analytical approach, while the experiments and simulations are used to illustrate and confirm our results. Finally, a number of open issues are discussed.

Deformation and Strength Parameters of a Composite Structure with a Thin Multilayer Ribbon-like Inclusion.

Within the framework of the concept of deformable solid mechanics, an analytical-numerical method to the problem of determining the mechanical fields in the composite structures with interphase ribbon-like deformable multilayered inhomogeneities under combined force and dislocation loading has been proposed. Based on the general relations of linear elasticity theory, a mathematical model of thin multilayered inclusion of finite width is constructed. The possibility of nonperfect contact along a part of the interface between the inclusion and the matrix, and between the layers of inclusion where surface energy or sliding with dry friction occurs, is envisaged. Based on the application of the theory of functions of a complex variable and the jump function method, the stress-strain field in the vicinity of the inclusion during its interaction with the concentrated forces and screw dislocations was calculated. The values of generalized stress intensity factors for the asymptotics of stress-strain fields in the vicinity of the ends of thin inhomogeneities are calculated, using which the stress concentration and local strength of the structure can be calculated. Several effects have been identified which can be used in designing the structure of layers and operation modes of such composites. The proposed method has shown its effectiveness for solving a whole class of problems of deformation and fracture of bodies with thin deformable inclusions of finite length and can be used for mathematical modeling of the mechanical effects of thin FGM heterogeneities in composites.

Theoretical studies of low-frequency Alfvén modes in tokamak plasmas

The linear wave properties of the low-frequency Alfvén modes (LFAMs) observed in the DIII-D tokamak experiments with reversed magnetic shear (Heidbrink et al 2021 Nucl. Fusion 61 016029) are theoretically studied and delineated based on the general fishbone-like dispersion relation. By adopting representative experimental equilibrium parameters, it is found that, in the absence of energetic ions, the LFAM is a reactive-type kinetic ballooning mode instability with a dominant Alfvénic polarization. More specifically, due to diamagnetic and trapped particle effects, the LFAM can be coupled with the beta-induced Alfvén-acoustic mode in the low-frequency region (frequency much less than the thermal-ion transit and/or bounce frequency) or with the beta-induced Alfvén eigenmode in the high-frequency region (frequency higher than or comparable to the thermal-ion transit frequency), resulting in reactive-type instabilities. Moreover, the ‘Christmas light’ and ‘mountain peak’ spectral patterns of LFAMs as well as the dependence of instability drive on the electron temperature observed in the experiments can be theoretically interpreted by varying the relevant physical parameters. Conditions for when dissipative-type instabilities may set in are also discussed.

Transverse oscillations of the incompressible MHD mode in the visco-resistive plasmas: an explanation of Alfvénic to Landau-type characteristics

ABSTRACT In this paper, we characterize transverse oscillations as either Alfvénic or Landau-type in an incompressible non-ideal magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) fluid. We consider shear viscosity and magnetic diffusivity as dissipation mechanisms to derive a general dispersion relation for the incompressible MHD waves. The solutions of this dispersion relation for k as a function of ω – denoting by the source for any value of θ up to which magnetic tension acts as restoring force and dominates over internal friction forces – result in four roots, as follows. Two roots, which have a high phase velocity $c_{\rm A}\cos\theta $ are identified as almost undamped propagating Alfvén waves. The other two roots, which have a phase velocity $(2c_{\rm A}\cos\theta)/(\sqrt{\eta/\nu} + \sqrt{\nu/\eta})$, result in Alfvénic-type disturbances of a much shorter decay length than the wavelength. In contrast, when internal frictional forces start dominating over magnetic tension (i.e. for the propagation perpendicular to the background magnetic field, where the tension in the magnetic field becomes zero), the solutions of the dispersion are akin to Landau-type transverse oscillations. Transverse waves of this type were initially reported by Landau in an ordinary viscous fluid. However, our study corresponds to MHD visco-resistive fluid. The prediction for these lateral propagating transverse waves to be of Landau type may be very useful to explain the heating of observed filamentary structures across the magnetic field on a very small spatial scale in the solar coronal plasma, wherein the heating rate is directly proportional to the operating frequency of the driver, while its damping length is inversely proportional to the square root of the frequency.