General Reference Research Articles

Collocates of 'great' and 'good' in the Corpus of Contemporary American English and Indonesian EFL textbooks

Previous studies have proven some discrepancies between language presented in EFL textbooks and the real use of English. This fact contradicts the teaching materials’ aim, which is intended to equip the learners to be communicatively competent. This study then investigates the use of adjectives, limited to ‘great’ and ‘good’ in terms of the frequent and strong co-occurrences, i.e., collocations, in a general reference corpus of Standard English to be compared with those in Indonesian EFL textbooks. The data were collected from both the corpus and the textbooks, but the analyses in the textbooks were generated based on the Mutual Information (MI) score of the collocates. Based on the comparison, it is evident that there are some similarities between adjective use in the textbooks and the corpus in terms of verb collocates of the adjectives. The mismatches, however, are quite remarkable, especially in terms of the variability of adverb collocates and the absence of prominent noun collocates in the textbooks. Pedagogically speaking, these results should be taken into consideration in writing the textbooks to enhance the quality of the language content prepared for the learners in the EFL context.

Estimating the reference interval from a fixed effects meta-analysis.

A reference interval provides a basis for physicians to determine whether a measurement is typical of a healthy individual. It can be interpreted as a prediction interval for a new individual from the overall population. However, a reference interval based on a single study may not be representative of the broader population. Meta-analysis can provide a general reference interval based on the overall population by combining results from multiple studies. Methods for estimating the reference interval from a random effects meta-analysis have been recently proposed to incorporate the within and between-study variation, but a random effects model may give imprecise estimates of the between-study variation with only few studies. In addition, the normal distribution of underlying study-specific means, and equal within-study variance assumption in these methods may be inappropriate in some settings. In this article, we aim to estimate the reference interval based on the fixed effects model assuming study effects are unrelated, which is useful for a meta-analysis with only a few studies (e.g., ≤5). We propose a mixture distribution method only assuming parametric distributions (e.g., normal) for individuals within each study and integrating them to form the overall population distribution. This method is compared to an empirical method only assuming a parametric overall population distribution. Simulation studies have shown that both methods can estimate a reference interval with coverage close to the targeted value (i.e., 95%). Meta-analyses of women daytime urination frequency and frontal subjective postural vertical measurements are reanalyzed to demonstrate the application of our methods.

General conclusions and references

Bioenergy in general, and biofuels in particular, have come up to the renewable energy stage with some peculiar strength, overall in terms of alternatives for transportation. Some of the drivers behind this option are shared on a global scale, such as the reduction of GHG’s emissions, and enhancement of energy security conditions. Some others have a more local nature, like a diversification of markets for agricultural commodities, dynamization of rural areas, improvement of micro and macro-economic indicators (for instance, income of the rural poor and national balance of payment), among others.

The Copper Content in Soil of Olive Orchards from Dalmatia, Croatia

The goals of this study were to determine the concentrations of Cu in the soil of olive orchards grown on the Terra rossa and to examine how close the Cu concentration is to contamination limits defined by different soil quality standards. A total of 40 composite topsoil (0–25 cm) samples were collected in the traditional dry farming and highly fragmented olive orchards that covered an area of 3200 ha and located in the Middle Dalmatia, Croatia. The aqua regia Cu concentration was determined by ICP-OES; and basic soil properties (pH, carbonates, SOC, and particle size distribution), by standard analytical procedures. The mean value of Cu concentration of 68.4 mg kg–1 was more than twice as high as the mean values of the naturally occurring concentration of Cu in the Terra rossa soil. High mean value and a wide range of copper in the soil (33.8–250 mg kg–1) are due to the long-lasting application of Cu-based fungicides related to the fact that the olive growing area and vines overlap. The Cu contamination risk assessment in olive orchards was calculated by comparing the detected concentrations of Cu with the soil quality standards prescribed by the Finnish Decree and Croatian Ordinance and using the threshold value of the regional background data on Cu concentration in Terra rossa soil. According to the Finnish Decree, in 7.5% of cases, Cu concentration in soils exceeded the threshold limit of 100 mg kg–1, which indicates the need for further assessment of the potential contamination of the area. In 7.5% of cases, Cu exceeded the critical limit of 150 mg kg–1 that presents an ecological risk. By applying the Croatian Ordinance, in 10% of cases, the concentration of Cu exceeded the maximum admissible concentration of 120 mg kg–1, so that the soil can be considered contaminated and unsuitable for agriculture. The regional threshold value for the background concentration of Cu in the Terra rossa soil amounted to 55 mg kg–1, and its use in 47.5% of cases indicates the need for further assessment of the potential contamination in the area. The presented results showed significant differences between national soil guideline values (SGVs) and the regional threshold value for Cu and confirmed the fact that there is no general and accurate reference method for soil contamination assessment that can be applied at all sites. The use of threshold values derived for a particular soil type that dominates in a given area would be more reliable than the national soil quality standards. Research has pointed to the problem of soil contamination with Cu under olive orchards and has highlighted the need for studying the given issue in the areas, where olives share space with vines, and in particular, where mixed or consociate cropping system is present.

Medical Humanism, a Problematic Formulation?

The phrase “medical humanism” has been often used over the past fifty years to refer to the learned medicine of the Late Renaissance. But it can refer to several different aspects of this period, including a general reference for classical antiquity or a more specific reference to a reliance on ancient, and primarily Greek texts. This paper attempts to tease out some of the ways in which this classical heritage was used at different times in a plea for a greater precision.

Exploring the Malayness of Mastura Abdul Rahman's Painting

This paper discusses and explores the Malayness concepts of Mastura Abdul Rahman's paintings. In Malaysia, we had problems with the lack of national women's artists studying Malay's concepts due to time constraints and lack of reference sources. The research study was based on a collection of paintings selected from 1987 to 2015. This research focused mainly on the structures and composition in Malay's concepts of Mastura Abdul Rahman arts' works and documentation of the content of the Malays identities and social-cultural aspects. She applied Malay's concepts in the painting to beautify it by using Malay's design, architectures, and motives. The researcher used the six principles used by Zakaria Ali in describing Mastura Abdul Rahman's arts' works based on Malay's concepts, which consist of subtlety, usefulness, unity, symbol, contrast, and meaning. The researcher obtained information through the primary data methods such as interviews and observation, where the interview sessions were held with the painter Mastura Abdul Rahman. Information from the curators and secondary methods was derived from data sources such as books, journals, newspaper clippings, and magazines. Furthermore, every artwork that was analyzed had intellectual on the Malays' concepts because every object in the artworks had a role and implicit meanings about the Malayness. Her art works has aesthetic values and very intellectual in highlighting messages in applying the concept of tradition, culture and religion. However, her art works should be documented for general reference purposes. Especially for the younger generations to expose and help them to improve understanding, communication capabilities, stimulate critical thinking and intellectualism to the society.

Use of Time–Temperature Superposition Principle to Create Pavement Performance Master Curves and Relate Pavement Condition Index and International Roughness Index

The international roughness index (IRI) is one of the most popular indices to measure pavement roughness. State agencies and cities with plenty of resources often collect IRI and pavement distresses every year or every other year, but some others with fewer resources will collect this information every 3 to 5 years. Collecting IRI is much more affordable than collecting pavement distresses. With this in mind, the objective of this paper was to establish a relationship between IRI and pavement condition index (PCI) using pavement deterioration models for both PCI and IRI based on the concept of time–deterioration superposition similar to the time–temperature superposition principle, and then combine both models to establish this relationship. Additionally, this study was used to establish threshold limits for IRI measurements that can be used as a general reference for pavement condition. Data from the Long-Term Pavement Performance InfoPave was used to perform the analysis for three network samples from Arizona, California, and Wisconsin. This analysis only included flexible pavements. The results from Arizona, California, and Wisconsin showed a good relationship between IRI and PCI using the proposed approach with a coefficient of determination ranging from 0.71 to 0.85. Furthermore, the analysis showed that the change in IRI over time can be related to the change in PCI over time. The general thresholds developed in this study apply to the sections evaluated but the approach can be used to set limits for other networks.

A STUDY ON STATUS OF URINARY HYDROXYPROLINE IN POST MENOPAUSAL WOMEN

Introduction: WHO and the Stages of Reproductive Aging Workshop have defined menopausal transition as the time of an increase in follicle-stimulating hormone and either increased variability in menstrual cycle length, two skipped menstrual cycles with 60 days or more of amenorrhea, or both. It concludes with the final menstrual period. Post-menopause begins at that time, although it is not recognized until after 12 months of amenorrhea. During menopause, women face various physiological, psychological, and biochemical changes. Laboratory medicine has given a new background to overcome the clinicianÂÂs diagnostic dilemma. Hydroxyproline is mainly found in collagen and accounts for 13% of total amino acid content and derived from proline by post-translational hydroxylation. Hydroxyproline is derived from another amino acid such as proline. Direct urinary assay of hydroxyproline to measure bone resorption have clinical applications as part of screening programs to assess the risk of osteoporotic fractures. Method: A total of seventy patients with regular medical follow-up records, The Patients were pre and post-menopausal women (35 each) recruited for this study. Patient details like body mass index, education, smoking, alcohol intake, dietary habits, and family history were considered before selecting the patients. Analytical Methods: Urinary Hydroxyproline and Urinary creatinine was estimated by Modified Neumann et al and Spectrophotometric JaffeÂÂs reaction respectively. Result: The study population consisted of 70 participants of premenopausal (n=35) and postmenopausal women (n=35), mean age of 38.11 ± 4.3 and 54.40 ± 4.6 respectively. The bone mineralization marker urinary total hydroxyproline was quantified in pre and post-menopausal women, which is 80.3 ± 75mg/L and 136 ± 103mg/L respectively. The urinary creatinine level in pre and post-menopausal women was 53.7 ± 14.2mg/dL and 37.0 ± 27.3 respectively. The hydroxyproline: creatinine ratio (HCR) was 41% to 69% against the normal reference interval in pre and post-menopausal women. Conclusion: The obtained normative data for the premenopausal woman population would be a new reference range in Indian sub-population or otherwise general population normative reference range commonly being used as a reference interval in all kind of pathophysiological disorders. Hence, the derived parameter confirmed that HCR is the most prognostic significant diagnostic marker in pre and post-menopausal patients.

DENSITY, NUMBER, AND AGE SPECTRUM OF THE RARE, ENDEMIC, MEDICINAL SPECIES ADONIS TIANSCHANICA LIPCH (ADOLF).

The article describes the density, number and age spectrum of the rare endemic medicinal species Adonis tianschanica Lipch (Adolf). 3 populations of the species were studied. The first population was taken from the Kegen Pass, and 2 cenopulations of the species were found. The second population was found in the Tekeli gorge of Dzungarian Alatau and 2 cenopopulations of the same species as in 1 population were studied accordingly. The third population is between the villages of Saryjaz and Kainar, Terskey Alatau. A total of 3 populations and 5 coenopopulations were found and studied. Given the global nature of the problem of biological diversity, the protection of not only individual species, but also a number of unique plant communities, their diversity and stability are important conditions for optimal environment. A small part of associations is to some extent aggravated in nature reserves or protected areas, but there is no general reference list of endangered and rare plant communities and their protection is very important for the future. For all coenopopulations, accounting areas of 1m2 were built, the number of species and age composition were calculated according to the method of A. A. Uranov. In addition, the average density of individuals of the Adonis tianschanica Lipch (Adolf). type was calculated. A map has been constructed for the regions where three populations of the species are located (in Almaty region conditions). The space image was also used depending on the meeting point of coenopopulations (by geographical coordinates). Graphs are compiled for the age composition of coenopopulations of the Adonis tianschanica Lipch (Adolf) type, and the current state of abundance, density, and age composition is estimated for 3 populations of the species. Key words: Adonis tianschanica Lipch (Adolf), endem, coenopopulation, age composition, Dzungarian Alatau, Terskey Alatau. &nbsp

The risk of metabolic derangements is higher in children and adolescents with overweight or obesity born small for gestational age

Background and aimsBirth weight (BW) has been associated with the risk of obesity and metabolic derangements in children and adults. The aims of this study were: i. to evaluate the distribution of BW in a sample of overweight and obese children and adolescents compared with the general reference population; ii. to explore the relationship between the BW and insulin resistance and other cardiometabolic derangements in a population of children and adolescents with overweight and obesity. Methods and results710 overweight and obese children and adolescents were recruited and categorized into small (SGA), appropriate (AGA), and large (LGA) for gestational age, according to the BW percentile. Arterial blood pressure, lipid profile, glucose metabolism and hepatic steatosis were evaluated to assess cardiometabolic obesity-related derangements. The distribution of BW categories in our population was significantly different compared with the general population (SGA 6.9% vs. 8.6%, AGA 74.6% vs. 81.4%, LGA 18.5% vs. 10%; p < 0.0001). We found a higher frequency of prediabetes conditions (21.7% vs 8.9%, OR 2.97, 95% CI 1.38–6.38, p = 0.005) and borderline/high low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (31.8% vs 18.6%, OR 2.13, 95% CI 1.09–4.18, p = 0.033) in overweight and obese children born SGA compared to those born non-SGA, independently of age, sex, and BMI. ConclusionsBW is a risk factor of cardiometabolic derangements in a population of children and adolescents with overweight and obesity. Therefore, adequate obesity prevention strategies should be planned for children born SGA to minimize their risk to become obese and to reduce their short- and long-term cardiometabolic risks.

Analysis of Implementation of Drugs Management Policy in Public &amp; Private Hospitals in the Democratic Republic of Congo

Introduction: This study, which was conducted from January 1, 2015 to December 31, 2018, aims to assess the level of compliance with formal drug management standards at the Mangobo General Reference Hospital and the Kisangani Millennium Polyclinic and to verify which of the two medical structures successfully applies formal drug management standards more than the other.&#x0D; Methods: The study involved 30 randomly selected subjects, 15 at the Mangobo General Reference Hospital and 15 at the Kisangani Millennium Polyclinic, as well as all the agents involved in drug management in these two hospitals in the Democratic Republic of Congo. For data collection, we used the questionnaire and comparative analysis.&#x0D; Results: After analysis, we found that the formal standards of drug management would be impeccably respected at the Kisangani Millennium Polyclinic compared to the Mangobo General Reference Hospital. Furthermore, 87% of respondents confirmed the existence of the national list of essential and generic drugs at the Mangobo General Reference Hospital and 67% at the Kisangani Millennium Polyclinic. 73% of respondents confirmed the logistic cycle of control of drug supply at the Mangobo General Reference Hospital; 40% of the respondents confirmed that the managers of the Kisangani Millennium Polyclinic make greater use of the service criteria used to select medicines; finally, 73% of the managers use the monthly average calculation of the consumption of medicines to calculate the consumption of their medicines at the pharmacy of the Kisangani Millennium Polyclinic.

Drink, Share, and Comment; Wait, What Did I Just Do? Understanding Online Alcohol-Related Regret Experiences Among Emerging Adults

This study investigated the causes and coping strategies of regret of sharing alcohol-related content on social media. Semi-structured interviews were conducted among emerging adults who experienced regret of having shared either general alcohol references or drunken references ( n = 29, ages 19–25 years, M = 21.38, SD = 1.60). The most important cause of regret was a disruption of one’s online self-presentation. When delving deeper into the specific causes of online alcohol-related regret and how this content can disrupt the self-presentation, two overarching themes emerged: (a) content-related regret, and (b) audience-related regret. When examining the coping strategies, we found that emerging adults applied different strategies (a) to minimize their regret (e.g., delete the content), and (b) to avoid future regret (e.g., delete social media before going out). Implications for prevention are discussed.

Proteomics and plant biology: contributions to date and a look towards the next decade

ABSTRACT Introduction This review presents the view of the author, that is opinionable and even speculative, on the field of proteomics, its application to plant biology knowledge, and translation to biotechnology. Written in a more academic than scientific style, it is based on past original and review articles by the author´s group, and those published by leading scientists in the last two years. Areas covered Starting with a general definition and references to historical milestones, it covers sections devoted to the different platforms employed, the plant biology discourse in the protein language, challenges and future prospects, ending with the author opinion. Expert opinion In 25 years, five proteomics platform generations have appeared. We are now moving from proteomics to Systems Biology. While feasible with model organisms, proteomics of orphan species remains challenging. Proteomics, even in its simplest approach, sheds light on plant biological processes, central dogma, and molecular bases of phenotypes of interest, and it can be translated to areas such as food traceability and allergen detection. Proteomics should be validated and optimized to each experimental system, objectives, and hypothesis. It has limitations, artifacts, and biases. We should not blindly accept proteomics data and just create a list of proteins, networks, and avoid speculative biological interpretations. From the hundred to thousand proteins identified and quantified, it is important to obtain a focus and validate some of them, otherwise it is merely. We are starting to have the protein pieces, so let, from now, build the proteomics and biological puzzle.

Digital technologies in modeling and design of mining excavators

Development and application of digital technologies at the stage of new model design is highly relevant. Manufacture of a testbed vehicle and its full-scale pilot testing is impossible for Russian manufacturers of mining excavators due to a high cost of a prototype and a lack of special testing grounds. In order to reduce the risks of machine builders as vehicle manufacturer and those of MPPs as users of the prototype excavator, it is necessary to introduce and develop the digital twin technology at the stage of designing new models. A general reference point in development of the digital twin of a mining excavator is minimizing human input. Due to integration of works by stages of creation of the digital twin in a form of an information diagnostic system, there is a possibility to manage the life cycle of the product and optimize MRO with accounts of actual conditions and operating modes.

Rheumatoid arthritis in low-level toluene-exposed workers based on nationwide medical surveillance data in Korea.

There is growing evidence that exposure to organic solvents can play a role in the etiology of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). This prospective cohort study aimed to investigate the association between RA and toluene exposure. The study cohort consisted of Korea Occupational Safety and Health Agency data from male workers exposed to toluene who had undergone a toluene-associated special medical examination at least once between January 1, 2000 and December 31, 2004 (n = 148,870). The morbidity from RA based on hospital admission records was estimated from 2000 to 2005 using National Health Insurance Claim Data. The standardized admission ratio (SAR) for RA was calculated with reference to the general population. Levels of urinary hippuric acid (HA), a metabolite of toluene, were measured and used for exposure assessment. Toluene-exposed workers were at an elevated risk of seropositive rheumatoid arthritis (ICD-10 code M05) with an SAR of 2.38 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.14-4.37) and other rheumatoid arthritis (M06) with an SAR of 1.22 (95% CI: 0.91-1.59). When data were stratified according to the duration of toluene exposure and by tertiles of urinary HA level, no significant difference was apparent. SARs of the toluene-exposed workers are higher than that of the general reference population, indicating that exposure to toluene may contribute to an increased risk of RA. Further studies of toluene-exposed workers with longer follow-up are needed.

Physical fitness reference standards in Italian children.

Physical fitness in childhood is considered a marker of current and future health. For this reason, there is a need for a simple but reliable test to assess the different components of physical fitness even at school during physical education lessons. However, standard values are required to correctly interpret the results of such tests. Hence, this study aimed to generate sex- and age-specific normative percentile values for health-related physical fitness in Italian children. To this aim, 30,472 children aged 6-11 years from the Friuli Venezia-Giulia region (Italy) were examined. The fitness test battery included the Léger test (cardiorespiratory), the shuttle test (agility), standing long jumps, frontal throws of a basketball (lower and upper limb strength), the sit-and-reach test (flexibility), and the standing balance test. Sex- and age-percentile curves were determined using the General Additive Model for Location Scale and Shape (GAMLSS).Conclusion: The reference standards are provided as 1st, 3rd, 10th, 25th, 50th, 75th, 90th, 97th, and 99th percentiles in the form of both tables and charts and are roughly comparable with those of other European children. What is Known: • Physical fitness in childhood is considered a marker of current and future health; • Several tests have been developed to assess physical fitness in children; • There are general European reference standards for a series of tests of the main fitness components for children. What is New: • The present study provides specific reference standards for a series of tests that are indicative of the main fitness components and easily applied in children, particularly those in the Italian population; • Standing balance test and basketball frontal throw test references in a wide sample of children; • The performance of children in the present study was roughly comparable to that of other European children.

Periodontal Diseases in Pregnant Women in Prenatal Consultation

Background: The relationship between pregnancy and periodontal health had well documented in the literature. Of many studies of periodontal diseases in the Democratic Republic of Congo, no study had evaluated these diseases in pregnant women during Prenatal Consultation (PC). This study aimed to describe the occurrence and clinical profile of periodontal diseases in pregnant women admitted to the PC at the General Military Hospital of BOBILA. Materials and Methods: It is a cross-sectional and analytical study of pregnant women admitted to the PC from August to December 31, 2018, at the General Reference Military Hospital of BOBILA/Kinshasa City. The data were collected through a survey combined with the stomatological interview. Sociodemographic data, clinical and periodontal indices included Oral Hygiene Index Simplified (OHI-S), Bleeding on Probing (BOP), and Periodontal Disease Index (PDI) were assessed. The statistical analyses were carried out using the SPSS version 20.0 software. The Chi-square tests, Student t-test were used to determine differences in the distribution of variables, and the odd Ratio with a confidence interval (IC) at 95% was used to estimate the degree of association. The results were significant at p < 0.05. Results: Of the 105 pregnant women received at the PC, 83 were included in this study. The age group between 20 - 29 was the most represented, with a predominance of stay-at-home mothers (75.9%) and married cases (73.4%), they had an average economic status (56.6%) and a secondary education level (63.8%). Gingival bleeding (44.6%) was the main complaint of the pregnant. Gestational age was a significant factor associated with gum bleeding (p < 0.005). Most of the pregnant had poor oral hygiene, localized gravidities (69.6%) during the third semester. Conclusion: A significant proportion of women had experienced periodontal diseases during the pregnancy period, mostly in the third trimester, and was associated with a gestational age of pregnant women.

Monitoring of the HIV-Positive Mother-Child Couple at the Provincial General Reference Hospital of Kinshasa

Context: Vertical transmission of HIV is the main route of pediatric contamination in Sub-Saharan Africa, which despite everything remains insufficiently covered. Objective: The objective of this study was to assess the care of the HIV-positive mother-child couple at the Provincial General Reference Hospital in Kinshasa according to the general recommendations of Prevention of Mother-to-Child Transmission Program (PMCT). Methods: The present work is a retrospective study carried out mainly on the files of HIV-positive mother-child couples followed at the Kinshasa General Referral Hospital PMCT service, whose mothers were ≥18 years old and diagnosed positive for HIV using at least 2 screening tests during the period from February 2015 to March 2019. Results: Out of 206 files found in the PMCT service at the Hospital, 61 files (29.6%) were retained based on the completeness of the data in these files. The most represented age group is 23 to 27 years with 21 mothers (34.4%). Most mothers were married (59.0%). The majority of mothers tested positive for HIV were on WHO Stage 1 (72.1%). Most started Prenatal Consultation in the 3rd trimester of pregnancy (60.7%). The most common ARV treatment is the TDF + 3TC + EFV combination in 75.4% of mothers. The most common delivery method was the low route at 83.6%. More than half of the pregnancies carried gave birth to girls (55.7%). The most represented birth weight group was that of less than 2500 g with 27 children (39.2%). The most common ARV prophylaxis in children was Nevirapine in monotherapy (81.9%). Cotrimoxazole was supplemented in 81.9% of the children. After PCR diagnosis, 5 children (8.2%) were positive for HIV. Breastfeeding was the most common feeding method at 85.3%. Conclusion: Although the care of the mother-child couple is correct, the transmission rate still remains high at 8.2% at the Provincial General Reference Hospital of Kinshasa for the period evaluated.

Other Writings/Traditions

Other Writings/Traditions Thomas Hieke, Christopher T. Begg, and Fred W. Guyette Thomas Hieke Johannes Gutenberg Universität Mainz Christopher T. Begg Catholic University of America Fred W. Guyette Erskine College and Seminary 2475. [Seductive Biblical Women in Rabbinic Perspective] Yuval Blankovsky, "Verführung um des Himmels willen: Verführerische biblische Frauen aus Sicht der Rabbinen," Rabbinische Literatur, 263-78 [see #2537]. B. elaborates on a hitherto unnoticed pattern of interpretation in rabbinic literature that praises non-Jewish women and criticizes men. Secondly, B. tries to explain the reason for the emergence of this pattern: Why should the rabbis praise non-Jewish women? B. presents some examples from the Midrash Bereshit Rabbah (Judah and Tamar; Tamar and the wife of Potiphar: both do what they do "for heaven's sake"; Lot and his daughters). Next, B. interprets the sugia in b. Hor. 10b dealing with Lot and his daughters, Tamar vs. Zimri (Num 25:14), and Jael and Sisera. These two works have different reasons for praising the seductive women. In Bereshit Rabbah, the rabbis ascribe seduction to biblical women for the sake of heaven, in order to convey the patriarchal message that sexual intercourse is appropriate for the purpose of procreation and that gentile women desire Jewish men because they recognize their cultural superiority. The Talmud, on the other hand, shows a concern with situating the concept of sin for heaven's sake, as suggested by the biblical Jael story, in the context of Levirate marriage. Therefore, the sugia also mentions Lot's daughters and Tamar, but not Ruth, because, according to rabbinical understanding, Ruth did not commit any sexual sin. The above women use their sexuality for the benefit of the Jewish group, and this pattern exemplifies the rabbinic idea that sins committed with good intentions are legitimate to some degree.—T.H. Google Scholar 2476. [Bibliography of Jewish Intertestamental and Early Rabbinic Literature] David W. Chapman and Andreas J. Kostenberger, "Jewish Intertestamental and Early Rabbinic Literature: An Annotated Bibliographical Resource Updated Again (Part 1)," JETS 63 (3, 2020) 559-60. This publication builds on the authors' initial bibliography for the corpora cited in their title that appeared in JETS 43 (2000) 577-618 and was itself updated in JETS 55 (2012) 235-72, 457-88. As they note in their opening remarks concerning the present contribution (p. 560): "Part 2 of this annotated bibliography is due to appear in the next issue. The structure of these two articles is Part 1: 1. General Reference Tools; 2. OT Versions; 3. Apocrypha; and 4. Pseudepigrapha; Part 2: 5. Dead Sea Scrolls; 6. Individual Authors (Philo, Josephus, Pseudo-Philo, Fragmentary Works); 7. Rabbinic Literature; and 8. Other Early Works from the Rabbinic Period."—C.T.B. Google Scholar 2477. [Priestly Violence; Zeal for Yhwh; Genesis 34; Test. Lev. 5–7] Enric Cortès, "Del sacerdoci gratuït a la violència del 'zel per YHWH'. De la Torà a la literatura intertestamentària: TestLev 5–7 [From Gratuitous Priesthood to Violence Committed Out of 'Zeal for Yhwh': From the Torah to Intertestamental Literature: Test. Lev. 5-7]," RCT 45 (1, 2020) 9-39. My article aims to discern how priestly election in ancient Israel came to be regarded in the Pentateuch and subsequently in extrabiblical testamentary literature as something [End Page 911] due to the Levites or priests who engaged in acts of violence in the name of zeal for God that resulted in their being awarded the priesthood. In this connection, I review the essay of J. Kugel in HTR 85 (1, 1992) 1-34 on the role of Levi as a priest in Test. Lev. 5–7 vis-àvis the presentation of the Levi figure in Genesis 34. My article, I believe, offers a better understanding of the related issue of circumcision, especially as this features in Jubilees, Philo, and the Book of Judith. My article also pays special attention to the midrashic elaboration of Test. Lev. 5–7 [Adapted from published abstract—C.T.B.] Google Scholar 2478. [Epistle of Barnabas 4; Hesiod, Works and Days 106–201] Kylie Crabbe, "The Generation of Iron and the Final...

The Place of Human Papillomavirus Test in the Screening of Intraepithelial Lesions of Cervix in South-Kivu Province, DR Congo

Introduction: Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection remains the most common cause of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. The objective of this study is to evaluate the sensitivity and predictive value of the HPV test associated with the cervico-uterine smear in the screening of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia in our environment. Methodology: This is a descriptive cross-sectional study of 625 women who consulted in the department of gynecology for cervical cancer screening, of whom 300 received an HPV test; during the period from January the 1st to December 31st, 2018 at Panzi general reference hospital (South-Kivu, DRC). Data analysis was done using Epi Info version 7 software. Results: For all respondents (n = 625), the cervico-uterine smear was normal in 82.88%, inflammatory in 2.4% of cases and with cellular atypia in 14.72%. The HPV test was positive in 87 respondents against 213 negatives cases, i.e. a prevalence of HPV of 29% [95% CI: 23.9% - 34.5%]. Among women with precancerous lesions, 27.6% had HPV infection; among those with normal smears, 29.3% of them had HPV infection; however, this difference was not statistically significant. Patients with dysplastic lesions, 31.3% had genotypes with very high carcinogenic potential; and for those with a normal Pap smear, 45.1% had genotypes with very high carcinogenic potential; however, this difference was also not statistically significant. Conclusion: The human papillomavirus test remains a very important indication cation in the detection of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia, its sensitivity remaining clearly superior to that of cytology, especially for high grade lesions.