General Nutrition Knowledge Questionnaire Research Articles

Nutritional knowledge, eating habits, factors affecting muscle damage, and antioxidant enzyme levels of Korean wrestlers.

The aim in this study was to investigate the diet and nutritional knowledge of elite Korean wrestlers and verify the differences in their exercise performance , muscle damage indicators, and antioxidant enzyme levels according to wrestler level. A 7-day dietary and nutrition knowledge survey was administered to 30 adult male elite wrestlers (national team: n=11; professional team: n=19). The Wingate test was conducted for 60 seconds to analyze muscle damage indicators and antioxidant levels. Blood and blood lactate concentration analyses were performed four times; the statistical significance level of all data was p<0.05. Significant differences were found in general nutrition knowledge questionnaire (GNKQ) scores (p=0.043), diet (p=0.001), anaerobic performance (p=0.001), muscle damage indicators (p=0.026), antioxidant levels, and blood lactic acid concentrations (30 min after exercise, p=0.007; 90 min after exercise, p=0.038) between the national and the professional groups. To the findings confirm the relationship between the differences in diet, nutrition, and motor function for wrestlers of different expertise levels. In a follow-up, a comprehensive study on nutrition knowledge, athlete training , and weight loss is needed that considers a wider scope of subjects and analyzes additional variables.

A Cross-Sectional Study of General Nutrition Knowledge among Nursing Students in the UAE.

Adolescence is a crucial time for establishing long-lasting healthy habits, but many university students often engage in unhealthy eating behaviors. Increased independence, social influences, and mental stress all play a role in leading to poor dietary choices that can impact overall health and well-being. It is important to have a good grasp of nutrition to make informed food choices and avoid the development of chronic illnesses. To assess the nutrition knowledge of nursing students and examine the interconnections between participants' beliefs about diet, disease, and weight management. : A total of 100 nursing students participated in this descriptive cross-sectional study. Data gathering was conducted from March 2023 to May 2023 at a nursing college in the UAE. Participating students completed a self-reported validated revised general nutrition knowledge questionnaire (GNKQ-R). Descriptive statistics and Pearson's correlation were used for analysis, along with univariate and multivariate analyses as a statistical methodology to examine individual variables within the dataset independently. Cronbach's alpha coefficient of the scale in this study is 0.880. A cut-off point of 50 percent correctness was employed to signify a high level of knowledge. All participating students were female, with the majority (94%) being single. Most students (68%) had a normal mass index of 23.6, whereas 32% were overweight. The analysis showed that more than half of the students (57%) rated their overall health condition as good. The analysis also found that the only variable detected to predict the good nutrition knowledge level among studied students was having children less than 18 in the same family. The results of the current study indicate that future wellness actions should prioritize increasing students' general nutrition knowledge while also considering individual and academic factors impacting NK in college.

Physical strength, body composition, and G-test results of air force cadets based on nutrition knowledge differences

The Gravitational Acceleration Test (G-test) is a demanding, and sophisticated high-intensity physical activity, greatly influenced by individual body composition and physical strength. This study analyzed the general nutrition knowledge questionnaire (GNKQ) responses of Air Force cadets to identify the relationship between nutrition knowledge, body composition, physical activity, physical strength, and gravity-induced loss of consciousness. Based on the G-test results, 105 fourth-year Air Force cadets were divided into two groups: GP (G-test pass group) and GF (G-test fail group). The analysis items were GNKQ responses, body composition, and physical strength analysis, based on which independent sample t-tests , and logistic regression analysis were conducted. Physical activity according to the G-test results was statistically higher in the GP compared to the GF (vigorous activity reps/week, p = 0.017; mins/day, p = 0.011). The GP Group showed a statistically high GNKQ score compared to the GF Group: Overall (p = 0.003), Section 1 (p < 0.001), and Section 2 (p = 0.002). Based on this study, it can be deduced that analyzing the effect G-test through continuous research over the next years and applying them to physical training will have a greater impact on the cadets’ increased physical strength and their success on the G-test.

The Demographic Variation in Nutrition Knowledge and Relationship with Eating Attitudes among Chinese University Students.

There is a noticeable absence of health education among college students. This study aimed to evaluate the extent of general nutrition knowledge among Chinese university students and explore its association with eating attitudes. Data were collected from a group of 273 students in Spring of 2023, using a valid and reliable research instrument consisting of three sections: demographic variables, the General Nutrition Knowledge Questionnaire (GNKQ), and the Eating Attitudes Test (EAT-26). The results were analyzed using SPSS, with correlations and t-tests to examine the relationships between nutritional knowledge and dietary attitudes. Furthermore, the present study employed the random forest (RF) algorithm, a machine learning technique, utilizing the Mean Decrease Impurity (MDI) method to investigate the influence of various features on participants' eating attitudes. The findings revealed that Chinese university students had an average accuracy of over 60% in their nutritional knowledge, but their understanding of the relationship between diet and disease still needs improvement. Moreover, male students had significantly lower nutritional knowledge than female students, and there was a positive correlation between nutritional knowledge and parents' income. The study also found a significant correlation between the level of nutritional knowledge and eating attitudes. RF results indicated that the family income level exhibited the most substantial impact on the eating attitudes of the participants. The study highlights the need for nutrition education curriculum developers to focus more on improving students' nutritional knowledge, with particular attention given to male students, low-income individuals, and those with an abnormal BMI.

Improvements in nutrition knowledge among adults with physical disabilities: A program evaluation of the mindfulness, exercise, and nutrition to optimize resilience (MENTOR) program 2020–2021

BackgroundThe Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) funds a quality improvement (QI) health promotion telewellness program for adults with physical disabilities. ObjectiveThe nutrition component of the parent program, Mindfulness, Exercise, and Nutrition to Optimize Resilience (MENTOR) program, from 2020 to 2021, was evaluated to assess changes in nutrition knowledge of people with physical disabilities. MethodsThis was a quasi-experimental program evaluation by pre-post survey of participating adults with physical disabilities. Participants attended weekly nutrition classes for eight weeks with optional one-on-one counseling with a Registered Dietitian. Participants completed pre-post General Nutrition Knowledge Questionnaire Revised (GNKQ-R) that were analyzed using paired t-tests. Participants were grouped into quartiles by pre-program GNKQ-R scores for additional comparisons. Program attendance and post-program feedback were also evaluated. ResultsA total of 286 participants completed the MENTOR program, and 31% (n = 89) completed pre-post questionnaires for data analysis. Mean pre-program GNKQ-R scores were 58.4 ± 15.1 and post scores were 64.4 ± 11.3, which demonstrated a statistically significant improvement in nutrition knowledge (p < .001). Ancillary analysis revealed that participants with the lowest quartile of pre-program nutrition knowledge had the greatest improvements in their post-GNKQ-R scores (Mean change 16.4 ± 13.9). Questionnaire data revealed participants’ subjective knowledge changes and their feedback on the nutrition component of the program. ConclusionsThe eight-week MENTOR program effectively improved nutrition knowledge among people with physical disabilities. This demonstrates the impact the program can have on individual knowledge levels. Additionally, these results support the implementation of the program to the broader population of people with disabilities.

Association between Sociodemographic Factors and Nutritional Knowledge among Working Mothers in Terengganu

Broadly defined, nutrition knowledge relates to understanding concepts and processes connected to nutrition and health, such as diet and health, diet and disease, main nutrient sources, and dietary guidelines and recommendations. This study aims to determine the association between sociodemographic factors (age, educational level, marital status, salary income, location, type of job, and family members) and nutritional knowledge among working mothers in Terengganu. This cross-sectional study collected sociodemographic information and nutritional knowledge using General Nutrition Knowledge Questionnaire among 281 working mothers aged 19 to 60 years old. The results show the majority of the participants (70%) had good scores, 23.8% had excellent scores, 6.4% had an average score and 0.4% had poor scores respectively. The prevalence of nutritional knowledge among working mothers in Terengganu was excellent as they were 93.2% scored for high nutritional knowledge, and only 6.8% scored for low nutritional knowledge. Furthermore, there was a significant association between sociodemographic factors (age, educational level, marital status, and salary income) with nutritional knowledge among working mothers in Terengganu. Meanwhile, there was no significant association between sociodemographic factors (location, type of job, and family members) with nutritional knowledge among working mothers in Terengganu. A nutritious diet helps to maintain healthy body weight, promotes favourable pregnancy outcomes, supports normal growth, development, and aging, and minimizes the risk of chronic disease, all of which contribute to overall health and well-being. Therefore, nutritional knowledge should be widely disseminated to Malaysians of all ages.&#x0D;

Evaluation of Validity and Reliability of a German General and Sports Nutrition Knowledge Questionnaire for Athletes and Coaches (GSNKQ-AC).

Despite the availability of nutritional recommendations, studies have reported inadequate nutrition in athletes. The existing literature highlights the importance of the nutritional knowledge of both athletes and coaches in influencing athletes' food choices and behavior, as well as its direct and indirect impact on athletes' performance and health. To adequately assess nutritional knowledge, monitoring via valid and reliable questionnaires is required. As no questionnaire tailored to German-speaking athletes and coaches exists, this study aimed at developing a new General and Sports Nutritional Knowledge Questionnaire for Athletes and Coaches (GSNKQ-AC). The development followed a literature-based, ten-step validation approach. The initial questionnaire (63 items) was revised and reduced to 29 items in the final version after conducting construct verification in the target group (n = 84 athletes and coaches), evaluating content validity by a panel of nutrition experts (n = 8), verifying face validity by think-out-loud interviews in the target group (n = 7), and conducting classical test theory for item reduction analysis (n = 53). For the final GSNKQ-AC, internal consistency, calculated as Cronbach's alpha, was 0.87. Students with a focus on sports nutrition (n = 31) scored significantly higher than athletes and coaches (n = 53), revealing good construct validity (77% vs. 62%, p < 0.001). Test-retest reliability (n = 42, matched pairs) showed a Spearman's correlation coefficient of r = 0.61 (p < 0.01). The brief GSNKQ-AC can be used for status quo or longitudinal assessment of nutritional knowledge among athletes and coaches to reveal gaps and ensure purposeful planning of educational interventions.

An Exploratory Study of Nutrition Knowledge and Challenges Faced by Informal Carers of Community-Dwelling People with Dementia: Online Survey and Thematic Analysis.

Nutrition knowledge is a primary factor influencing food choices and the ability to identify nutritional risk for carers of people with dementia. Acquiring nutrition knowledge helps carers monitor changes in food intake and micronutrient intake, and whether a healthy and balanced diet is being consumed. This study aimed to assess the nutrition knowledge of carers in the Australian community and their experiences with nutrition education. Using a mixed-methods approach, the nutrition knowledge of informal carers was assessed using the revised General Nutrition Knowledge Questionnaire (AUS-R-NKQ), and interviews of informal carers were used to explore the perspectives in a sub-sample. A total of 57 carers (44 females; mean age of 63.0 ± 13.1) completed the survey, and 11 carers participated in follow-up interviews. The total sample scored 22.9 (±4.57) out of 38 on the AUS-R-NKQ, suggesting basic nutrition knowledge. The interviewed carers acknowledged the importance of healthy nutrition but viewed the provision of a healthy diet for a person with dementia as challenging. In both the survey and interviews, carers reported limited use and availability of dementia-specific nutrition resources. Carers were unsatisfied with the advice and number of referrals provided to improve the nutrition of the person with dementia and desired less confusing nutrition education materials adapted to their level of knowledge. The present study highlights the need for informal carers to be supported to acquire adequate nutrition knowledge.

Associations between nutrition knowledge and obesity-related attitudes and physical activity among young adults from Kenya, South Africa, and the United Kingdom

Objective: This study’s aim was to test associations between nutrition knowledge and obesity-related attitudes and physical activity (PA) among 3000 18–35-year-old men and women from Kenya, South Africa (SA), and the United Kingdom (UK). Methods: A cross-sectional online survey was conducted in April 2022. To estimate nutrition knowledge, dietary recommendation knowledge score was computed using the standard General Nutrition Knowledge questionnaire. Obesity-related attitudes were from the British Social Attitudes Survey. Self-reported days of vigorous and moderate PAs and walking were used. Ordinal logistic regression was employed to test all associations, while adjusting for age group, gender and a household asset score. Using simple mediation, testing was also done to ascertain whether obesity-related attitudes mediated associations between nutrition knowledge and PA. Results: Consistently, better nutrition knowledge was associated with disagreeing that ‘There is no reason to worry about obesity’ (ORs ≥ 1.09), but lower odds of being against ‘Providing free weight management courses’ and ‘Creating/improving cycle paths and pavements to encourage PA’ (ORs ≤ 0.90). Better nutrition knowledge was also associated with higher vigorous PA in SA (OR = 1.09), and moderate PA (OR = 1.04) and walking (OR = 1.12) in the UK. In the combined sample, associations of nutrition knowledge with vigorous PA were fully mediated by believing that ‘Obesity results from not exercising enough’ (11.1% mediated). Likewise, associations of nutrition knowledge with moderate PA were fully mediated by attitude towards ‘Creating or improving cycle paths and pavements to encourage PA’ in the UK (38.9% mediated). Conclusions: Nutrition knowledge is associated with obesity-related attitudes and PA among young adults, but some relationships are country-specific. Interventions based on findings from high-income countries should be evaluated before being implemented in low-resource settings.

DETERMINANTS OF ADOLESCENT OBESITY: PARENTAL INFLUENCE AND REGION OF RESIDENCE IN ITALY

Objective: Childhood obesity is on the rise globally, and family environment and socio-economic factors can play a relevant role. In Italy, regional differences in the prevalence of childhood obesity are observed. This study aimed to investigate the interaction between geographical region of residence, family environment and obesity among Italian adolescents. Design and method: Students of primary or secondary schools and their parents, residing in Calabria (South Italy) and Tuscany (Central Italy), were enrolled in a cross-sectional study. All participants were asked to fulfill a questionnaire composed of four sections. First section investigated demography and anthropometry, while General and Sport Nutrition Knowledge questionnaire (GeSNK), Mediterranean Diet Score, and International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) assessed nutritional knowledge, dietary habits and physical activity levels respectively. BMI was calculated and students were classified using WHO BMI-for-age charts. Determinants of students’ habits and BMI were investigated with multivariate regression analyses. Results: 179 students and 113 parents from Tuscany, 247 students and 185 parents from Calabria participated in the study. Obesity prevalence was higher in Calabria than in Tuscany among both students and parents, however multivariate regression analysis showed that geographical region of residence was not in itself a determinant of the BMI of students. Although transmission of eating and physical activity habits from parents to sons appears to occur, parental BMI was the only parental characteristic identified as an independent determinant of the students’ BMI at multivariate regression analysis (adjusted for geographical area, students’ age and gender, parental BMI and education level, parents’ and students’ habits and nutritional knowledge). Conclusions: Prevention strategies oriented to reduce childhood obesity should also involve parents.

The Intensity Use of mHealth Apps and its Relation to Nutrition Knowledge, Healthy Eating Self-Efficacy, and Positive Body Image

Abstract—In terms of mobile apps, mHealth technology might enhance public health. However, despite the development of hundreds of health-related mobile applications, few studies have studied their relationship to psychological constructs. This study aimed to evaluate the association between the intensity of mHealth app use and nutrition knowledge, healthy-eating self-efficacy, and positive body image among Jordanian students and to measure their levels. In the first semester of the academic year 2022-2023, a structured, self-administered web-based questionnaire containing valid and reliable measures (i.e., positive body image scale, healthy eating self-efficacy, general nutrition knowledge questionnaire, and the adopted intensity use of mHealth apps scale) was administered to 414 undergraduates. The findings reported that their usage of mHealth-related mobile applications was low, as they had inadequate nutrition knowledge, low healthy-eating self-efficacy, and a moderate positive body image. The Pearson correlation analysis revealed a significant and positive correlation between the degree of usage of health-related mobile applications and nutrition knowledge, healthy eating self-efficacy, and positive body image (p&lt;0.01). These findings underscore the need to promote healthy eating self-efficacy and positive body image among students and to improve their nutrition knowledge. In addition, these results advise decision-makers to encourage students to include mHealth applications in their daily routines to benefit their health.

Nutrition knowledge and influence on diet in the carer-client relationship in residential care settings for people with intellectual disabilities.

People with intellectual disabilities generally have poorer health outcomes compared with those who do not, including outcomes related to nutrition-related non-communicable diseases. Carers support people with intellectual disabilities in many aspects including habitual shopping and preparation of food, but their own nutrition knowledge and the influence this may have on dietary intakes of clients is unknown. We explored the nutrition knowledge of carers of people with intellectual disabilities in residential care settings, their dietary habits and their influence on clients' food shopping and preparation and therefore the diet consumed by their clients. Ninety-seven carers belonging to a large independent care sector organisation specialising in the care of people with an intellectual disability completed a validated general nutrition knowledge and behaviour questionnaire. Seventeen carers from the residential care settings were interviewed to contextualise practice. Knowledge about key dietary recommendations scored highly. Carers who had more work experience were found to have higher scores in 'making everyday food choices' (p=0.034). Daily consumption of fruit and vegetables (at least one portion per day) was observed (for fruit by 46% of the carers and for vegetables by 60% of the carers), whilst most carers reported avoiding consuming full-fat dairy products, sugary foods and fried foods. The concept of a healthy diet; typical dietary habits of clients; role in food acquisition; and training in nutrition emerged as themes from the interviews. Carers discussed various topics including the importance of a balanced diet, cooking fresh foods and control of food portion sizes for clients relative to the care philosophy of a client-centred approach, which encapsulates client autonomy. Gaps in knowledge around specific nutrients, making healthy choices and cooking skills remain. Carers have an influence on clients' dietary choices; they are able to provide healthy meals and share good dietary habits with clients. Further training in nutrition is recommended for impact on clients' health.

Validation of the General and Sport Nutrition Knowledge Questionnaire (GeSNK) in Spanish Adolescents

The General and Sport Nutrition Knowledge Questionnaire (GeSNK) is an instrument that has been developed and validated to assess the level of nutrition knowledge in adolescents and young adults. The aim of the present study was to validate the GeSNK questionnaire in a group of Spanish adolescents in the framework of a Nutrition Education Programme in Secondary Schools in Andalusia, Spain. This cross-sectional questionnaire validation study was developed in two phases: translation-cultural adaptation and validation. A total of 305 adolescents aged 11 to 17 years, studying from the first to the third year of compulsory secondary education, participated on a voluntary basis. The GeSNK questionnaire consists of 62 items: 29 items for the General Nutrition section and 33 items for the Sports Nutrition section. Cronbach's alpha coefficient for the complete questionnaire (GeSNK Total) was: 0.934; for the GeSNK General Nutrition section it was 0.918; and for the GeSNK Sports Nutrition section it was 0.856. The stability measured by the correlation coefficient for the General Nutrition section was 0.406 (p = 0.000); for the Sports Nutrition section it was 0.198 (p = 0.017); and for GeSNK Total the stability was 0.545 (p = 0.000). The questionnaire also demonstrated adequate construct validity. We therefore conclude that the Spanish version of the GeSNK questionnaire is a valid instrument to measure the level of knowledge in general nutrition and sports nutrition in adolescents.

Eight Week Telewellness Program Improves Nutrition Knowledge Among People with Physical Disabilities

<h3>Research Objectives</h3> To evaluate the effectiveness of an eight-week telewellness program for improvements in nutrition knowledge among people with physical disabilities. <h3>Design</h3> Retrospective study of people with disabilities who participated in the Mindfulness, Exercise, and Nutrition to Optimize Resilience (MENTOR) Program from January-December 2021. <h3>Setting</h3> Virtual telewellness program. <h3>Participants</h3> Adults (n=89) ages 22-77 yrs. (mean 52.1±14.4) with a self-reported physical disability with 67.4% using an assistive device for ambulation (n=60). <h3>Interventions</h3> Eight-week, synchronous telewellness program using a commercial platform (Healthie) with built-in Zoom videoconferencing software. Participants attended weekly group classes in mindfulness, exercise, nutrition, and health coaching. A Registered Dietitian led the nutrition classes and offered optional nutrition counseling. <h3>Main Outcome Measures</h3> Participants completed the General Nutrition Knowledge Questionnaire- Revised (GNKQ-R) via the Healthie platform before and after the program. The GNKQ-R consists of four knowledge domains (Dietary Recommendations, Food Groups, Healthy Food Choices, & Diet, Disease and Weight Management) with a total composite score of 0-88 with higher scores indicating higher knowledge. The hypothesis for this retrospective analysis was that participants' GNKQ-R scores would increase as a result of the MENTOR program. Differences between pre and post total score and sub-scores were assessed using general linear models and reported as mean±standard error. <h3>Results</h3> Pre-intervention total scores ranged from 8-79 and post-intervention total scores ranged from 14-81. Post-intervention scores improved on total GNKQ-R (58.4±1.6 vs. 64.4±1.2 p< 0.001) and the four knowledge domains (Dietary Recommendations: 12.3±.0.3 vs. 13.4±0.2, p< 0.001; Food Groups: 23.1±0.8 vs. 26.5±0.6, p< 0.001; Healthy Food Choices 9.0 ± 0.3 vs. 9.7±0.4, p=0.01; Diet, Disease, and Weight Management 14.0±0.4 vs 15.0±0.4, p=0.007). <h3>Conclusions</h3> A comprehensive eight-week telewellness program (MENTOR) resulted in statistically significant improvements in nutrition knowledge among people with disabilities. Future research is examining MENTOR's effects on adoption of healthy food choices and dietary behaviors over the long term. <h3>Author(s) Disclosures</h3> The authors report no conflicts of interest.

Practising pharmacists want more nutrition education

Background and purposeAlthough pharmacists are first and foremost medication specialists and suppliers, in Australia they are also ideally positioned within the healthcare setting to encourage and support positive lifestyle choices in the community. Little has been done to assess their nutrition knowledge in over 20 years. We aimed to explore pharmacists' nutrition knowledge and associated practice and to subsequently develop and evaluate a short course to fill identified gaps. Educational activity and settingThe General Nutrition Knowledge Questionnaire was revised for testing nutrition knowledge in the pharmacy setting. Once validated, the questionnaire was distributed to pharmacists using social/professional media advertising. A short course was then developed, and its effectiveness assessed on final-year pharmacy students. FindingsPharmacists' (N = 258) mean score was 89.9 out of 121 (SD = 10.6) with significant variation. Nutrition education provision in practice was provided inconsistently and was associated with how strongly participants rated their own knowledge. Most pharmacists (95.7%) agreed they are well-placed to assist in disease burden reduction through nutrition education; however, most (98.4%) felt their knowledge needed improvement. The short course was well received by participants, deemed to be appropriate in context, and resulted in a median improvement in matched scores of 14.7% (P < .001) with no significant decline in knowledge when reassessed three weeks later (P = .383). SummaryPharmacists' nutrition knowledge and practice was variable. Further education can improve knowledge without significant time outlay and is likely to improve associated counselling practices.

지도자의 영양지식에 따른 엘리트 선수들의 영양지식 및 체중감량 전략 분석: 사전연구

This study was conducted to investigate the nutritional knowledge of elite domestic athletes and Coaches who conduct weight loss, and to identify differences in weight loss patterns and strategies according to nutritional knowledge. The subjects of the study were 16 incumbent Coaches registered as Coaches of the Korea Sports Council and 42 elite high school athletes registered as athletes under the same affiliation. The survey was conducted by translating the General Nutrition Knowledge Questionnaire (GNKQ), which consists of 88 items and 4 sections, and by using the SPSSWIN 24.0 program, a paired t-test, a correlation analysis, and a logistic regression analysis were performed. The statistical significance level of all data was set to p.05. Research shows that GNKQ is a Coaches (p.001) and athletes (p.022) both, there was a statistically significant difference between High rank and Low rank. Looking at the correlation analysis results, there was a statistically significant correlation in the teachers and athletes GNKQ (p.026), and as a result of the logistic regression analysis, the GNKQ scores of the athletes were confirmed to have a statistical significance during the weight loss period (p.035). Through this study, it was also possible to indirectly confirm the effect of the coaches

Nutrition knowledge related to chronic disease of Irish medical and nursing students

ABSTRACT The global rise in chronic disease prevalence has resulted in negative impacts on healthcare systems. A major contributing factor to the development of chronic disease is the adoption of an unhealthy diet. Despite this, the inclusion of nutrition in medical and nursing curriculums appears to be ad hoc and limited. Previous work indicates that healthcare professionals with better nutrition knowledge are more likely to incorporate nutrition care into practice. The study’s aim was to determine nutrition knowledge related to chronic disease and its determinants in a sample of Irish healthcare students. This cross-sectional study took place between March and May 2017 and utilised a validated section (21 multiple-choice questions) of the General Nutrition Knowledge Questionnaire, to determine level of knowledge regarding nutrition and chronic disease of 131 Irish healthcare students. The median score for nutrition knowledge related to chronic disease was 15.0 out of 21.0. Questions regarding cancer prevention, the relationship between a high protein diet, taking nutritional supplements and fibre intake and maintaining a healthy weight and identifying weight status associated with a BMI above 31 kg/m2 were answered poorly, with less than 50% of the cohort answering correctly. There were significant differences observed between genders, student type, age and year of study demographics. Student nurses and doctors are our future healthcare professionals and usually the first point of contact with patients. Having nutrition knowledge would enable them to spot nutritional risk factors for chronic disease early and intervene where appropriate, potentially reducing the burden of chronic disease.

Validation and Implementation of General and Sport Nutrition Knowledge Questionnaire for University Students and Athletes

The aim of the present study was to validate and implement a nutrition questionnaire to measure nutrition knowledge of university students, and athletes. Male, and female students (N = 476) voluntarily participated in the survey in 2019. Non-health related (n = 156), nutrition students (n = 163), and varsity athletes (n = 157) responded to the questionnaire, twice with 15 days’ interval between. In this study, new “General and Sport Nutrition Knowledge” (GSNK) and, two other "Short General Nutrition Knowledge” (SGNK) and, “Short Sport Nutrition Knowledge" (SSNK) questionnaires were used to determine the validation of the survey. One-way ANOVA, t Test, Pearson correlation coefficient, and Cronbach’s α statistics were used to evaluate validity and reliability (p < .05). The Internal consistency, test-retest reliability, concurrent validity with two similar tools, and construct validity among the groups of students for nutrition knowledge were employed throughout the data analysis. Nutrition students outperformed in all nutrition knowledge sections. Respectively, athletes were the second, and non-nutrition related students were the third in sport nutrition (p < .05). With regard to general and total nutrition knowledge scores, female students performed significantly better than males (p < .01). Modified questionnaire was found to be valid, reliable, and suitable tool for Eurasian university students, and athletes. Results also illustrated that the intermittently nutrition educations are required for athletes, as it is recommended in related literature.

Nutrition knowledge among university students in the UK: a cross-sectional study.

To investigate nutrition knowledge (NK) in university students, potential factors affecting knowledge and predictors of good NK. A cross-sectional study was conducted in 2017-2018. The revised General Nutrition Knowledge Questionnaire was administered online to assess overall NK and subsections of knowledge (dietary recommendations, nutrient sources of foods, healthy food choices and diet-disease relationships). The Kruskal-Wallis test was used to compare overall NK scores according to sex, age, ethnicity, field of study, studying status, living arrangement, being on a special diet and perceived health. Logistic regression was performed to identify which of these factors were associated with a good level of NK (defined as having an overall NK score above the median score of the sample population). Two London-based universities. One hundred and ninety students from various academic disciplines. The highest NK scores were found in the healthy food choices (10 out of 13 points) and the lowest in the nutrient sources of foods section (25 out of 36 points). Overall NK score was 64 out of 88 points, with 46·8 % students reaching a good level of knowledge. Knowledge scores significantly differed according to age, field of study, ethnicity and perceived health. Having good NK was positively associated with age (OR = 1·05, (95 % CI 1·00, 1·1), P < 0·05), White ethnicity (OR = 3·27, (95 % CI 1·68, 6·35), P < 0·001) and health rating as very good or excellent (OR = 4·71, (95 % CI 1·95, 11·4), P < 0·05). Future health-promoting interventions should focus on increasing knowledge of specific nutrition areas and consider the personal and academic factors affecting NK in university students.

Development and Validity of a General Nutrition Knowledge Questionnaire (GNKQ) for Chinese Adults.

Nutrition knowledge refers to understanding concepts and processes related to nutrition and health, proven to be an essential determinant of healthy eating. However, partially due to the lack of nutrition knowledge and unhealthy eating patterns, more and more Chinese people face overweight, obesity, and a high risk of suffering from various chronic diseases. This study aimed to develop a general nutritional knowledge questionnaire (GNKQ) in a Chinese context to diagnose and improve nutrition knowledge education for Chinese people. The newly adapted questionnaire was based on the Turkey version of GNKQ, and absorbed dietary recommendations in a Chinese context. It was first validated by four nutrition experts, then tested by eleven volunteers (one public nutritionist, one preventive medicine graduate student, and nine psychology graduate students). Finally, the questionnaire was tested by 278 participants, including 175 adults, to determine internal consistency, content validity, and convergent validity. Moreover, the construct validity was evaluated by comparing the differences between 50 students in nutrition-related majors and 53 students in nutrition-unrelated majors. The final Chinese version of GNKQ kept 32 questions with 68 items after deleting some questions based on item difficulty and discrimination. The data showed that the overall internal consistency coefficient was 0.885, and the test-retest reliability was 0.769, p < 0.001. Students majoring in nutrition had larger scores than in nutrition-unrelated majors. The convergent validity for each demographic variable was consistent with previous studies, such as larger nutrition knowledge scores for females and those with a higher education. Therefore, the revised Chinese version of GNKQ showed good reliability and validity, indicating that it could be an effective tool to assess the nutrition knowledge of Chinese adults.