General Nurses Research Articles

Pulmonary rehabilitation – an essential part of respiratory care

Thousands of hospital admissions for respiratory patients could be avoided if all those eligible for pulmonary rehabilitation (PR) completed a programme, and yet uptake remains poor. Here Heather Henry outlines what PR has to offer and how to make a referral Offering people with long term respiratory disease pulmonary rehabilitation is part of good long term condition management general practice nurses. This article explains why it is important, what it includes, the referral criteria and how GPNs may support people on completion.

Provision of maternal health service in Indonesian primary care during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Maternal health services in Indonesia faced significant challenges during the COVID-19 pandemic. The service had to manage the infection and ensure the continuity of maternity service for women. This research explored in depth the way maternal health service was provided in Indonesia during the COVID-19 pandemic and provided suggestions to improve the service in primary care. We conducted a practical qualitative study using semi-structured interviews and focus groups (FGs) between May and October 2021, with the focus area of study in Yogyakarta province. The participants were general practitioners (GPs), midwives, nurses, obstetricians, and women who had experience providing or accessing maternity care during the pandemic. The data were analysed using an inductive approach of thematic analysis. A total of 23 participants participated in the FGs/interviews. Three overarching themes were identified: applied COVID safety measures, confusion and further expectations. COVID-19 safety measures, such as screening, hygiene and triage, were applied in the service. However, challenges and confusion occurred, particularly regarding the limited clinical resources, limited guidelines and escalation plan and patients' low literacy levels. Participants also expected the development of mobile apps to support care for women. Despite the classical challenges in primary care practice, Indonesia implemented strategies to provide maternity care and limit the spread of COVID-19 infection. Continuous improvements and further research are needed to provide practical recommendations and escalation plans to optimise the quality of maternity service in primary care.

Views of the Australian public on the delivery of risk-stratified cancer screening in the population: a qualitative study.

Qualitative interview study. We conducted semistructured interviews with participants from a previous study, half of whom had received personal genomic risk information and half of whom had not. We asked how and where they would like to see risk-stratified screening delivered and how they felt about different health professionals assessing their cancer risk. Data were analysed thematically. Forty interviews were conducted. The age range of participants was 21-68 years; 58% were female. Themes included: 1) Convenience is a priority; 2) General practice is a good fit for some; 3) Web-based technology is part of the process; and 4) "I would want to know why [I was being stratified]". Similar views were expressed by both groups. Our findings suggest that although health professionals were identified as having an important role, there were mixed preferences for delivery by general practitioners, medical specialists or nurses. Participants were less concerned about who undertook the risk assessment than whether the health professional had the appropriate skill set and availability. Clear communication and evidence of the need for change in screening eligibility and frequency were key factors in the successful delivery of risk-stratified screening. We identified that convenience and good communication, including clear explanations to the public with convincing evidence for change, will enable the successful delivery of risk-stratified cancer screening in the population, including organised and opportunistic screening approaches. Health professional education and upskilling across disciplines will be key facilitators. Engagement and further consultation with primary care and other key stakeholders will be central.

Peningkatan Harga Diri pada Remaja dengan Tuberkulosis Kelenjar melalui Terapi Ners Generalis

This study aimed to provide generalist nurse intervention to adolescent clients with situational low self-esteem. The method used was a case study approach with one respondent, carried out for two days on 1-2 April 2021. The results obtained were that generalist therapy was proven to increase adolescent self-esteem. Generalist therapy has proven effective with specialist nursing therapy, including supportive therapy and family psychoeducation.
 
 Keywords: Situational low self-esteem, Adolescents, Glandular TB, Generalist Nurse Therapy

Impacts of Job Stress on Nurses Social Life: A study of Work Performance

Nursing is a demanding and physically and emotionally challenging profession, and nurses are often exposed to high levels of job stress, which can have significant negative impacts on their physical and mental health, as well as their social life and work performance. This study aims to explore the impacts of job stress on the social life of nurses and how it affects their work performance in selected hospitals in Karachi. It is a cross-sectional study and data is collected from 100 nurses qualified with BS in Nursing and Diploma in General Nursing and Midwifery (DGNM) from SIUT, NICVD and Zia ud Din hospital by using a convenience sampling technique from October to December 2022. Results of the regression analysis show that the variable working long hours beta coefficient value of the regression table is .203 and the value of significance is 0.001; the variable work pressure beta coefficient value of the regression table is .213 and the value of significance is 0.001 and variable job stress beta coefficient value of regression table is .291 and value of significance is 0.000, which shows that these variables working long hours, work pressure and job stress has a significant impact on the nurses' social life and work performances. The study concluded that job stress and other associated factors hamper the work efficiency of nurses. Therefore, the present research study recommends that the management of the hospitals should ensure a stress-free environment at their workplace to create a better work-life balance for nurses to reduce stress levels and improve their overall well-being.

What was happening in the collaboration between general practitioners and public health nurses in the community: A qualitative study.

Interprofessional collaboration in the community is becoming essential in primary care, particularly collaboration between public health nurses and general practitioners. However, the precise value of such collaboration has not been sufficiently studied. The purpose of this study was to conduct a qualitative analysis of collaboration between general practitioners and public health nurses in the community to explore the details of the phenomenon and its possible impact on the community. Since 2015, The University of Toyama has been implementing the Collaborative Health Activities Project, in which general practitioners and public health nurses work together to promote community health. Focus group and individual interviews were conducted with participating staff, and the data were analyzed qualitatively. Fifteen themes were generated, in six categories. The categories were as follows: enhanced roles of public health nurses and physicians in the community, new perspectives on the community, public health nurses' sense of trust and empathy toward physicians, bonds of solidarity between public health nurses and physicians, proactive change in residents, and supporting "hangout places". The collaboration between general practitioners and public health nurses familiar with the same community fostered a sense of trust and empathy and created the bonds of solidarity between staff and residents. The results also suggest the collaboration may have a positive impact on the local community by inspiring residents to change proactively and supporting "hangouts" where residents and professionals can informally connect.

Patient transfer from intensive care units to general wards: An exploratory qualitative study of ward nurses' experiences of patient safety.

Patient transfer from intensive care units (ICUs) to general wards is a routine part of hospital care. However, if the transfer is not optimal, it can result in increased readmissions to the ICU, increased stress and discomfort for the patient and, thus, a threat to patient safety. The aim of this study was to explore how general ward nurses experience patient safety during patient transfers from ICUs to general wards. A qualitative design based on a phenomenological approach was used. Two focus group interviews were conducted with a total of eight nurses from a medical ward and a surgical ward at one hospital in Norway. The data were analysed using systematic text condensation. The nurses' experiences of patient safety during patient transfer had four themes: (1) the importance of preparedness; (2) the importance of the handover of information; (3) stress and a lack of resources and (4) a feeling of two different worlds. In order to promote patient safety, the informants highlighted the importance of being well prepared for transfer, and to have optimal handover of information. Stress, lack of resources and a feeling of two different worlds may pose threats to patient safety. We suggest several intervention studies testing the effect of intervention improving patient safety during the transfer process are designed, and that increased knowledge in this area is used to develop local practice recommendations. The participants of this study were nurses and this contribution has been explained in the Data collection section. There was no patient contribution in this study.

Psychological adaptation and implemented coping strategies under stressful working conditions in medical workers

The purpose is to study the features of manifestation of coping strategies as a mechanism of psychological adaptation to stressful working conditions in medical workers. Material and methods. The survey and analysis were conducted in the following groups: group A — medical workers of COVID hospitals providing medical care to patients with COVID-19 (n=201). Group A included 3 subgroups: group 1 — general practitioners of COVID hospi tals (n=111); group 2 — surgical doctors of COVID hospitals (n=61); group 3 — nurses of COVID hospitals (n=29). Group B — medical workers of multidisciplinary hospitals providing medical care in their main profile (n=195). Group B also included 3 subgroups: group 4 — general practitioners of multidisciplinary hospitals (n=106); group 5 — surgical doctors of multidisciplinary hospitals (n=58); group 6 — nurses of multidisciplinary hospitals (n=31). Group C — medical workers of outpatient and polyclinic departments (n=186). Group C in cluded 3 subgroups as well: group 7 — general practitioners of the outpatient and polyclinic level (n=102); group 8 — surgical doctors of outpatient and polyclinic departments (n=55); group 9 — outpatient and polyclinic nurses (n=29). The control group included employees of professions that are not related to work in medical organizations (healthy). To study the mechanisms of coping strategies for overcoming psychological difficulties in medical work ers, a technique developed by R. Lazarus and S. Folkman was used. Results. Thus, as a result of the study, the features of the formation of psychological defens es of adaptive coping strategies of professional behavior in general practitioners, surgical doctors, and nurses of specialized COVID hospitals, multidisciplinary hospitals in the mode of normal operation, and outpatient and polyclinic departments are identified. Conclusions. It is shown that the prevailing coping strategies among surgical doctors of specialized COVID hospitals at a high level are such coping strategies as «distancing», «self-control», and «taking responsibility». Meanwhile, the coping strategy of «distancing» is at a high level among nurses of COVID hospitals.

Healthcare Professionals' Knowledge of and Attitudes Towards the Use of Time in Range in Diabetes Management: Online Survey Across Seven Countries.

Time in range (TIR) is a metric of glycaemic target management derived from continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) data. This study aimed to understand knowledge of and attitudes towards use of TIR among healthcare professionals (HCPs), and gain insights into benefits and barriers to its use in clinical practice. An online survey was disseminated across seven countries. Participants were sampled from online HCP panels and were aware of TIR (defined as amount of time in, below, and above target range). Participants were HCPs classified as specialists (SP), generalists (GP), or allied HCPs (AP; diabetes nurse specialists, diabetes educators, general nurses, nurse practitioners/physician assistants). Respondents included 741 SP, 671 GP and 307 AP. Most HCPs (approximately 90%) agreed TIR is likely/somewhat likely to become the standard of diabetes management. Perceived benefits of TIR included helping to optimise medication regimen (SP, 71%; GP, 73%; AP, 74%), giving HCPs the knowledge and insights to make informed clinical decisions (SP, 66%; GP, 61%; AP, 72%), and empowering people with diabetes with information to successfully manage their diabetes (SP, 69%; GP, 77%; AP, 78%). Barriers to wider adoption included limited CGM access (SP, 65%; GP, 74%; AP, 69%) and lack of HCP training/education (SP, 45%; GP, 59%; AP, 51%). Most participants considered integration of TIR into clinical guidelines, recognition of TIR by regulators as a primary clinical endpoint, and recognition of TIR by payers as a parameter for diabetes treatment evaluation as key factors for increased use. Overall, HCPs agreed on the benefits of using TIR for diabetes management. Besides raising awareness among HCPs and people with diabetes, more training and healthcare system updates are needed to facilitate increased TIR use. In addition, integration into clinical guidelines and recognition by regulators and payers are needed.

Interprofessional collaboration of general practitioners and nurses in primary care: A qualitative study

Interprofessional collaboration of general practitioners and nurses in primary care: A qualitative study Abstract. Background: There is a need to strengthen interprofessional collaboration of general practitioners and home care nurses in the primary care of people with chronic diseases and long-term care needs. Aim: This study investigated a) how general practitioners and nurses in Germany perceive their collaboration in primary care and b) which development perspectives of collaboration exist from their point of view. Methods: Expert interviews were conducted with seven general practitioners and eight home care nurses. The data were analysed using thematic-structured qualitative content analysis. Results: The interviewees from both professional groups report that their collaboration is hindered by poor mutual accessibility. At the same time, they emphasise their appreciation of the professional exchange with the other professional group. Nevertheless, the perceptions of the professional competence of home care nurses differ. To improve their cooperation, the interviewees recommend the establishment of interprofessional meetings and cooperation in spatial proximity for regular professional exchange. They expect this to lead to a joint development of trust and competence and to an expansion of the area of responsibility of home care nurses in primary care. Conclusions: Binding communication structures, cooperation in spatial proximity and an expansion of the area of responsibility of home care nurses offer high potential for strengthening primary care in Germany.

Informing and developing professional practice: How international educational programs influence nurse and midwife professional practice

AimThis paper forms part of a grounded theory study that aimed to determine the impact of an international mobility program during a nurse’s or midwife’s pre-registration program on their subsequent nursing and/or midwifery practice. The focus of this article is on how nursing and midwifery professional practice was informed and developed through participation in international educational programs.BackgroundParticipation in an international educational program during a nurse’s or midwife’s pre-registration education is known to have many positive benefits, however, previous studies have highlighted a need to investigate long-term outcomes on professional practice.MethodsUsing Charmaz’s constructivist grounded theory approach, 13 general nurses, 2 mental health nurses, 3 midwives, and 4 dual-qualified nurse/midwives from 8 different countries were interviewed. Data were analysed following coding procedures, with three categories constructed. This paper focuses on the category conceptualised as Informing and developing professional practice.FindingsParticipants experienced different healthcare systems and being reflective and applying knowledge to current practice contributed to the development of professional practice. International educational programs were also found to assist in aspiring and cementing decisions for many regarding their future nursing or midwifery practice.ConclusionParticipation in an international educational program has an ongoing and positive influence on a nurse’s or midwife’s professional practice.

Knowledge of Ghana Abortion Laws and Factors Hindering Access to Safe Abortion Services by Female Students at the University for Development Studies (UDS)

Young women in the universities have an independence streak and have no restraints from parents, or school authorities regarding their sex lives, and can have as much sex as desired. If they have little knowledge on how to prevent unwanted pregnancies, they can pick seed and conceive. Lack of support from partners and/or family and limited monetary support lead them to make wrong choices regarding the termination of an unwanted pregnancy. The aim of this study was to assess the knowledge and factors hindering access to safe abortion services among female students at the U.D.S. This was a descriptive cross-sectional study conducted at the U.D.S. 100 female students between the ages of 15 and 45 years were conveniently selected from a database of 187 female students. A questionnaire containing the relevant research questions related to the topic was designed using google forms, pre-tested on randomly selected 20 participants out of the total study population and subsequently self-administered to 100 female students through a web-based electronic platform. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 20.0. Age distribution of study participants: 15-20 Years, 18 (18%), 21-25 Years, 67 (67%), 26-30 years, 15 (15%). Knowledge of abortion laws in Ghana: 71 (71%) Yes, 29 (29%) No. Revision of the current abortion law in Ghana: 72 (72%) Yes, 28 (28%) No. Reasons for change in abortion Laws: Infringes on basic human rights of women 89 (89%), Contents are obsolete 11 (11%). Knowledge of safe abortion methods: 95 (95%) Yes, 5 (5%) No. Knowledge of safe abortion centers: 69 (69%) Yes, 31 (31%) No. Knowledge of qualified safe abortion service providers: Gynecologists 50 (50%), Midwives 28 (28%), Pharmacists 15 (15%), General Nurses 7 (7%). Factors hindering access to safe abortion services: Religious beliefs 50 (50%), Cost of services 30 (30%), Fear of stigmatization 22 (22%), Lack of knowledge about services 8 (8%). Most student participants were between the ages of 21 and 25 years. Majority of the students have knowledge about abortion laws in Ghana, the different methods of safe abortion, and the availability of safe abortion service centers and providers. Half of the students think religious beliefs interfere with their willingness to access safe abortion services and that the Gynecologist is usually the most qualified specialist to provide safe abortion services.

Why general practice nurses really are so special and unique

Many general practice nurses (GPNs) feel there is no sign of a reprieve on the horizon – a decline in GPN numbers and an erosion of the role and its value through the roll-out of the additional roles reimbursement scheme (ARRS), which now includes nursing associates – are the main drivers behind this. There is also a feeling that there is no support for negotiating terms and conditions. All of this has chipped away at GPNs’ sense of pride and purpose.

Barriers and facilitators for the implementation of the CombiConsultation by general practitioners, pharmacists and practice nurses: a qualitative interview study

BackgroundThe CombiConsultation is a consultation with the pharmacist for patients with a chronic condition, aligned with the periodic consultation with the practice nurse or general practitioner. Implementation requires adjustments in the working methods of these healthcare providers and therefore behavioural changes.AimThe aim of this study was to identify the barriers and facilitators that determine the behavioural changes by pharmacists, general practitioners and practice nurses required for the implementation of the CombiConsultation.MethodTen community pharmacists, 5 practice nurses and 5 general practitioners were sampled from practices enrolled in the CombiConsultation study. Their views regarding the implementation of this clinical pharmacy service were explored using interviews based on the 14 domains of the Theoretical Domains Framework (TDF), which are linked to the Capability-Opportunity-Motivation-Behaviour-model. Barriers and facilitators in the domains were assessed by content analysis.ResultsTwelve barriers and 23 facilitators were found within 13 TDF domains with high agreement between the healthcare providers. Important facilitators for implementation were the pharmacists’ expertise in pharmacotherapy (capability), access to medical data and physical proximity between professional practices (opportunity). Barriers were pharmacists’ insufficient consultation- and clinical-reasoning skills (capability), insufficient staff (opportunity) and reimbursement and lack of coordination among all involved healthcare providers (motivation).ConclusionAll healthcare providers are motivated to implement the CombiConsultation. An existing collaborative practice, with a clear and accepted professional role of the pharmacist is essential. Training of pharmacists in consultation and clinical-reasoning skills can be beneficial, as well as arrangements on the consultation logistics, and reimbursement.

Multidisciplinary DEprescribing review for Frail oldER adults in long-term care (DEFERAL): Implementation strategy design using behaviour science tools and stakeholder engagement

IntroductionDeprescribing is a strategy for reducing the use of potentially inappropriate medications for older adults. Limited evidence exists on the development of strategies to support healthcare professionals (HCPs) deprescribing for frail older adults in long-term care (LTC). ObjectiveTo design an implementation strategy, informed by theory, behavioural science and consensus from HCPs, which facilitates deprescribing in LTC. MethodsThis study was consisted of 3 phases. First, factors influencing deprescribing in LTC were mapped to behaviour change techniques (BCTs) using the Behaviour Change Wheel and two published BCT taxonomies. Second, a Delphi survey of purposively sampled HCPs (general practitioners, pharmacists, nurses, geriatricians and psychiatrists) was conducted to select feasible BCTs to support deprescribing. The Delphi consisted of two rounds. Using Delphi results and literature on BCTs used in effective deprescribing interventions, BCTs which could form an implementation strategy were shortlisted by the research team based on acceptability, practicability and effectiveness. Finally, a roundtable discussion was held with a purposeful, convenience sample of LTC general practitioners, pharmacists and nurses to prioritise factors influencing deprescribing and tailor the proposed strategies for LTC. ResultsFactors influencing deprescribing in LTC were mapped to 34 BCTs. The Delphi survey was completed by 16 participants. Participants reached consensus that 26 BCTs were feasible. Following the research team assessment, 21 BCTs were included in the roundtable. The roundtable discussion identified lack of resources as the primary barrier to address. The agreed implementation strategy incorporated 11 BCTs and consisted of an education-enhanced 3-monthly multidisciplinary team deprescribing review, led by a nurse, conducted at the LTC site. ConclusionThe deprescribing strategy incorporates HCPs’ experiential understanding of the nuances of LTC and thus addresses systemic barriers to deprescribing in this context. The strategy designed addresses five determinants of behaviour to best support HCPs engaging with deprescribing.

Contextual determinants influencing the implementation of fall prevention in the community: a scoping review.

Successful implementation of multifactorial fall prevention interventions (FPIs) is essential to reduce increasing fall rates in community-dwelling older adults. However, implementation often fails due to the complex context of the community involving multiple stakeholders within and across settings, sectors, and organizations. As there is a need for a better understanding of the occurring context-related challenges, the current scoping review purposes to identify what contextual determinants (i.e., barriers and facilitators) influence the implementation of FPIs in the community. A scoping review was performed using the Arksey and O'Malley framework. First, electronic databases (Pubmed, CINAHL, SPORTDiscus, PsycINFO) were searched. Studies that identified contextual determinants that influence the implementation of FPIs in the community were included. Second, to both validate the findings from the literature and identify complementary determinants, health and social care professionals were consulted during consensus meetings (CMs) in four districts in the region of Utrecht, the Netherlands. Data were analyzed following a directed qualitative content analysis approach, according to the 39 constructs of the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research. Fourteen relevant studies were included and 35 health and social care professionals (such as general practitioners, practice nurses, and physical therapists) were consulted during four CMs. Directed qualitative content analysis of the included studies yielded determinants within 35 unique constructs operating as barriers and/or facilitators. The majority of the constructs (n = 21) were identified in both the studies and CMs, such as "networks and communications", "formally appointed internal implementation leaders", "available resources" and "patient needs and resources". The other constructs (n = 14) were identified only in the . Findings in this review show that a wide array of contextual determinants are essential in achieving successful implementation of FPIs in the community. However, some determinants are considered important to address, regardless of the context where the implementation occurs. Such as accounting for time constraints and financial limitations, and considering the needs of older adults. Also, broad cross-sector collaboration and coordination are required in multifactorial FPIs. Additional context analysis is always an essential part of implementation efforts, as contexts may differ greatly, requiring a locally tailored approach.

Knowledge, attitudes and practice of female genital mutilation and cutting: An observational cross-sectional study in primary care (FGM/C Study).

Female genital mutilation and cutting (FGM/C) describes procedures involving partial or total removal of the external female genitalia or other injury to the female genital organs for non-medical reasons. Increasing migration means many communities living in the UK originate from countries where FGM/C is practiced. Consequently, clinicians in the UK are increasingly exposed to women and children who have experienced FGM/C. To explore the knowledge, attitudes and practice of primary care general practitioners and practice nurses about FGM/C. An observational cross-sectional study with general practitioners (GPs) and practice nurses (PNs) working in primary care in the West Midlands, United Kingdom. An online survey was circulated to GPs and PNs between September 2019 and December 2019. 137 survey responses were received. Study participants were predominantly female (81.8%) and general practitioners (59.9%) with a mean age of 47.3 (SD =9.1). 19.7% of responders reported seeing more than one patient with FGM/C in the last 12 months. 91% of responders had received some form of FGM/C training; however the format and frequency of training varied and 34.3% felt they had received inadequate training to manage treatment of FGM/C. Results suggest varying degrees of competence and confidence associated with recognising and managing patients with FGM/C in primary care in the West Midlands. Given that FGM/C patients typically present in primary care it is important that clinicians can provide appropriate support underpinned by up-to-date training.

Discussion-based interprofessional education: A positive step toward promoting shared understanding between surgical residents and nurses

ABSTRACT Interprofessional education during medical training may improve communication by promoting collaboration and the development of shared mental models between professions. We implemented a novel discussion-based intervention for surgical residents and nurses to promote mutual understanding of workflows and communication practices. General surgery residents and inpatient nurses from our institution were recruited to participate. Surveys and paging data were collected prior to and following the intervention. Surveys contained original questions and validated subscales. Interventions involved facilitated discussions about workflows, perceptions of urgency, and technology preferences. Discussions were recorded and transcribed for qualitative content analysis. Pre and post-intervention survey responses were compared with descriptive sample statistics. Group characteristics were compared using Fisher’s exact tests. Eleven intervention groups were conducted (2–6 participants per group) (n = 38). Discussions achieved three aims: Information-Sharing (learning about each other’s workflows and preferences), 2) Interpersonal Relationship-Building (establishing rapport and fostering empathy) and 3) Interventional Brainstorming (discussing strategies to mitigate communication challenges). Post-intervention surveys revealed improved nurse-reported grasp of resident schedules and tailoring of communication methods based on workflow understanding; however, communication best practices remain limited by organizational and technological constraints. Systems-level changes must be prioritized to allow intentions toward collegial communication to thrive.

Effectiveness of Telephone-Based Interpersonal Psychotherapy on Antenatal Depressive Symptoms: A Prospective Randomized Controlled Trial in The Kingdom of Jordan.

Jordanian pregnant women report high prevalence of antenatal depressive symptoms, compared to their counterparts internationally. One potential nonpharmacological intervention is Interpersonal Psychotherapy (IPT), accessed by telephone. The aim of this study is to compare the depressive symptom level(s) among Jordanian pregnant women who received IPT treatment with those who received routine antenatal care. A prospective randomized controlled trial design was used. Following ethical approval, a sample of 100 pregnant women (50 in each group) at 24 to 37 weeks gestation, was drawn from one governmental public hospital. Seven sessions (each half an hour) of telephone-based IPT were offered twice weekly to those assigned to the intervention arm: one pretherapy orientation, five intermediates, and one closing session. The Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale was administered before and after the intervention. Analysis of covariance was used to detect the intervention effect. The two groups were matched based on demographic and health characteristics. Compared to the control group, pregnant women who received the intervention reported fewer depressive symptoms. Midwives and general nurses should screen all pregnant women for symptoms of depression. The effectiveness of IPT treatment in alleviating depressive symptoms indicates the importance of using such supportive interventions by midwives and general nurses, who are trained in psycho-educational counseling techniques. Moreover, data provided by this study may encourage policymakers to legislate policies that make psychotherapists available and accessible in antenatal care units and ensure that staff have adequate training via continuing education programs to screen for antenatal depressive symptoms.

Job satisfaction among expatriate nurses during the COVID-19 pandemic: A cross-sectional study.

To investigate the association between job resources, job satisfaction, and moderating effect of COVID-19 anxiety and practice setting among expatriate acute care nurses in Qatar. Expatriate nurses are more vulnerable to reduced job satisfaction. Increased COVID-19 anxiety and reduced perceived job resources among acute care nurses impact their job satisfaction more than that of general ward nurses. An online survey was used to recruit 293 expatriate acute care nurses from four public hospitals in Qatar. Data were collected between June and October of 2021. Structural equation modeling was used for data analysis. We ensured to follow STROBE guidelines when doing this research. Job resources were a significant predictor of job satisfaction among expatriate acute care nurses (β=0.80, 95% CI: 0.73-0.85, p<0.001). There was no significant moderating effect of COVID-19 anxiety (β=0.055, 95% CI: -0.61 to 0.151, p=0.329) or workplace setting on this relationship (χ2 =0.077, df=1, p=0.781). Our study found that the relationship between job resources and acute care nurses' job satisfaction is consistent across different workplace settings regardless of the level of COVID-19 anxiety. This is in line with previous studies that have highlighted the importance of job resources in determining nurses' job satisfaction. The study emphasizes the need for sufficient job resources for improved job satisfaction among expatriate acute care nurses in Qatar, especially during the COVID-19 pandemic. Nursing leaders must prioritize adequate resources such as staffing, proper training, and policies that increase nurse autonomy to improve job satisfaction and reduce the negative effects of dissatisfaction.