General Name Research Articles

Comprehensive Malware Classification and Visualization with EfficientNet Based Malware Image Transformations

Malware is a general name given to all malicious software that threatens and prevents the use of information systems. Computers, which have become mandatory in daily life, are constantly under the threat of malware as well as facilitating human life. Therefore, the detection of malware that threatens computer systems is important. This study focuses on the classification of malware. In the study, a deep learning model based on the EfficientNet architecture and the Dynamic Distribution Adaptation Network approach were proposed and these proposed models were tested using the Microsoft Malware Classification Challenge (MMCC) and Dumpware10 datasets. In the study, the process of converting malware into images was discussed and the EfficientNet model was used as the basis for the classification of these images. The EfficientNet backbone-based Dynamic Distribution Adaptation Network achieved 97% accuracy in the MMCC dataset and 96% accuracy in the Dumpware10 dataset. As a result, the EfficientNet architecture proved the effectiveness of deep learning in the classification of malware and cybersecurity.

NATURAL LANGUAGE PROCESSING ALGORITHMS AND PERFORMANCE COMPARISON

Natural language processing (NLP) is the general name for the methods and algorithms developed for computers to understand, interpret and produce human language. NLP plays a critical role in many fields, from social media analyses to customer service, from language translation to healthcare. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of the basic concepts of NLP, popular algorithms and models, performance comparisons, and various application areas. Key concepts of NLP include language models, tokenisation, lemmatisation, stemming, POS tagging, NER and syntactic parsing. These concepts are critical for processing, analysing and making sense of texts. Language models include popular methods such as N-gram, Word2Vec, GloVe and BERT. NLP algorithms are classified as rule-based methods, machine learning methods and deep learning methods. Rule-based methods are based on grammatical rules, while machine learning methods work on the principle of learning from data. Deep learning methods, on the other hand, achieve high accuracy results by using large datasets and powerful computational resources. In the performance comparison section, it is stated that the algorithms are evaluated with metrics such as accuracy, precision, recall and F1 score. Advanced models such as BERT and GPT-3 show superior performance in many NLP tasks. In conclusion, the field of NLP is rapidly evolving, with significant advancements anticipated in several key areas. These include the creation of more effective and efficient models, efforts to reduce biases, enhanced privacy protection, the growth of multilingual and cross-cultural models, and the development of explainable artificial intelligence techniques. This paper provides a comprehensive overview to understand the current status and future directions of NLP technologies.

CONCEPTUAL METAPHORS OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND AI DEVELOPMENT IN THE GUARDIAN NEWSPAPER

The whirlwind advent of ChatGPT in 2022 has marked a new age of artificial intelligence (AI), the general name for the technology that combines computer technology, big data bases and machines. This AI technology quickly makes its presence felt with hundreds of popular programs and chatbots such as the portrait-making AI diffusion art and the thesis-writing ChatGPT. This paper investigates the conceptual metaphors representing AI and AI development in The Guardian, a UK-based newspaper, to figure out how this technology and its growth have been introduced to ordinary people via mass media. Employing the Conceptual Metaphor Theory proposed by Lakoff & Johnson (1980), this study found three AI-related conceptual metaphors, namely, AI IS A HUMAN BEING, AI IS AN ANIMAL and AI IS A NATURAL FORCE, which are realized by more than 100 linguistic expressions across 33 news articles. Also, this research found five conceptual metaphors related to AI development, namely AI DEVELOPMENT IS WAR, AI DEVELOPMENT IS A RACE, AI DEVELOPMENT IS A CONVERSATION, AI DEVELOPMENT IS A DANCE, AI DEVELOPMENT IS A GAME and these metaphors are manifested by approximately 40 linguistic expressions. This paper discusses the way that these metaphors could influence the way people and technology companies think about AI and AI development.

Legal Protection Against the Use of Brand Names for Geographical Indications on Trusmi Cirebon Batik

The importance of conducting this research is because there is an allegation of violation of the law against the object of Geographical Indication registered as a brand name by an entrepreneur using the name "Batik Trusmi" because it contains things related to geographical indications such as the place of origin of goods, production area, type of goods and character owned by a place. The purpose and purpose of this study is to research an alleged violation in the naming of a registered trademark because it uses a name that is identical to a geographical indication with logical legal reasons and grounds based on a legal perspective, analyzing the certainty of legal protection for the name "Batik trusmi" which is used as a trademark through legal discovery based on the perspective of existing legal regulations, and provides important information to see the facts through the legal science possessed by the author. The method used in this study is normative juridical to examine the problem of trademark infringement with normative research, and the material collection technique used is a literature study including laws, scientific articles, doctrines, etc. The study's results elaborated on the problem that, based on the legal sources collected, the naming of trusmi batik as a registered trademark is contrary to a general naming and a geographical indication naming. It was found that the trusmi batik artisan community has sought a form of protest against the naming of trusmi batik through trademarks in familial ways but has not met maximum results.

Comparison analysis of bioactive constituents and heavy metals among original plants of Kuding tea from the genus Ilex

Kuding tea (KT) is the general name of a set of bitter-tasting herbal tea made from varied original plant species. However, limited information was reported about the difference of bioactive constituents, heavy metals, and bioactivities among those original species. In the present study, comparison analyses among heavy metals, polysaccharides, phenolics, flavonoids, and saponins constituents, as well as the antioxidant and antidiabetic activities were performed through colorimetry, UPLC-QTOF-MS, enzymatic assay and molecular docking techniques on the six KT original plants mainly from the genus Ilex. Results showed that Cd contents in the four KT original plants other than Ilex pubescens (IP) and Ilex cornuta (IC) and heavy metal contents including Pb, Cu, As and Hg in the all six plants were lower than standard limit values. Furthermore, contents of carbohydrate in polysaccharides (470.06 and 548.51 mg GLE/g), total phenolics (33.84 and 48.85 mg GAE/g), flavonoids (30.86 and 109.97 mg RE/g), phenolic acids (49.68 and 61.48 mg CAE/g), flavonols (18.47 and 19.19 mg RE/g), flavanols (0.18 and 0.14 mg CE/g), saponins (90.81 and 97.33 mg GSE /g) in IP and Ligustrum japonicum (LJ), as well as their antioxidant activity levels (IC50 607.41–780.44, and 547.06–754.00 mg/L) were all significantly higher than those in other four KT original plants. Moreover, a total of 6 and 9 compounds were tentatively characterized from IP and LJ, respectively, and molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulation were further used to analysis the interaction between α-glucosidase and bioactive compounds in IP. At last, principal component, hierarchical cluster, and correlation analysis indicated that carbohydrate content of polysaccharides, total phenols, flavonoids and phenolic acids were the main influencing factors to antioxidant abilities. Overall, according to our systematic analysis, IP possessed the highest antioxidant and antidiabetic potentials, thus might be a better KT original plants from the genus Ilex for further development and utilization.

Phytochemical and Nutrient Composition of Fresh and Dried Cardiospermum Halicacabum Leaves

Cardiospermum halicacabum is a creeping herbaceous plant which propogates easily. Cardiospermum halicacabum L. belongs to family Sapindaceae. This plant is produced in the plains of Africa, America, Bangladesh, India and Pakistan. Its general names include: balloon vine, heart vine, heart pea, love-in-a-puff heart and Kanphuti. Its vernacular name (Tamil) is Mudakkathan.

CONSERVATIVES OF THE KINGDOM OF POLAND IN 1914-1916

Since the birth of independent Poland in 1918, historians and publicists have been arguing about who deserves the main credit for this most signifi cant event in the modern history of the Polish nation. In the period between the world wars, the dispute for supremacy was fought between J. Piłsudski and R. Dmowski, in socialist Poland they were supplanted by the Russian October Revolution, but already in the 1980s the debate resumed with renewed vigor. Th e compromise solution proposed by Prof. S. Kieniewicz was not widely s upported. Since the 1990s, there has been a steady return to pre-war approaches to the problem. Th us, political forces other than the pilsudniks and national democrats, led by R. Dmowski, once again remain outside the fi eld of vision of the authors writing on this topic. Among them are conservatives of the Kingdom of Poland, through whose eff orts, from September 1917 to 14 November 1918, the construction of the state institutions of the Kingdom of Poland was underway with the consent of the Central Powers. Th e Kingdom was formed by the act of Emperors Wilhelm II Hohenzollern and Franz Joseph Habsburg of 5 November 1916. Th e contribution of the conservatives is clearly underestimated; moreover, they alone are accused of pursuing a conciliatory (Ugodian) policy towards the Russian, fi rst, and then the German and Austro-Hungarian authorities, although all other political parties in the Polish lands, with the exception of the social democrats of the Kingdom of Poland and Lithuania, also took conciliatory positions at the beginning of the 20th century. Moreover, it was these parties, which were united under the general name of “activists”, who responded to the manifesto of 5 November and sent their representatives to the Provisional State Council of the Polish Kingdom. Th e conservatives, on the other hand, took a wait-and-see attitude in November 1916 and refused political cooperation with the German and Austro-Hungarian occupation authorities until September 1917.

Superior vena cava syndrome

Superior vena cava syndrome is the general name for the symptoms and presentation due to acute obstruction or occlusion of the superior vena cava flow. It usually develops secondary to underlying malignancies and is a life-threatening oncologic emergency. In this review, the current clinical approach to superior vena cava syndrome, including the etiologic considerations, investigations that should be planned, diagnosis, and treatment algorithms, is reviewed.

Linguogeographic phenomena in the development of orographic terms in Kazakh language

Relevance. An important role in naming the object is played by people's attitude to the object based on peculiarities of everyday life and traditions. In Kazakh language the names of geographical features were given on the basis of people's world view and were often used for the orientation purposes. It is important to look into the past in order to learn more about the peculiarities of the current concepts of particular people. Purpose. The purpose of the study is to discuss the names of the terrain and the characteristics of their development in the Kazakh language. Methodology. The names of the terrain and the characteristics of their development can be considered in three different directions in accordance with the laws of unified nature of the language: first, the relationship between the level of nature study of the population and the principles of naming; second, the problems of using terms related to the names of geographical features in modern science; third, the tendencies of development of orographic terms in Kazakh language. Results. The main peculiarity of nature study by nomads is that they do not stay in one place, but are constantly on the move. The study concludes that the great changes in the life of humanity require the adaptation of the vocabulary to the modern times. Names describing the image of the Great Steppe should become active members of the language of science in accordance with modern requirements. Conclusions. General and singular names of geographical features in Kazakh language are developing in this way, taking common terms in the international space and adapting ancient terms to the requirements of the new time. Keywords: toponyms, naming the object, image of the territory, human-natural relations, vernacular

О геометрических основах проектирования технического объекта

The purpose of the article is to propose basic statements (a conditional general name for law, regularity, principle and rule) about the geometry of technical objects and about the process of their design, which, together with existing and future statements, form the geometric foundations of design. 26 statements are presented and a classification, functions and properties of geometry are proposed from the point of view of distribution and the importance of the latter for the technical object and the design process.In their entirety, the presented statements are proof of the importance and influence of geometry in the design process. The work substantiates the possibility of obtaining partially or completely the geometry of any other part or assembled unit, conditionally called a recipient, from any part or assembled unit, conditionally called a donor. It is shown that any “item” (a term for naming anything, regardless of type, structures and characteristics) can be used to change the geometry of any technical object. The impact of the geometry on the flowing through and passing through the substance, the influence of the flows on the geometry, as well as the influence of the geometry on the properties of the substance are noted. It is emphasized that geometry is a fundamental „building block“ of both the technical object and the design process. The well-deserved placement of geometry at the center of the design activity gives a new perspective on the design process, which expands the possibilities and tools for its realization.

Основные модели именных словосочетаний в мокшанском языке

the article identifies and describes the main models of phrases in which the dominant word is a noun, adjective or adverb, which have received the general name – nominal; the morphological affiliation of the components and a type of connection between them are determined. 17 Bulletin of Ugric Studies. Vol. 14. № 1 (56). 2024. Objective: identification and systematization of the main models of noun phrases in the Moksha language. Research materials: texts from the literary works of the Moksha writers containing different types of phrases. Results and novelty of the research: as a result of the study, structural models of noun phrases in the Moksha language were identified and systematized; phrases were differentiated according to the morphological nature of the main and dependent components. It has been determined that substantive phrases are formed according to seven main models: 1) N ← N, 2) Adj ← N, 3) Pron ← N, 4) Num ← N, 5) Part ← N, 6) Adv ← N (N → Adv ), 7) Inf ← N (N → Inf). In them the main component is expressed by a noun (or substantive), the dependent component is a noun (with or without a postposition), adjective, numeral, pronoun, adverb, participle, infinitive. Adjective phrases are most often formed according to three models: 1) Adj → N (N ← Adj), 2) Adj → Adv (Adv ← Adj), 3) [N.TRANS ← Adj] – the main component is expressed by an adjective, the dependent component is a noun in different case forms or an adverb. Their place in relation to the main component is not regulated. Adverbial phrases are formed according to three main models: 1) Adv ← Adv, 2) Adv ← N (Adv → N), 3) Pron ← Adv (Adv → Pron), where the main component is expressed by an adverb, the dependent component – by an adverb, noun or pronoun. The scientific novelty of the work lies in the fact that in Mordovian linguistics the models of noun phrases in the Moksha language are the subject of research for the first time.

Armed Forces and Police of Independent Rhodesia (1965-1979). Part 1: Police

This research is devoted to the study of the functioning of the Rhodesian Security Forces (the general name for the police and army forces of Rhodesia) during the years of its de facto independence from 1965 to 1979. The relevance of the study is due to the absence in domestic historiography of any fundamental research that would be devoted to this issue. The subject of the study is the Rhodesian Security Forces. In this (first) part of the work are considered the activities of the Rhodesian police after its declaration of independence. The author has studied the history of the development of the Rhodesian police from its founding until the official cessation of activity in 1980. Also, the author presents data on the number, racial composition, technical equipment, structure of units and other information about the police forces of Rhodesia. After the declaration of independence, the Rhodesian police faced difficulties, but even in such conditions they managed to maintain combat effectiveness and continue to improve. Based on this article, conclusions can be drawn about the important role played by the Rhodesian police in maintaining law and order in a country that was actually involved in the counter-terrorism struggle throughout its existence. Also, we can conclude that the Rhodesian police were only partly a “racist” structure, since most of the police were of African origin, although there were certain restrictions for them.

Заглавия принятые и отвергнутые в «Повести о жизни» К.Г. Паустовского (к реконструкции творческой истории)

The article highlights the issue of choosing the titles of the works that make up The Story of a Life by K.G. Paustovsky and the general name of the cycle. The manuscripts, typescripts, and the writer’s correspondence, published only partially, allow us to trace the history of the search for the names of the third and fifth parts of the cycle and to establish their long-established working names — “Collapses of Time” and “Agitated Caucasus.” Materials from Paustovsky’s Collection in RGALI demonstrate that the sixth part was originally entitled “On Slow Fire (The Book of Wanderings).” The title was changed by the will of the editorial board of the journal “Novyi mir,” causing the writer’s regret. The expanded elements of the heading complex (the title, the epigraph, and the closely related framing parts) are characteristic of typescripts but do not always pass into the published text. Of the four parts that had epigraphs, only two have preserved them — the first and the last, and the framing parts remained unused. However, they are valuable because they shed light on the crucial concepts of Paustovsky’s works. The final titles of all six parts somehow convey the focalization of the character-narrator: his perception of the world, emotional state, and fixation of himself in time and space. Starting from the fifth part, as the manuscripts testify, the author correlates the new title with the titles of the already published parts, for which he makes peculiar lists.

A Study on the Germination of Origanum acutidens L. Seeds Subjected to Pre-Treatment of Gibberellic Acid and Colchicine

In Türkiye, the general name for aromatic plant species belonging to the Lamiaceae family is “thyme”. However, species containing thymol/carvacrol type essential oil are considered “thyme”. Origanum acutidens is one of the thyme species that grows endemic in the Northeastern Anatolia Region of Türkiye. The low germination rate of its seeds is one of the factors limiting the studies conducted on this plant. This study was conducted to investigate the effects of different doses of colchicine and gibberellic acid on germination in O. acutident seeds. Seeds collected from the plant’s natural habitat at the end of the flowering period were used as plant material. The experiment was planned as control (only distilled water) and treatments consisting of three different gibberellic acid (GA3) [100 ppm (GA1), 200 ppm (GA2) and 300 ppm (GA3)] and four different colchicine doses [0.01 mM (C1), 0.02 mM (C2), 0.04 mM (C3) and 0.08 mM (C4)]. The applications were kept at 25±1 ⁰C for 12 hours. After the waiting period, all seeds were filtered and placed, 50 seeds each, in 9 cm diameter petri dishes between two layers of sterile filter paper sheets. The experiment was carried out in 4 replications. Some parameters of the germination (Germination rate (GR), Germination time (GT), Average germination time (AGT)) and early seedling period (Embryonal root length (ERL), Number of embryonal roots (NER), Root fresh weight (RFW), Root dry weight (RDW), Grass sheath length (GSH)) were measured and the results were statistically evaluated. In general, the highest values obtained from all evaluated germination (92.0% GR and 1.7 day AGT) and early seedling parameters (10.4 cm ERL, 4.6 NER, 0.095 g RFW, 0.028 g RDW and 3.6 cm GSL) were found to belong to the GA3 application. The lowest values obtained from the relevant parameters were obtained with the C4 application. In our study, it was observed that gibberellic acid applications significantly increased germination in this plant and positively increased the parameters related to germination. Based on the study results, we think that colchicine stimulates germination at certain rates, but causes death by having a toxic effect in increasing doses.

AFGHAN AND PAKISTANI TALIBAN: A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THEIR POLITICAL IDEOLOGY AND RELIGIOUS AFFILIATIONS

The main aim of this article is to discuss several facets of the socio-political phenomena known under the general name of Taliban that swept Afghanistan and embroiled Pakistan in a regional conflict since the last decade of twentieth century. The focus of the discussion is on the emergence of Afghan and Pakistani Taliban as two separate and distinct movements, their organizational developments, and their similarities and differences in terms of political ideology, religious affiliations, and relationships with Pakistan. The organizational and political-religious transformation of the Taliban is examined in this article in three historical phases. First, the political-religious background in Afghanistan that led to the formation of the Taliban in 1994 and its rise to power in 1996 only two years after its existence as an Islamic movement. Second, the seven-year period 1994-2001 during which the Taliban ruled Afghanistan until they were ousted from power following the invasion of the country by the US-led coalition forces a month after the September 11 (2001) tragic event in New York. This article examines the transformation of the Taliban as a movement and as a government ruling in the name of Islam during this period. And third, the twenty-year period when the Taliban as opposition forces waged an insurgency against the US-installed puppet regime that successfully ended with them regaining power in August 2021. The article concludes with some remarks on the possible directions in which the Taliban could be heading in the post-2021 era.

Hematopoietic Progenitor Kinase 1 Inhibitors

Cancer, a general name for wide range of diseases that have the ability to make an impact on any parts of the human body and has been a fatal health issue that affects people around the world. Hematopoietic Progenitor Kinase 1 (HPK1), one member from the MAP4K family, is a kind of serine/threonine kinase. Destruction of HPK1 kinase raises the secretion of cytokine and T cell signaling, having positive impact on clearance of virus, and inhibition of tumor growth. Thus, HPK1 has been seen as a promising target that can be used in drug development for immunotherapy of tumors. HPK1 has a pivotal role of inhibition on the signaling pathway of the T-cell receptor, it also inhibits the proliferation and differentiation of B cells, DC cells, and NK cells. In this paper, we aimed to supply a detailed overview of research including the introduction of HPK1, research process on HPK1 inhibitors and different methods of developing new kinase inhibitors.

Feasibility of an abstract verb naming treatment for aphasia

ABSTRACT Purpose Verb production impairments in aphasia have important implications for sentence production and communication in general. Verbs with low concreteness may be especially important for certain functional uses, and yet limited data regarding their response to treatment are available. This study was designed to examine a novel behavioral treatment approach to improve low concreteness verb naming in persons with aphasia. Method Three persons with nonfluent aphasia participated in a single-subject experimental design research study examining the feasibility of the novel treatment. The treatment was based on approaches that target the verb as the central node of meaning during sentence construction. The primary outcome measure was a sentence completion probe. Effects on untreated stimuli and on general language and naming assessments were also examined. Results Results indicated some limited changes associated with the treatment for two of the participants. Treatment performance data suggested possible improvements in verb processing that were not reflected in the primary outcome measure. Modest decreases in aphasia severity were noted for two of the participants. Conclusions The findings provide further support for targeting verbal production of verbs with low concreteness in aphasia. Several lessons learned may benefit future researchers examining areas related to the topic.

Simplifying Biology Vocabulary via Morphology

In all fields of biology, understanding technical terminology is a challenge for students. In many cases, this may distract them from focusing on fundamental processes and concepts. Across the biology subfields, much of the vernacular shares similar etymology and morphology. However, students lack the exposure necessary to identify these key features, which often explain the meaning of terms without requiring any context at all. Therefore, instead of encouraging students to memorize many terms independently, it could be more beneficial to show them how words are constructed. Here, I propose an activity designed to help students recognize terms that may be connected, understand how vocabulary is often constructed to reflect its idea, and develop comfortability using these terms themselves in discussions. Through a guided group activity, students will have a chance to break down terms they have previously encountered and to draw connections between novel words. If students are capable of relating words to each other before even knowing what they mean, they may learn more effectively. Without being intimidated by enigmatic vocabulary, they can focus on broader concepts. In addition, when students understand how biological terminology is constructed, they may even dissect new words without needing the context surrounding them. This activity is applicable to courses in any specialty of biology, as various molecules, tissues, and processes follow general naming principles.

Linking Phenotypes and Genotypes with Matrix Factorizations.

We linked phenotypes and genotypes by PheGe-Net, a unified operation frame. Genotype refers to the general name of all gene combinations of an individual. It reflects the genetic composition of organisms. Phenotype refers to the macroscopic characteristics of an organism that can be observed. Identifying the phenotype-genotype association assists in the explanation of the pathogenesis and the progress of genomic medicine. PheGe-Net exploited the similarity net of phenotypes and genotypes and recognized phenotype-genotype relationships to discover their hidden interactions. By conducting experiments with a real-world dataset, the validity of our PheGe-Net is verified. Our method outperformed the second-best one by around 3% on Accuracy and NMI when clustering the phenotype/genotype; it also successfully detected phenotype-genotype associations, for example, the association for obesity (OMIM ID: 601665) was analyzed, and among the top ten scored genes, two known ones were assigned with scores more than 0.75, and other eight predicted ones are also explainable. PheGe-Net is not only able to discover latent phenotype or genotype clusters but also can uncover the hidden relationships among them, as long as there are known similarity networks of phenotype, genotype, and acknowledged pheno-genotype relationships.

Influence of algorithmization and interface for the preparation of management decisions

In modern conditions, managerial decision-making is carried out using automated systems under the general name “Decision Support Systems” (DSS). When creating them, it is important to consider two key points. The first is the algorithmic component, which reflects the logic of the system as a whole and its individual parts. The second is the application interface through which the user interacts with it. The interface is a graphical interpretation of the algorithms that are implemented within the system. Therefore, it is very important to design and create such a relationship between the algorithm and the interface so that the user is as comfortable as possible using the DSS to solve current tasks (information input, its processing, presentation and analysis for decision making). Thus, there is a directly proportional relationship between the interface and the algorithm. Moreover, despite the fact that there are many studies on these aspects, both theoretical and practical, there are still questions to which one should pay attention to in terms of application. The purpose of this study is to formulate practical recommendations to prevent the entry of incorrect information into the DSS database and to present the results in a form convenient for its analysis. The main tasks of the work are to show by means of examples which errors can contribute to the entry of unreliable information into the database, as well as how best to present information on the monitor screen in accordance with the psychophysiological characteristics of a person in order to reduce the time for its analysis and decision-making.