General Method Research Articles

Far-field pattern accuracy improvement in planar near-field measurement using infinitesimal dipole modeling

This paper discusses the challenges in accurately measuring the far-field performance of array antennas, which have become more complex and larger due to recent trends in increasing the number of elements and the antenna size. The far-field measurement method, which is a general method for measuring a radiation pattern in a far-field, is difficult to be utilized at a high frequency due to limitations in physical chamber size and difficulty in diagnosing an antenna. In order to improve these problems, a near-field measurement method is used as an alternative. Even though using a near-field measurement, the accuracy of the derived far-field pattern is reduced at low elevation angles due to zero-padding of data outside the measurement area. The integration of the near-field measurement with the source reconstruction is a promising approach to enhance the measurement limits of the far-field pattern analysis. This paper aims to extend the previous work to accurately predict the far-field radiation pattern, especially in the low elevation angles. The verification of the proposed method is performed for a standard gain horn and 4 by 4 patch array antennas, with and without beam steering.

The Influence of Shakarim Kudaiberdiev’s Work on the Economic, Cultural, and Spiritual Development of Kazakhstan in the Late 19th Century and Early 20th Century

The significance and relevance of the issues are predetermined by the fact, that, by the time of Shakarim Kudaiberdiev’s activity, the political and social situation of Kazakhstan in the early 20th century was on the verge of collapse. The main factor that influenced this situation was the policy of spreading illiteracy, people alienated from religion language, and writing. From the late 19th and early 20th centuries, Kazakhstan suffered from the colonial policies of the Russian Empire. Currently Kudaiberdiev writes a work “Catechism of Muslims”. The main purpose of the study is to analyze the consequences of the creative work on the economic and spiritual and cultural development of Kazakhstan. During the analysis, several scientific sources and materials were analyzed, and the following scientific methods were used: structural-functional and dialectical methods, the method of synthesis, logical and comparative analysis, and the method of generalization. During the research, it was proved that in the works of Shakarim Kudaiberdiev the calls to fight against the policy of tsarist Russia and to revive their language, customs, religion, and history were present. The main result of this research is proof that the works of Shakarim Kudaiberdiev had a tremendous impact on the social status, culture, religion, and language of the Kazakh people. His works acted in opposition to Russian policy and encouraged people who were tired of colonial oppression. The research on this issue is actively developed, therefore this work is of practical value for the definition of the role of Shakarim’s creativity during the economic, cultural, social, and political development of Kazakhstan at the end of 19 – the beginning of 20 century.

Analysis of causes and factors of the spread of takfirism in Kazakhstan

The purpose of this research is to analyse the emergence of takfirism, its spread and its evolution in contemporary Kazakh society. The methodological foundation of the study was provided by general theoretical methods of scientific cognition, and various methods of collecting and systematising information. Among the general scientific methods are the method of theoretical analysis; the historical method of comparing individual religious movements of different periods in Kazakhstan, and the specific scientific and philosophical-religious methods of research. The results have suggested that unfounded takfirism poses a threat to the sustainability of diverse communities in Kazakhstan. The religious, ideological and theological preconditions for takfirism in Kazakhstan were analysed. Noted the diversity of approaches by Muslim scholars to understanding and interpreting the ayats of the Qur'an. Presented aspects of distortion in interpreting the essence of Shariah texts. Noted that the influence of political and social factors is significant. Focuses on some of the socio- psychological aspects of the development of radical attitudes among young people. The qualities inherent in young people that enable them to resist external non-ideological attacks are identified. Illiteracy, poor quality of education and the low culture of some people in Muslim countries are among the key elements. It was noted that the main factor in takfirism in Kazakhstan is the influence of the Salafi-Wahhabi movement. The practical significance of the study is that its content is of interest in developing the worldview of contemporary young people in the Republic of Kazakhstan. The results can be used as a teaching and practical material for students and researchers on contemporary history and religion in Kazakhstan.

Overbounding Ifree errors based on bayesian Gaussian mixture model for ground-based augmentation system

A dual-frequency measurement is employed in conjunction with an innovative Ifree filtering technique for mitigating the primary sources of Ifree influence on ground-based augmentation systems (GBAS) to safeguard the reliability of GBAS. The protective level achieved through the conventional Gaussian overbounding approach that are considered as much conventional technique. This adherence to tradition results in decreased reliability and a higher likelihood of false alarms. In contrast, the utilization of the Ifree algorithm contributes to reducing errors associated with dual-frequency measurements. This paper proposes the overbounding process according to Bayesian Gaussian mixture model (GMM) for maintaining Ifree-based GBAS range error. The Bayesian GMM is utilized for single-frequency model errors to examine the ambiguity estimations. The Monte Carlo (MC) simulation is established for defining estimated GMM assurance level accuracy which is attained through the general estimation method. Then, the last Bayesian GMM which is utilized for overbounding Ifree error distribution is investigated. According to the property of convolution invariance, the vertical protection in position field is determined without presenting difficult numerical calculations.

Accident black spots identification based on association rule mining

This paper presents an analytical approach to identifying the important characteristics of accident black spots on Moroccan rural roads. An association rule mining method is applied to extract road spatial characteristics associated with fatal accidents. The weighted severity index was calculated for each section, which was then used to determine the severity levels of black spots. The apriori algorithm is applied to find the correlation between road characteristics and the severity levels of black spots. Then, a general rule selection method is proposed to identify the rules strongly associated with each severity level. The results show that the proposed approach is effective in identifying the most important factors contributing to accidents. Furthermore, it shows that the combination of several road characteristics, such as road width, road surface, and bridge presence, may contribute to fatal accidents. The general rule selection found that wet, bad surfaces, and narrow shoulders were significantly associated with accidents on rural roads. The findings of the present study can help develop effective strategies to reduce road accidents and thus improve road safety in the country.

Interaction of politics and religion as a factor in shaping the religious culture of Kyrgyzstan’s youth

Democracy and frequent changes of government in Kyrgyzstan contribute to the spread of various religious movements in the country. Social processes, political shifts and the spread of radical religious ideas among young people emphasize the relevance of this study. The purpose of this article is to assess the impact of Kyrgyzstan's religious policy on the religious consciousness of contemporary youth. The study used general scientific methods of analysis and synthesis, generalization, historical and critical, comparative, dialectical, as well as empirical methods of surveys and questionnaires. The study showed that the religious policy of Kyrgyzstan is characterized by democracy and liberalism, based on the secular nature of the state. Kyrgyzstan is a multi-confessional country, with more than 30 religions. The vast majority of Kyrgyzstan's population are Sunni Muslims, and the second most common religious denomination is Orthodox Christianity. Since 1991, Kyrgyzstan has witnessed a process of Islamization, and non-traditional religious movements, both Islamic and other religious doctrines, have also penetrated and gained popularity in the country. The state's liberal policy in the field of religion facilitates the penetration of non-traditional religious organizations from abroad into Kyrgyzstan. Young people are particularly susceptible to new religious movements. This phenomenon can lead to the spread of radical religious ideas among the youth of Kyrgyzstan. In this regard, the state should pay closer attention to the policy in the field of religion. The practical value of the work is determined by the fact that its results can be useful in further research on this issue.

Legal regulation of confessional relations in Kazakhstan

Multinationalism and the presence of many different religious groups in the country can be causes of inter-ethnic and inter-confessional conflicts. A tool to help avoid them is the implementation of an effective legislative mechanism. The research aims to investigate the legal foundations of confessional relations in Kazakhstan, including constitutional norms, norms of laws and bylaws, and the provisions of international acts in the sphere of relations between the state and religion. The system of methods of scientific knowledge of different levels – from the most general methods to special methods of legal science – was used to implement the goal. The study, the model of state- confessional relations of the Republic of Kazakhstan, its basic principles, as well as the existing legal support of this model were analysed and conducted. The authors concluded that the legislation of the Republic of Kazakhstan regulating confessional relations partially corresponds to international normative legal instruments regulating freedom of religion. In addition, the study showed that the model of state-confessional relations in force in the Republic of Kazakhstan contributes to the observance of citizens’ rights to freedom of religion, the prevention of inter-confessional conflicts among religious groups within the country, and the establishment of peace. The practical significance of the results makes it possible to assess the effectiveness of the current mechanism of legislative regulation of confessional relations and to identify the main problems and ways to resolve them.

The importance of input sequence set to consensus-derived proteins and their relationship to reconstructed ancestral proteins.

A protein sequence encodes its energy landscape-all the accessible conformations, energetics, and dynamics. The evolutionary relationship between sequence and landscape can be probed phylogenetically by compiling a multiple sequence alignment of homologous sequences and generating common ancestors via Ancestral Sequence Reconstruction or a consensus protein containing the most common amino acid at each position. Both ancestral and consensus proteins are often more stable than their extant homologs-questioning the differences between them and suggesting that both approaches serve as general methods to engineer thermostability. We used the Ribonuclease H family to compare these approaches and evaluate how the evolutionary relationship of the input sequences affects the properties of the resulting consensus protein. While the consensus protein derived from our full Ribonuclease H sequence alignment is structured and active, it neither shows properties of a well-folded protein nor has enhanced stability. In contrast, the consensus protein derived from a phylogenetically-restricted set of sequences is significantly more stable and cooperatively folded, suggesting that cooperativity may be encoded by different mechanisms in separate clades and lost when too many diverse clades are combined to generate a consensus protein. To explore this, we compared pairwise covariance scores using a Potts formalism as well as higher-order sequence correlations using singular value decomposition (SVD). We find the SVD coordinates of a stable consensus sequence are close to coordinates of the analogous ancestor sequence and its descendants, whereas the unstable consensus sequences are outliers in SVD space.

Review of Advanced Methods in Hardware Acceleration for Deep Neural Networks

Abstract: Convolutional neural networks have become very efficient in performing tasks like Object Detection providing human like accuracy. However, their practical implementation needs significant hardware resources and memory bandwidth. In recent past a lot of research is being carried out for achieving higher efficiency in implementing such neural networks in hardware. We talk about FPGAs for hardware implementation due to their flexibility for customisation for such neural network architectures. In this paper we will discuss the metrics for efficient hardware accelerator and general methods available for achieving an efficient design. Further, we will discuss the actual methods used by recent research for implementation of deep neural networks particularly for object detection related applications. These methods range from actual ASIC design like TPUs [1] for on chip acceleration, state of the art open source designs like Gemini to methods like hardware reuse, re-configurable nodes and approximation in computations as a trade-off between speed and accuracy. This paper will be a valuable summary for the researchers starting in the field of hardware accelerators design for neural networks

Programmed multimaterial assembly by synergized 3D printing and freeform laser induction

In nature, structural and functional materials often form programmed three-dimensional (3D) assembly to perform daily functions, inspiring researchers to engineer multifunctional 3D structures. Despite much progress, a general method to fabricate and assemble a broad range of materials into functional 3D objects remains limited. Herein, to bridge the gap, we demonstrate a freeform multimaterial assembly process (FMAP) by integrating 3D printing (fused filament fabrication (FFF), direct ink writing (DIW)) with freeform laser induction (FLI). 3D printing performs the 3D structural material assembly, while FLI fabricates the functional materials in predesigned 3D space by synergistic, programmed control. This paper showcases the versatility of FMAP in spatially fabricating various types of functional materials (metals, semiconductors) within 3D structures for applications in crossbar circuits for LED display, a strain sensor for multifunctional springs and haptic manipulators, a UV sensor, a 3D electromagnet as a magnetic encoder, capacitive sensors for human machine interface, and an integrated microfluidic reactor with a built-in Joule heater for nanomaterial synthesis. This success underscores the potential of FMAP to redefine 3D printing and FLI for programmed multimaterial assembly.

Integration of Sustainability in Risk Management and Operational Excellence through the VIKOR Method Considering Comparisons between Multi-Criteria Decision-Making Methods

In the current context, organizations face an important challenge in managing risks related to environmental, social and governance (ESG) issues. This research presents a general method for prioritizing organizational risks with a focus on sustainability based on the characterization of five typologies of organizational risks and their respective sub-risks, based on an analysis of global reports. Subsequently, paired surveys are administered to a group of experts from various sectors, who assign importance to the organizational sub-risks. Their responses serve as the basis for the prioritization of these risks, using the VIšekriterijumsko KOmpromisno Rangiranje (VIKOR) method, which highlights the following most relevant organizational sub-risks for each type of risk: (1) Lack of ethics in the conduct of business (geopolitical risk); (2) Deficit in economic growth (economic risk); (3) Chemical safety (social risk); (4) Massive data fraud or theft incidents (technological risk); and (5) Water depletion (environmental risk). Additionally, a sensitivity analysis is performed to determine the robustness of the results of the VIKOR method and then compare the correlation coefficients with respect to the results obtained in previous studies for the AHP and ANP methods. Finally, we propose the implementation of a model to manage organizational risks, which are addressed proactively through an integral vision, allowing for continuous improvement and alignment with corporate strategy by means of an operational excellence management system (OEMS).

Limiting absorption principle and radiation conditions for Schrödinger operators with long-range potentials

We show Rellich's theorem, the limiting absorption principle, and a Sommerfeld uniqueness result for a wide class of one-body Schrödinger operators with long-range potentials, extending and refining previously known results. Our general method is based on elementary commutator estimates, largely following the scheme developed recently by Ito and Skibsted.

Does managerial myopia exacerbate firms excessive financialization? Evidence from Malaysia

Purpose This study aims to examine the influence of managerial myopia on the excessive financialization behavior of listed firms on Bursa Malaysia. Design/methodology/approach Through a sample of 313 firms from 2015 to 2021, the author examine whether managerial myopia promotes or inhibits corporate financialization. The author uses ordinary least squares and Logit as the baseline models and addresses potential endogeneity through the dynamic-panel generalized method of moments. The results are also robust to alternative measures of financialization and managerial myopia. Findings The results show a significant positive effect of managerial myopia on the excessive financialization of enterprises. Furthermore, the findings indicate that the impact of managerial myopia on the over-financialization of enterprises is more prominent in periods of low economic policy uncertainty. However, the relationship between excessive financialization and managerial myopia is weakened in the presence of female chief executive officers. Practical implications The empirical results have useful policy implications. First, firms should establish scientific managerial assessment and supervision systems to avoid excessive financial investment behavior by myopic managers caused by assessments that place too much emphasis on short-term performance. Second, regulators and policymakers should encourage firms to appoint women to top management positions, which may inhibit short-sighted financialization behavior. Finally, the regulatory authorities should undertake the necessary measures driving companies to disclose the investment direction of the funds so that shareholders and investors can understand the use direction of the funds in a timely manner, which can effectively prevent the economy “from the real to the virtual” and promote the development of the real economy. Originality/value This paper expands the existing research on corporate financialization behavior and provides a new theoretical basis for the underlying factors of excessive financialization. It studies the influence of corporate financialization from the perspective of short-run managerial actions and deepens the understanding of managerial myopia and companies’ financialization levels.

Financial Analysis as An Effective Tool for Business Management: Identifying Trends and Optimizing Decisions

The issue of actualizing the phenomenon of financial analytics as an effective tool for managing and controlling business processes is becoming of paramount importance amid the active development of the transformation of the Ukrainian economic space. This situation is exacerbated by the digitalization of financial and economic processes, as well as the trend of global integration of the economic space. The study aims to analyze current trends in the development of the financial and analytical sphere as an effective management tool. The research was carried out using the following general scientific methods: multidisciplinary analysis, synthesis, specification, abstraction, induction and deduction, and formalization. The authors assessed the risks involved in the implementation of financial analysis, as well as the vectors of predictive development of its algorithm in the future. It has been found that the digital transformation of financial analysis processes is currently seen as an inevitable optimization stage in the development of the business environment. The authors have identified several dangers related to the use of artificial intelligence in financial analysis within the general trend of digitalizing accounting and economic procedures. The article substantiates that modern digitalization tools create an opportunity to simplify the processes of collecting and accumulating financial information. It has been proven that the implementation of effective financial analysis allows making effective management decisions in business processes. The results of the study may have practical value for optimizing economic activities.

УПРАВЛЕНИЕ ЗАКУПОЧНОЙ ДЕЯТЕЛЬНОСТЬЮ В НОВЫХ РЕГИОНАХ РОССИИ

In 2022, the sphere of public procurement was replenished with new entities - customers of the Donetsk and Lugansk People's Republics, Kherson and Zaporozhye Regions, which became part of the Russian Federation. For obvious reasons, procurement regulation at the initial stage was established for them in a simplified manner. The paper analyzes the regulatory framework of procurement management in new regions of Russia, highlighting problematic issues arising for these customers from the change in the basis of legal regulation of the procurement of goods, works, services for state and municipal needs of these regions. It is noted that new Russian regions were able to achieve high results in terms of procurement volumes already in 2023. The scientific novelty of the work lies in the fact that for the first time in Russian science, the legal regulation of procurement in new regions of the Russian Federation, which became part of it in 2022, was studied and analyzed. The purpose of the paper is to analyze law enforcement practice and develop recommendations for use in procurement activities by customers in new territories, as well as when training specialists in the field of procurement for these regions. The work uses general scientific research methods: comparison, analysis, and the method of expert assessments.

СТАНОВЛЕНИЕ И РАЗВИТИЕ ПРАКТИК ИНИЦИАТИВНОГО БЮДЖЕТИРОВАНИЯ НА ПРИМЕРЕ РЕСПУБЛИКИ СЕВЕРНАЯ ОСЕТИЯ-АЛАНИЯ

The paper is devoted to the analysis and assessment of the formation and development of proactive budgeting practices in the Republic of North Ossetia-Alania. The practice of proactive budgeting (PB) is a democratic process in which citizens can decide on the allocation and implementation of a portion of the state budget. The relevance of the research topic is due to the widespread use of proactive budgeting practices at the municipal level in the Russian Federation. The purpose of the study is to analyze and assess the current state of proactive budgeting practices in the Republic of North Ossetia-Alania. The research materials include federal laws, government regulations, data from official sources on the implementation of information security projects in the region and Russia, and the works of domestic authors on the formation and development of proactive budgeting. In the process of this issue research, general scientific methods were used: qualitative and quantitative methods, comparative analysis and structure analysis, special research methods in the form of system analysis and strategic planning. As a result of the study, the formation and development of proactive budgeting in the region was studied, the current level of information security development in the Republic of North Ossetia-Alania was determined, arguments were given about the need to develop information security practices, and measures were proposed for the further stable development of initiative budgeting practices in the region.

Valuation of ecosystem goods and services of seven Caribbean coastal lagoons

Objective: This study was to estimate the value of the ecosystem goods and services of seven coastal lagoons in the Sabana – Camagüey Archipelago. Methodology: Results were obtained using general and empirical methods, as well as different research techniques. Four of the lagoons studied are in Cayo Coco and the rest in Cayo Sabinal. Relevance: The methodological framework for this research had dynamic, comprehensive and systemic purposes with two steps: comprehensive characterization of the lagoons and their ecosystem goods and services and the calculation of the value (revenues) of these goods and services (real and potential) for each lagoon, for each territory and for the entire study area. Results: The coastal lagoons from Cayo Coco and Cayo Sabinal offer a wide variety of goods and services (fishing, beekeeping, tourism) still underestimated due to different factors. The direct and indirect use values of these lagoons represented more than 95 % (15 million Cuban pesos) of the total estimated value. Social / management contributions: the current social and economic context of Cuba and the regulatory and institutional frameworks require the use of methods and techniques for economic valuation of ecosystem goods and services, particularly those of coastal ecosystems, in correspondence with the fast development of tourism in coastal areas. For this reason, the results of this study could be a starting point to expand the valuation of ecosystem goods and service to other Caribbean and Cuban coastal lagoons.

FDI, institutional quality and gender employment in Sub-Saharan Africa

With the widening saving-investment gap and the limited domestic financial resources to drive development imperatives in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), foreign direct investment (FDI) is considered a viable and sustainably promising option for boosting employment generation and closing gender gaps in employment. This paper provides critical insights into the gender and age-based employment effect of FDI in SSA and the role of institutional quality in shaping the relationship. The two-step generalized method of moments modelling framework was adopted to analyse relevant data of 29 SSA countries over the 2000-2021 period. The results revealed that FDI has a significant employment-enhancing effect irrespective of gender and age considerations. We also find that institutional quality amplifies this effect. Efforts should, therefore, be concentrated on improving institutional quality, the success of which will appeal to foreign investors and attract more foreign investments.

Boundary overlaps from Functional Separation of Variables

In this paper we show how the Functional Separation of Variables (FSoV) method can be applied to the problem of computing overlaps with integrable boundary states in integrable systems. We demonstrate our general method on the example of a particular boundary state, a singlet of the symmetry group, in an su3\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$ \\mathfrak{su}(3) $$\\end{document} rational spin chain in an alternating fundamental-anti-fundamental representation. The FSoV formalism allows us to compute in determinant form not only the overlaps of the boundary state with the eigenstates of the transfer matrix, but in fact with any factorisable state. This includes off-shell Bethe states, whose overlaps with the boundary state have been out of reach with other methods. Furthermore, we also found determinant representations for insertions of so-called Principal Operators (forming a complete algebra of all observables) between the boundary and the factorisable state as well as certain types of multiple insertions of Principal Operators. Concise formulas for the matrix elements of the boundary state in the SoV basis and suN\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$ \\mathfrak{su}(N) $$\\end{document} generalisations are presented. Finally, we managed to construct a complete basis of integrable boundary states by repeated action of conserved charges on the singlet state. As a result, we are also able to compute the overlaps of all of these states with integral of motion eigenstates.

Foreign experience in organizing state and business relationship and its impact on urbanization

The subject of this study is the relationship between state and municipal authorities, representatives of business sector, the population of certain territories in terms of the need for physical interaction between government and business, which ultimately affects the location of the population. The goal is to prove that Russia's big business itself strives to be physically closer to the authorities, which does not have a positive effect on the processes of urbanization. In its turn, foreign experience demonstrates more effective options for the relationship between state and business that do not affect other social processes. In this work, the author uses statistical method, the method of modeling in terms of formulating the author's proposals, expert assessments, comparative legal method, as well as general scientific methods of deduction, induction, analysis and synthesis. The work shows close relationship between business and public authorities in the Russian Federation, which is due to the territorial location of a large number of people in the area where there are conditions for such interaction. The described situation is not characteristic of most foreign countries. Some variants of influence for overcoming the specified problem are offered. Scope of the results: public administration system, including the processes of state influence on economic entities. Also, individual proposals can be applied in urban planning, solving issues of demography and urbanization. Russia is characterized by a very close relationship between state power and the commercial sector, which significantly distinguishes it from most of other countries, at least in terms of territorial structure. This situation has a negative impact on a large number of social institutions, and therefore it is necessary to take a number of organizational measures, including the use of administration of planning and urban planning activities based on foreign experience.