General Method For Synthesis Research Articles

Перспективы развития мирового рынка морских перевозок сжиженного природного газа

This article explores the significance of future prospects for the development of maritime transportation of natural gas, which is one of the main sources of energy raw materials. Transportation of gas on sea vessels is expedient and cost-effective only in liquefied form, when the volume of natural gas is reduced by more than 600 times. Liquefied natural gas (LNG or LNG) carriers are called LNG carriers. The purpose of the study is to develop a new mathematical model that will play the role of a methodological basis for forecasting changes in the global volume of LNG shipping. In the course of the study, general scientific methods of system analysis and synthesis, methods of mathematical statistics were used. The article presents the results of the study of trends in the global maritime LNG transportation market development. The author considers the main exporters and importers of LNG, as well as an assessment of the growth in its demand after the decline of the COVID-19 pandemic. The trend in the development of innovative gas liquefaction production capacities, as well as the state of the world LNG fleet and the dynamics of its increase, are analyzed.The development research of this area of maritime transportation has been carried out and the dynamics of the increase in the volume of transported LNG in recent years has been analyzed.

INTERNATIONAL EXPERIENCE OF DIGITALIZATION IN THE TAX FIELD

The relevance of the research topic is that the modern world is undergoing major changes that have not been seen in centuries, and digital technologies are an important factor in this regard. Technologies such as the Internet, big data, cloud computing, artificial intelligence, and blockchain are accelerating innovation and are increasingly integrated into all areas of economic development. Taxation plays a fundamental, supportive and guaranteeing role in national governance, and tax work is deeply integrated into all aspects of the economy and society. To adapt to the new wave of the technological revolution, promoting digital transformation has become a major trend in international taxation. The purpose of the article is to study the theoretical and practical aspects of the international experience of digitalization in the tax area as an implementation of a new model of digital modernization. The object of the study is digitalization in the tax sphere as a complex social and economic phenomenon and process. The subject of the study is the international experience of digitalization in the tax sphere as the implementation of a new model of digital modernization. Methodology of the study includes methods of systematic analysis and synthesis, institutional, cross-cultural analysis, general philosophical methods of analysis and synthesis, generalization, comparative, historical and logical. Results of the study: 1. Digitalization in the tax sphere as a complex social and economic phenomenon and process is studied. 2. The impact of the digital economy on international taxation rules is determined. 3. The deepening of tax collection and governance reform as the implementation of a new concept of digitalization development are determined. 4. The content of the concept of transformation of the tax system as a driving force of the digital economy is formulated. 5. The conditions for the formation of a model of modern management of tax legislation in highly developed countries as a standard of digital progress are identified. 6. The analysis of trends in corporate taxation is carried out. 7. The essence of the digital tax as a factor in the effectiveness of tax system reform in the digital economy is revealed. The scientific novelty and practical significance of the study is that for the first time a large amount of information on international experience of digitalization in the tax sphere as the implementation of a new model of digital modernization is summarized.

Опыт реализации стратегического подхода к управлению развитием малых городов России

The article studies the experience of strategic approach use to management small towns development in Russia. To achieve significant positive changes in the level of social and economic development of small towns, highquality formulation and effective implementation of strategic planning documents are necessary. The aim of the article is to identify the features and practice of strategic approach use to management of small towns development in Russia exemplified by the city of Myshkin (Yaroslavl region) and the city of Belogorsk (Amur region). General scientific methods of synthesis, analysis, as well as classification and statistical analysis were used. The authors summarized approaches to the classification of small towns according to three criteria: function, economic resource, agglomeration type. It was determined that in direct dependence on the state of social and economic development of small towns, about 26 million people live, what is 18% of the population of Russia. We analyzed experience in strategic management and evaluated the content characteristics of the quality of strategies in the examples of Myshkin and Belogorsk. It was established that in terms of strategy to use an exclusively “typical approach” is not so effective, since individual growth points must be identified in each city, which modern strategizing tools (SWOT, PEST, SNW analysis, BigData, etc.) help to find. An important direction should be a strategic approach to the development of small towns in order to ensure the interconnection and interrelation of the main instruments of strategic planning and social and economic development at all levels, presented in the paper in the form of a variety of documents. The practical significance of this study lies in the fact that the provisions, conclusions and proposals made in it can be used by local authorities in dealing with issues of strategic management of small towns development.

Brand equity formation and brand price: specificity and relationship

Introduction. Today, branding has taken an important place in the activities of modern companies, fundamentally combining the tools of marketing activities and strengthening the influence on the consumer due to the search, development and use of effective brand strategies. The purpose of branding is to find methods of influence on consumer consciousness that create a desirable perception of goods, services, companies and favorably distinguish them from the goods and brands of competitors. The indicator of the effectiveness of this process is the formation of brand capital of the brand, which significantly affects the establishment of the price of the brand. At the same time, subjective factors have a significant influence on the formation of the brand price, which can lead to different results. The article is devoted to the study of issues of brand capital formation, definition and assessment of brand components from the point of view of finding assets and their influence on the final price of the brand. Purpose. The purpose of the article is to study the specificity and relationship between the structural elements of brand equity and the price of the brand; determining and taking into account the factors involved in setting and adjusting the price of the brand. Method (methodology). In the research process, general scientific methods of analysis and synthesis, generalization and comparison were used. Results. The most popular approaches – marketing and financial – are analyzed in relation to understanding the essence of the concepts «brand capital», «brand consumer capital», «brand price». The main directions of creation and maintenance of consumer capital of the brand were analyzed, their role and significance in the calculation of the brand price were evaluated. The relationship between capitalization and brand price was studied using appropriate pricing methods. Conclusions. The main methods of evaluating the value of brands in the direction of forming their market price are disclosed. Corresponding conclusions regarding the influence of capitalization on pricing policy in branding were formed.

СТРАТЕГІЇ РОЗВИТКУ МІЖНАРОДНИХ ГОТЕЛЬНИХ МЕРЕЖ

The article is devoted to the study of the development strategies of international hotel chains. The purpose of the study is to reveal the peculiarities of organization of international hotel companies, to identify the advantages of the hotel chain form, to classify and characterize typical development strategies of hotel chains. General logical methods of analysis, synthesis, analogy, comparison and generalization were used, which ensured the systematization of scientific, statistical, scientific and journalistic information of publicly available organizational and economic data on the functioning of hotel chains. The key place in the study is given to the method of classification with the identification of qualitative, quantitative and dynamic characteristics of hotel operators. The article analyzes the conditionality of the development of hotel chains as a result of fierce competition in the business environment. It was found that the strength resources of hotel chains ensure their high and long-term stability. The advantages of managing finances, marketing, quality, and strategy in hotel chains compared to independent hotels are highlighted and analyzed. The study classifies and characterizes the main types of hotel chain development strategies, in particular, global geographic expansion, consistent focused local expansion strategy, brand portfolio expansion, real estate portfolio development, external orientation strategy, geographic advantage orientation, segmentation strategy, cost leadership strategy, internal orientation strategy, branding strategy, etc. The study revealed the diversification of international hotel chains as a reflection of significant competition in the segment of four-star and five-star hotels of well-known brands. The authors state that the future of hotel chains will depend on the convergence of growing competitiveness with a diverse customer base that is constantly evolving and looking for unique and personalized experiences. The results of classifying the strategy of hotel chains can be used by market operators to select the optimal model of competitiveness, which determines the practical significance of the study.

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This article aims to consider examples of organisations that follow the concept of social marketing, to analyse the relevance of applying the principles, methods and tools of social marketing to solve social problems, and determining the effect of applying the concept of socially responsible marketing at the enterprise. The theoretical, methodological, and practical basis of the research was the fundamental marketing provisions and scientific works of domestic and foreign scientists on social marketing. During the processing and analysis of information, general scientific methods of analysis and synthesis were used. Social marketing methods and tools are more trusted than commercial ones, as it affects a larger part of the population; promotes active behaviour change over a certain period of time; stimulates behaviour change with limited resources and develops creative ideas. Social marketing focuses on human benefit rather than on increasing economic opportunities. It is important to meet the social needs and interests of customers and society, so the concept of social marketing creates a marketing strategy that offers consumers the value of improving the well-being of all segments of the population. It is a more complex version of corporate social responsibility and marketing strategy. The scientific novelty of the results obtained is to further deepen the theoretical provisions, to develop scientific and methodological principles and practical recommendations regarding the application of tools, methods and principles of social marketing in the enterprise. The practical significance of the obtained results is that the use of social marketing in an enterprise helps to create a positive image of the company among consumers, which will increase sales due to the formation of a holistic perception of the company by different groups of people. The concept of social marketing focuses on social responsibility and is closely linked to long-term development. Social marketing is a market activity whose priority is to improve the lives of individuals, social groups, and society as a whole. Key words: business project, environmental friendliness, public interests, product competitiveness, social marketing concept, brand loyalty, social marketing initiatives, socially responsible marketing.

Категориально-системный подход к терапии метафорическими ассоциативными картами

The relevance of the study is due to the need to address the issues of substantiation of therapy with metaphorical associative cards (hereinafter referred to as MACtherapy). MAС-therapy in recent years has become widely used in the psychological practices of counseling. The purpose of the article is the theoretical substantiation of MAC-therapy by relying on the categorical-systemic methodology using the categorical pendulum method. Materials and methods. In the course of the study, reliance is placed on a categorical-system methodology and a categorical approach, therefore, psychological categories act as materials. Along with the general theoretical methods of analysis and synthesis, the categorical pendulum method was used to build a systemic model of MAC therapy. Research results. In the course of the study, variants of qualitative states (system, process, activity) and methodological components of I MAC-therapy (object, subject, goal) were identified. Their brief description is given. A systemic model of MAC-therapy developed by the author is presented. The interaction of the elements of goal-setting MAС-therapy is clearly shown. The description of the presented model is given. Discussion and conclusion. Qualitative states of MAC-therapy (system, process, activity) have individually determined forms of manifestation and unified mechanisms of implementation. As a result of the study we identified differences in the understanding of the methodological components of MAC therapy. The differences are due to the qualitative states of the implementation of MAC therapy. Qualitative states of MACtherapy are: system, process, and activity. The main categories of the categorical and terminological apparatus of MAC-therapy are presented, which include: MAC, group work, individual work, request, client, psychological assistance, self-knowledge, self-development, psychological support, psychological support, therapeutic contact, safety, reflection, personal meaning, metaphor, and association. In addition to the above categories, other, additional categories are actively used in MAC therapy: perception, projection, meaning, narrative, personal meaning, insight, figure, and background. The research materials may be useful to specialists interested in metaphorical associative maps.

ОРГАНИЗАЦИОННО-ПЕДАГОГИЧЕСКИЕ УСЛОВИЯ ДИСТАНЦИОННОГО ОБУЧЕНИЯ СТУДЕНТОВ С ОСОБЫМИ ОБРАЗОВАТЕЛЬНЫМИ ПОТРЕБНОСТЯМИ

Relevance of the study: at present, technical means and information technologies are intensively developing in Russia and in the world, which can significantly expand the possibilities of inclusive education through the introduction of distance learning technologies. The article highlights the possibilities of distance learning for the implementation of the educational process of students with special educational needs. The analysis of scientific and methodological literature on the use of distance learning for the implementation of a differentiated approach, taking into account the individual characteristics of students, was carried out. The purpose of the study is a theoretical substantiation of the organizational and pedagogical conditions for distance learning of students with special educational needs. The methodological basis of the study is the ideas of a system-activity approach and competence-based approaches; general scientific methods of analysis, synthesis and generalization, as well as conducting a survey as an empirical research method. Research results. The theoretical significance of the article is as follows: the features that characterize the concept of organizational and pedagogical conditions for distance learning of students with special educational needs are highlighted; the features of distance learning for students with special educational needs are disclosed, the advantages and disadvantages of distance learning for students with special educational needs are revealed; a theoretical substantiation of the organizational and pedagogical conditions of distance learning for students with special educational needs is presented. The practical significance of the article lies in the fact that the conclusions and provisions presented in it reveal ways of organizing distance learning for students with special educational needs, meaningful aspects of preparing university teachers to manage the process of distance learning for students with special educational needs. The research materials can be relevant in the educational and extracurricular work of university teachers.

ПЕРШІ КОМАНДОРСТВА ТАМПЛІЄРІВ НА ПОЛЬСЬКИХ ЗЕМЛЯХ: ПРИЧИНИ ТА ЧАС ПОЯВИ

Introduction. Throughout the 13th century, the Order of the Templars actively strengthened their positions in Europe, particularly in its Central-Eastern part. The relevance of the study lies in understanding the reasons and context for the expansion of the Templar Order's influence on this region, considering the geopolitical, economic, and socio-cultural environment of the time. The aim is to analyze the causes of the Templars' emergence and the initial phase of their activity in Polish territories based on sources and specialized historical literature. Methods. The scientific research is based on the principles of historicism and scientific approach, and it includes general scientific methods of analysis, synthesis, generalization, and comparison, as well as specialized historical (typological and systematic historic) methods. Research Results. Key factors for the appearance of the Templar Order in Poland were identified: the interest of the Polish aristocracy in the Crusades, colonization, and economic initiatives aimed at strengthening the Order's positions on the global stage. The Order developed an infrastructural network by establishing commanderies for optimizing management and economic activity, which facilitated the growth of the Order's network in both military and economic contexts. Conclusions. In the 13th century, the Templar Order expanded its influence onto Polish territory, which was of strategic importance due to its proximity to key Central European states (Holy Roman Empire, Bohemia, Slovakia, and the Galicia-Volhynia Principality). The Polish leadership supported the Templars, granting them land privileges, which helped establish their presence through a network of commanderies. Moreover, the Templars intensified their economic and trade operations, becoming a key element in the medieval economy of the region. The combination of strategic, economic, and political factors contributed to the Templar Order's establishment in Poland.

ON ISSUE OF HIGH-QUALITY STOMATOLOGICAL SERVICE IN UKRAINE.

The aim: To detect the main problems regarding available high-quality stomatological service in Ukraine and define their main solutions. Materials and methods: The authors used general scientific methods of synthesis, generalization, scientific data interpreting, systemic approach method, medical statistic method, and analysis of the activity of state and private institutions dealing with stomatological service in Ukraine. The paper is based on the materials of a representative selective study of Ukrainian households, held by the State Committee of Statistics of Ukraine to study people's self-estimation of their health and the availability of certain medical services. Results: Most citizens of Ukraine (60-80%) are treated in the state/public healthcare sector. Though, during the last century, a decrease in dental visits per citizen in the state and public institutions has been noted, as well as a decrease of all medical service types' volume, offered in the mentioned institutions. In Ukraine the observed trends are represented as the decrease in the network institutions number, insufficient budgeting of state/public medical institutions, prevailing commercial characteristics of stomatological service and people's low income, which leads to decreased affordability, and quality of medical service, thus negatively affecting people's health. Conclusions: The fundamental studies of the quality assessment show that the medical service requires strong structure, process quality, and result quality. The quality of medical service organization is extremely important and it should be maintained high on all levels of management and treatment processes, regarding the conditions of medical process and resources of medical organizations. Medical service should be patient-centered. To solve the problem, the entire state system of quality management is required in Ukraine.

«ЗЕЛЕНЫЙ» БАНКИНГ И КЛИМАТИЧЕСКАЯ ПОВЕСТКА В ДЕЯТЕЛЬНОСТИ ФИНАНСОВОГО СЕКТОРА

The study aims to estimate the compliance of the Russian Federation’s financial sector with the climate agenda. The objectives are the following: analyzing the features of a current stage in the imple-mentation of sustainable development principles into banking operation according to the global agenda; em-phasizing the features of the implementation of the Environmental, Social, and Governance principles in the financial sector; compiling methodical guidelines for improvement of Environmental, Social, and Governance rating. The subject of the study is the process of integrating Environmental, Social, and Governance principles into the financial sector. The object of the study is the relevance of the climate agenda and sustainable devel-opment in the financial sector of the Russian Federation. Research methods included general scientific methods of analysis and synthesis, induction and deduc-tion. Comparative analysis of the results of foreign and Russian studies on issues of modern approaches to the evaluation of borrowers’ creditability in general as well as compiling Environmental, Social, and Governance ratings in particular was used as the main applied method. The findings highlight the need to enhance the criterion aspects of the methodologies utilized in each of the principles (social, governmental, and environmental) in accordance with the distinctiveness of the Rus-sian economy and its current stage of operation. Identifying disadvantages and directions for improvement of Environment, Social, and Governance ratings will allow achieving global goals to reduce carbon dioxide emis-sions and for developing new energy sources.

MEDICAL USE OF VEGETABLES IN THE PRACTICE OF ANCIENT DOCTORS (BASED ON THE TREATISE OF QUINTUS GARGILIUS MARTIAL MEDICINAE EX OLERIBUS ET POMIS).

The aim: The aim of our study is to investigate the specifics of the use of vegetables for the prevention and treatment of diseases in the medical practice of the Roman Empire. Materials and methods: The research material was based on the surviving fragments of the Roman writer Quintus Gargilius Martial's Medicinae ex oleribus et pomis. The study relied on general scientific methods of analysis and synthesis, as well as the method of contextual analysis, descriptive and interdisciplinary methods. Conclusions: Gargilius' treatise Medicinae ex oleribus et pomis is a valuable source of information on the use of vegetables, herbs, fruits, and nuts for the treatment and prevention of numerous diseases. Roman doctors highly valued the therapeutic and prophylactic properties of radish, pumpkin, cucumber, celery, beetroot, cabbage, turnip, rutabaga, lettuce, onion, garlic and other vegetables, and successfully used vegetables as a medicine to strengthen the im¬mune system, enrich the body with vitamins and minerals, as well as for the prevention and treatment of wounds and injuries in surgery, various tumors and inflammations, diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, gynecological pathologies, fever, cough, diseases of the ENT organs and skin. For medicinal purposes, the Romans used leaves, stems, roots and seeds of various vegetable crops. The results of the study suggest the possibility of exploiting the therapeutic potential of vegetables in modern medicine.

ЕХОКАМЕРА ЯК ТЕХНОЛОГІЯ КОМУНІКАЦІЙНОГО ВПЛИВУ

B a c k g r o u n d . The article examines the appearance, essence and formation of the concept of "echo chamber" in the field of philosophy. The main interpretations and practical aspects of the application of this concept by representatives of the philosophical community are considered. Considering the lack of an established version of the concept of "echo chamber", an attempt was made to define its meaning by analogy with the already established interpretation of a physical analogue, namely, a resonator. The appropriateness of such an analogy is justified. The specifics of the operation of echo chambers are considered by analogy with the operation of the resonator and its associated phenomena. The phenomenon of "intellectual inbreeding" ("geistiger Inzucht") described by H. Franke is considered. M e t h o d s . The theoretical and methodological foundations of the research are based on the principles of scientific objectivity, impartiality and systematicity. During the research, general scientific, philosophical, and special methods of studying social and political phenomena were used, including general methods of analysis, synthesis, and comparative methods. R e s u l t s . The author's understanding of the meaning of the concept of "echo chamber" and the prerequisites for its stability, which are determined by the properties of human consciousness, namely: "comfort zone", "clipping of thinking" and the principle of "own-foreign" are offered. The appropriateness of consideration and the main properties of the echo chamber as a technology of effective communication influence are substantiated. Among the methods of destroying echo chambers, the development of critical thinking skills and digital literacy, compliance with the principles of diversification of information sources and "range of reasonable alternatives", the occurrence of cognitive dissonance, as well as the phenomenon of emotional resonance are considered. C o n c l u s i o n s . Echo chambers pose a significant threat both to the harmonious development of the human personality and to the stable existence of civilized societies. Methods of countering echo chambers require further development and dissemination in society.

Anti-colonial pathos of Mykola Lazorskyi’s prose

Literature of Ukrainian diaspora is a very rich and diverse phenomenon needing objective, systematic and complete scientific consideration. The purpose of the article is to analyze anti-colonial pathos in the prose of the original Ukrainian writer from Australia Mykola Lazorskyi whose works are visible against the background of the native and foreign literary process of the 20th century and deserve scientific attention. The research is based on the general methods of analysis, synthesis, observation, selection and systematization of the material. The elements of the following methods are used in the article: cultural and historical (helps to highlight the special features of representation of Ukrainian national culture against the background of the anti-colonial struggle of different historical epochs in creative works of Mykola Lazorskyi), hermeneutic (ensures fluent and open interpretation of texts keeping perspective for new explanations), aesthetic (allows analyzing each text as a phenomenon of literature and art), intertextual (links between the writer’s prose and Ukrainian literature, foreign literary and folklore tradition). The works of Mykola Lazorskyi testify that he had delicate involvement into the past historical epochs and was interested in the fates of famous and little known figures who were engaged in the anti-colonial struggle of Ukrainians and served as a model for imitation in the realm of the national resistance and preservation of ethnic identity and national traditions. Mykola Lazorskyi’s prose enriches and widens our idea about the native and the world anti-colonial literature. The writer deals with the problem of multi-century aspiration of our ancestors to exist as a separate nation and gain a victory over aggressive neighbors. The author describes the history of the native land and the anti-colonial struggle of other nations. Russia is a symbol of very disgust and ominous forms of the colonialism in the writer’s works. Mykola Lazorskyi’s anti-colonial historical prose also sounds topically in our days when the Moscow horde wishes to destroy Ukraine and to conquer other European countries. These anti-colonial texts ring as a strict sentence to the last imperial forces on the planet. In perspective it is advisable to turn to Mykola Lazorskyi’s anti-colonial historical prose in comparison with the works of modern writers who represent anti-colonial discourse in Ukrainian and foreign literature of the early 21th century.

Деятельность органов НКВД−НКГБ−МВД−МГБ СССР по обеспечению общественной безопасности на территории Западной Белоруссии в (1939−1953 гг.)

Importance. Interest in the events taking place on the territory of Western Belarus in the period 1939–1953 is supported both by the complexity and inconsistency of the processes that are taking place today in the Russian Federation and abroad, and by the insufficient degree of study of certain issues related to the activities of law enforcement agencies in the history of our state. Topics related to the activities of the NKVD−NKGB−MVD−MGB of the USSR bodies on the territory of Western Belarus in 1939–1953 are currently not sufficiently studied in detail by historical science, which leads to the falsification of historical events of those years. The purpose of the research is to reveal the historical events taking place on the territory of the western regions of Belarus and the activities of the law enforcement agencies of the Soviet state to ensure public safety in 1939–1953 in this region. Materials and Methods. The research is based on declassified archival materials of the Republic of Belarus, the State Archive of the Russian Federation and the Russian State Military Archive. Party materials of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Belarus (CPB), Minsk, Brest and Pinsk regional committees of the CPB, the Political Department of the Red Army, documents of the Belarusian headquarters of the partisan movement and the People’s Commissariat of Internal Affairs of the USSR – the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the USSR (1934–1960) are studied. Both general scientific methods of analysis and synthesis, as well as synchronistic and problem-chronological methods are used. Results and Discussion. The German aggression against Poland in 1939 contributed to the reunification of Western and Eastern Belarus, and also put before the state authorities of the USSR the restructuring of all spheres of life of the local population. The features and directions of restructuring the activities of the NKVD−NKGB−MVD−MGB of the USSR to ensure public safety in the specified historical period on the territory of Western Belarus are investigated. Specific measures that were carried out by the law enforcement agencies of the USSR to ensure public security in the western regions of Belarus in the period 1939–1953 are considered. Considerable attention is paid to the activities of the NKVD−NKGB−MVD−MGB of the USSR to eliminate the nationalist underground on the eve of the war and in the post-war period on the territory of Western Belarus. Conclusion. The joint activities of law enforcement agencies and state authorities played an important role in ensuring public safety in the territory of Western Belarus in 1939–1953.

Трансформация конституционно-правовых отношений в условиях внедрения современных технологий

The relevance of this study lies in the growing role of modern technologies in the daily life of a person, society and the state. The transformation of our life inevitably entails the need to revise the methods and ways of legal regulation. To solve such a conceptual problem, it is necessary to analyze how the practice of its application is changing within the framework of the current legal regulation. Law-abiding behavior implies, among other things, the observance of established regulations in the course of carrying out one's activities. In other words, we must meet certain standards, not go beyond certain limits, but the way in which this happens remains unnoticed. At the same time, a change in the formats of legal relations changes them and, accordingly, the subjects that participate in them. The dynamics of society should be taken into account by the state, including in the process of lawmaking. The aim of this study is to demonstrate the actual change in the essence of individual legal relations implemented within the legal framework, but in a modified format using modern technologies. To reach the aim, the following tasks were solved: (1) The features of the implementation of individual legal relations using modern technologies were considered. (2) The legal statuses of individual entities operating in classical conditions and of those using modern technologies were compared. (3) The author's theory of correlations of subjects of law, as well as the separation of the subject of law from the subject of legal relations established in the doctrine, was applied to confirm the thesis about the need to identify the relevant subjects. For the preparation of this work, methods of expert assessments were used to analyze the state of the market for modern technologies and their capabilities in areas of interest to the author. To obtain the final result, the modeling method was used. The comparative legal method was used to compare the legal regulation of different states. In addition, general scientific methods of deduction, induction, analysis and synthesis were applied. The result of the work is the conclusion about the need for a subjective distinction depending on the specifics and format of the implementation of legal relations with the use of modern technologies or without it. Some options for legal action to overcome this problem are proposed. The specificity of the implementation of social relations involves the actual transformation of the legal status of the subjects that participate in them. This situation can potentially have a negative impact on a number of social institutions, and this problem must and can be solved by legal means, the concept of which is proposed as a result.

МОЛЧАНИЕ ОБВИНЯЕМОГО В УГОЛОВНО-ПРОЦЕССУАЛЬНОМ ЗАКОНОДАТЕЛЬСТВЕ РОССИЙСКОЙ ФЕДЕРАЦИИ И ИНОСТРАННЫХ ЮРИСДИКЦИЙ

Introduction: the article analyzes the defendant’s silence models in foreign states (England and Wales, Ireland, the United States, the Netherlands, Belgium) and in Russia, with a focus on the evidence thresholds that allow drawing adverse inferences from the accused’s refusal or failure to answer questions as well as on the scope of these inferences. The historical retrospective of the issue and the development of international standards permitting the use of silence for evidentiary purposes are explored. The purpose of the paper is to study the legislation and law enforcement practice of the selected countries with regard to the conditions under which adverse inferences can be drawn from the defendant’s silence. Methods: general scientific methods of analysis, synthesis, analogy, and interpretation; comparative legal, formal legal, and axiological methods. Results: the author identifies the categories (groups) of crimes to which provisions on adverse inferences are applicable and indicates the guarantees designed to compensate for the limitation of the right to remain silent. The implementation of such guarantees in Russian legislation and their practical application are analyzed. The author outlines the possible negative scenarios for criminal process in Russia in cases where ambush defenses are raised. The experience of Belgium and the Netherlands in investigating stand-alone money laundering exemplifies the algorithm of using the indirect method of proof and demonstrates the role of the defendant’s failure to clarify the origin of an asset suspected to originate from an illegal source as corroborative evidence. Conclusions: while the presumption of innocence is a universal principle, the legal approaches to adverse inference from the defendant’s silence differ from state to state. Attaching the evidentiary importance to the accused’s silence does not violate the right to a fair trial, subject to compliance with the safeguards. The attitude to the evidentiary value of the defendant’s silence in Russia is to be changed due to the known difficulties of prosecution for profit-driven crimes.

ФУНКЦІОНАЛ ДИЗАЙНУ МОБІЛЬНИХ ДОДАТКІВ З ОЦИФРОВАНИМИ ПАМ'ЯТКАМИ КУЛЬТУРИ МІСТА ХАРКОВА ТА ОБЛАСТІ

The topic of recovery after the consequences of a full-scale invasion is currently very relevant. The digitization of cultural heritage objects has significant potential for the promotion of Ukrainian culture both within the country and beyond. This contributes to the preservation and study of history and cultural traditions, and also attracts the attention of tourists and researchers who want to learn more about the rich cultural heritage of Ukraine. The introduction of innovative approaches to the post-conflict recovery process is one of the ways to overcome the cultural crisis. Digitized cultural heritage objects are valuable information resources that enable preservation, research and promotion of cultural heritage. The purpose of the article is to outline the possibilities and prospects of creating mobile applications for the preservation of the cultural heritage of Ukraine on the example of the Kharkiv region. The research methodology is based on general scientific methods of analysis and synthesis. The phenomenological approach made it possible to investigate mobile applications as a phenomenon of modern culture. An axiological approach allows considering the valuable status of cultural heritage objects in Kharkiv and the region. Scientific novelty and practical significance: based on the material of previous projects related to the design of mobile applications and the digitization of Kharkiv's cultural heritage objects, further vectors of work have been determined. Conclusions: thus, in this study, we considered the possibilities and prospects of creating the functionality of mobile applications using digitized 3D objects for the preservation of the cultural heritage of Ukraine on the example of the Kharkiv region. The research highlighted functionality in the design of mobile applications with digitized 3D cultural objects: augmented reality (AR), social interaction, navigation, historical context, multimedia, gamification, interactivity, virtual tours and museums, personalization, accessibility.

Selective and controllable amination and defluoroamidation of α-trifluoromethylstyrene.

We present a blueprint for the amination and defluoroamidation of α-trifluoromethylstyrene. This practical protocol presents a general method for the diversity-oriented synthesis of vicinal trifluoromethyl amines and gem-difluoro alkenes from α-trifluoromethylstyrene maintaining excellent chemoselectivity. The synthetic strategy features outstanding atom economy and wide functional group tolerance under mild reaction conditions.

Исследования В.Г. Гниловским географических особенностей Ставропольского края

Introduction. The current stage of the development of local history is characterized by an increased interest in the most valuable results of scientists of the XX century. An active study of the information collected and systematized by them is underway. By 1917, local history took a significant place in cultural and social life of large and small cities. There was a wide range of educated people engaged in local history research, and a generation of local historians emerged. Local history societies, museums and clubs sprang up everywhere. They formed the real scientific basis without which it is difficult to imagine the further development of local history. Vladimir G. Gnilovskoy made a great contribution to the development of geographical local history and brought it to a new level but the main views of the scientist remain insufficiently studied. Materials and research methods. The research was based on the principles of historicism, objectivity and consistency. The use of general scientific methods of analysis and synthesis made the great contribution to the in-depth study of historical phenomena in the field of geographical local history. The paper uses a comparative historical method and a system-functional analysis of the material using a problem-chronological approach. The method of quantitative analysis allowed us to track the dynamics of local history works of various types over the entire period under review. Scientific legacy of V. G. Gnilovskoy is largely determined by the reliance on the works of his predecessors, their critical analysis which allowed us to complete a certain stage in the accumulation of empirical information about the nature of Stavropol. The paper uses a comparative-historical method and a system-functional analysis of the material using a problem-chronological approach. The method of quantitative analysis allowed us to trace the dynamics of local history works of various types for the entire period under review. Research results and their discussion. The purpose of this article is to identify and analyze the contribution of V. G. Gnilovskoy to the development of geographical local history. To achieve this goal the work of local historians – the predecessors in Stavropol in the XIX – early XX centuries was analyzed and the research activities of V. G. Gnilovskoy were systematized. The main approaches and principles of geographical local history in the works of V. G. Gnilovskoy were identified as well as the key ideas of popularization and educational activities of the scientist in the field of geographical local history were summarized. Conclusions. Systematization of research activities V. G. Gnilovskoy allowed us to identify two main areas that most of the scientist's works belong to: a) scientific work in the field of geomorphology; b) research activities in the field of historical geography. His long-term scientific research and discoveries enriched the geographical knowledge of Stavropol and gave an impetus to further more in-depth and comprehensive research. All the results of his research activities V. G. Gnilovskay tried not only to publish but also to convey to the public. Having identified the key ideas of popularization and educational activities in the field of geographical local history we can conclude that V. G. Gnilovskoy made a great contribution to the organization and conduct of public education activities.