General Macro Research Articles

Context-Specific Dynamics of Centrally Planned Macro Program for School Infrastructure Reform

The educational program evolved at the national level manifests in a general macro program. The school infrastructure development program through the President’s Education Reform Program (PERP) is one of the centrally developed educational programs in Nepal, as the case of this research article. The objective of this article is to analyze the context dynamics of centrally evolved school infrastructure (ICT and classroom building) program installation. The primary data employed in this article were drawn from the stakeholders of three program school cases situated in Sarlahi and Rautahat districts belonging to an embedded multiple-case study design of qualitative research methodology. FGD, key informant (KI) interviews, and general observation methods were used for information elicitation. The research findings reveal that centrally developed macro program policy interacts with school system-specific micro-contexts or central policy contexts which make program policy be implemented irrespective of the prioritized need, adapted with a modified technical design responding to the school-specific resources, and practiced with diverse school leadership styles. In the lapses of coordination and commitment of the tiered governance systems, the PERP or any other macro-program policy becomes strange for the implementers. The complex interaction of school-specific systems dynamics consisting of school infrastructural needs, stakeholder involvement, established school leadership styles, and initiation of local government authority make central macro policy be enacted and adapted rather than be linearly implemented. This implies incorporating the school-specific dynamics as a core component of the education plan for the formation of pragmatic program policy to enact effectively.

A Review on Economic Dispatch of Power System Considering Atmospheric Pollutant Emissions

The environmental/economic dispatch (EED) of power systems addresses the environmental pollution problems caused by power generation at the operational level, offering macroscopic control without requiring additional construction and remediation costs, garnering widespread attention in recent years. This paper undertakes a comprehensive review of existing EED models, categorizing them according to the control of atmospheric pollutants into total air pollutant control (TAPC) and control considering the spatial and temporal diffusion (STD) of atmospheric pollutants. In addition, various methods employed to address the EED problems, as well as the current state of research on multi-area EED models, are presented. Finally, this paper analyzes and summarizes the literature on existing EED models, highlighting the deficiencies of the current work and future research directions. Through these explorations, the authors find that controlling the EED model by considering TAPC is more suitable for general macro planning, whereas the EED model considering the STD of air pollutant emissions enables more precise and effective control. Summarizing such models and techniques is conducive to developing dispatch plans adapted to local conditions, which is significantly beneficial for public welfare and government management, promoting sustainable and environmentally friendly power system dispatch methods.

Трансформація комунікаційної політики для забезпечення резильєнтності підприємств роздрібної торгівлі

The communication policy of a trade enterprise always depends on the general goals of the enterprise, but it is impossible to consider the communications of a trade enterprise as a permanent component. Communication policy is a moving thing, it is constantly influenced by internal and external factors, which gives impetus to the company’s marketers to constantly adjust it to modern market requirements. The aim of the article is to determine the resilience of marketing strategies of trade enterprises in relation to communication and advertising activities under the influence of macro factors. We include the following macro factors: the COVID-19 pandemic and the full-scale military aggression of the russian federation from 24.02.2022 onward. We analyzed the relevant literature and found that the impact of general macro factors on the marketing strategy of trade enterprises is mostly incomprehensible and unpredictable, which requires new approaches to marketing activities. In particular, modern open sources and scientific literature do not sufficiently examine the methods and technologies of retailers in the communication strategy under the influence of stress and crisis. The study of contemporary behavior in the communication policy of trade enterprises in the market, including the growth of online commerce, has led to a shift in emphasis to digital advertising, which promotes sales via the Internet. Advertisers are actively working to promote products and services that can be purchased online. The pandemic has created many uncertainties, and advertisers have proven to be more flexible and ready to adapt quickly to changes in economic and social conditions. Particular attention should be paid to the advertising activities of trade enterprises during the wartime, that can become a significant challenge and require a careful approach. The warime creates its own unique challenges for businesses and marketers, and it is important to consider ethical and social aspects in advertising campaigns. We have summarized the aspects of the influence of external factors on the advertising activities of trade enterprises during the wartime. Since most retail sales still take place offline, trade marketers are reviewing the in-store experience, trying to combine the reach of physical retail with the involvement of digital channels, actively implementing in-store media communication. An effective in-store retail media strategy isn’t as simple as adding advertising around the store. This strategy requires technology to collect and analyze customer data, including where the customer went to in the store (particular departments), how much time they spent and what they did in there. It is necessary to thoroughly work out a map of buyer behavior. In the course of the study, the key components of advertising technologies in stores were identified, which should be considered in order to collect high-quality marketing information on consumer behavior, and subsequently – to convey advertising information to them at a specific point of sale. It is concluded that in the future, it will be extremely important for stores to apply a seamless omnichannel customer experience at the point of sale. Numerous studies demonstrate the positive impact of technology in retail on the customer journey to the store, as well as the customer journey in the store, from product selection to payment for purchase. Further development of communication strategies of retail trade enterprises envisages the use of modern technologies, the involvement of artificial intelligence and the improvement of customer service methods in trading floors.

Towards a Better Strategic Analysis of Ukraine'S Chemical Industry

The purpose of the article is to propose a more reasonable approach to conducting a strategic analysis of Ukraine's chemical industry that can be used in as a component of strategic management of chemical enterprises. The author reviews methods of analysing the attractiveness of the industry, including those proposed by Thompson and Strickland (1987) and Ansoff (1989) and concludes that in order to conduct a strategic analysis of a given industry, one should analyse the level of competition within the industry, the level of instability and assess its attractiveness in the short and long term. The proposed approach consists in dividing economic characteristics of the chemical industry into general (used for any strategy) and special (used for a specific type of strategy) and is used by the author to identify general macro- and microeconomic characteristics of Ukraine's chemical industry. The advantage of the proposed approach over the ones used until now is that it identifies a more reasonable list of factors that should be taken into account when developing strategies for enterprises in the chemical industry.(original abstract)

Disturbance Analysis and Their Impact On Delays in Construction Process

Despite the development of: modern technologies, the software supporting the management of construction projects, popularizing of the tools for data analysis and numerous studies on factors interfering the efficient course of the construction process, the delays are still a phenomenon often present in the construction industry. Based on the literature, it should be noted that the main goal of the researchers is to try to rank the factors causing delays in the construction and their classification into groups. Frequently, the classification criterion is the participant’s status in the investment process (a designer, a contractor, an investor, etc.); the general macro division into factors related to an investor/a company, a contract, the external environment or the division by resources, i.e. human factors, hardware factors and material factors. The subject of investigations of the authors of this article is to identify the types of disturbances causing delays and their classification depending on the scale and degree of influence on the further implementation of construction processes based on the implementation of a commercial and service building. Analysing the course of the implementation of the construction project, it is possible to indicate those factors that cause the necessity to engage considerable resources and change the sequence of processes to minimize the delay. Therefore, it is important to monitor the processes and control of work progress indicators, enabling early detection of delays and planning alternative solutions.

Methods and Tools of Scenario Planning in Areas of Natural Resources Management

The article considers basic theoretical and methodological approaches to scenario planning. The comparative analysis is made in relation to the traditional and scenario approaches to strategic planning. The urgency of applying methods and tools of strategic planning in the mineral resources sector is stipulated.Peculiarities of applying the scenario planning in the context of the mineral resources sector areas functioning are revealed. The block diagram of comprehensive strategic analysis as the first stage of the scenario planning to develop economic systems is shown.The research results support three of the basic scenarios of developing the mineral resources sector as a large system forming a general economic system.These scenarios are characterized in terms of general macro- and microeconomic prerequisites of applying them, basic economic factors that characterize them, peculiarities of state regulation under this development scenario, basic parameters of social and economic development and state, of the mineral resources sector.

Universal compressed text indexing

The rise of repetitive datasets has lately generated a lot of interest in compressed self-indexes based on dictionary compression, a rich and heterogeneous family of techniques that exploits text repetitions in different ways. For each such compression scheme, several different indexing solutions have been proposed in the last two decades. To date, the fastest indexes for repetitive texts are based on the run-length compressed Burrows–Wheeler transform (BWT) and on the Compact Directed Acyclic Word Graph (CDAWG). The most space-efficient indexes, on the other hand, are based on the Lempel–Ziv parsing and on grammar compression. Indexes for more universal schemes such as collage systems and macro schemes have not yet been proposed. Very recently, Kempa and Prezza [STOC 2018] showed that all dictionary compressors can be interpreted as approximation algorithms for the smallest string attractor, that is, a set of text positions capturing all distinct substrings. Starting from this observation, in this paper we develop the first universal compressed self-index, that is, the first indexing data structure based on string attractors, which can therefore be built on top of any dictionary-compressed text representation. Let γ be the size of a string attractor for a text of length n. From known reductions, γ can be chosen to be asymptotically equal to any repetitiveness measure: number of runs in the BWT, size of the CDAWG, number of Lempel–Ziv phrases, number of rules in a grammar or collage system, size of a macro scheme. Our index takes O(γlg⁡(n/γ)) words of space and supports locating the occ occurrences of any pattern of length m in O(mlg⁡n+occlgϵ⁡n) time, for any constant ϵ>0. This is, in particular, the first index for general macro schemes and collage systems. Our result shows that the relation between indexing and compression is much deeper than what was previously thought: the simple property standing at the core of all dictionary compressors is sufficient to support fast indexed queries.

The Exploratory Study on Thinking Path Schema of English Translation for Chinese Classics --- Exemplified by the Analects in English Versions

In view of the deficiency of holistic study on English translation of Chinese classics and the present holistic study covering a too wide range, it’s few to discuss the integral thinking path schema of English Translation for Chinese Classics. Here, it’s necessary to carry out thinking path schema study of English translation for Chinese Classics in an overall view by some detailed examples. Through the methods of analyzing and comparing the cases in English versions of <i>The Analects</i> by Hongming Gu, James Legge and Guozhen Wu, it summarizes all process elements involved into the thinking path of translating Chinese Classics into English from general macro angle, in the supplementary sublimation of translation integrants from Partial Translation Theory by Holmes. That naturally deduces and extracts the possible existed interactive relationship among translators, source language, target language and the recipients. And it proposes universal applied thinking path schema of English translation for Chinese Classics in order to be referred for translation education, practices and studies.

Roundtable Discussion in Language Teaching: Assessing Subject Knowledge and Language Skills

Roundtable discussions have been effectively used for educational purposes for years. However, being widely used in an academic environment as a tool for education, roundtable discussions remain under-investigated as a form of summative and formative assessment. The purpose of this research was to determine the efficiency of a roundtable discussion to evaluate subject knowledge and to test EFL/ESL proficiency level both during the classroom assessment and final examination. To use a roundtable discussion as an objective assessment tool, clear criteria were developed. They included but were not limited to scoring the task completion, macro and micro skills in speaking and language components, which were assessed according to the CEFR descriptor bands appropriate to the students’ level of learning. Being crucial to the development of general communicative competence, macro and micro skills in speaking were also taken into account during the assessment stage. Results of the research showed that roundtable discussions were clearly advantageous to face-to-face interviews in honing general academic skills, assessing subject knowledge of the course and students’ EFL/ESL language skills. This suggests that the use of roundtable discussions can be recommended as a form of summative and formative assessment.

Beset by the digital revolution successful retailers embrace technology that enhances customer value

Purpose The authorseeks to identify what strategies are successful companies using to navigate this ever-evolving retail landscape? And what strategies and best practices can be learned from the retail sector for thriving amid major economic transformations such as the current one? Design/methodology/approach To help explain the divergence in performance across U.S. retailers given the same general macro context, the research focused on four companies – Target, Kohl’s, JC Penney and Sears. Findings Successful retailers focused on using technology to build value for customers first, and as a result shareholder value ensued. Practical implications One key indicator of the connection between a company and its customers is the effectiveness of its social media presence. Originality/value The article presents evidence that in order o leverage the full power of technology, retailers must make strategic investments in technology that enable them to understand who their customers are; determine what their customers most need and offer products and services that address these needs seamlessly in stores and online.

Transparency Improvement by External Force Estimation in a Time-Delayed Nonlinear Bilateral Teleoperation System

Teleoperation systems have been developed in order to manipulate objects in environments where the presence of humans is impossible, dangerous or less effective. One of the most attractive applications is micro telemanipulation with micropositioning actuators. Due to the sensitivity of this operation, task performance should be accurately considered. The presence of force signals in the control scheme could effectively improve transparency. However, the main restriction is force measurement in micromanipulation scales. A new modified strategy for estimating the external forces acting on the master and slave robots is the major contribution of this paper. The main advantage of this strategy is that the necessity for force sensors is eliminated, leading to lower cost and further applicability. A novel control algorithm with estimated force signals is proposed for a general nonlinear macro–micro bilateral teleoperation system with time delay. The stability condition in the macro–micro teleoperation system with the new control algorithm is verified by means of Lyapunov stability analysis. The designed control algorithm guarantees stability of the macro–micro teleoperation system in the presence of an estimated operator and environmental force. Experimental results confirm the efficiency of the novel control algorithm in position tracking and force reflection.

Conditional exact law of large numbers and asymmetric information economies with aggregate uncertainty

A stochastic model with a continuum of economic agents often involves shocks at both macro and micro levels. This can be formalized by a continuum of conditionally independent random variables given the macro level shocks. Based on the framework of a Fubini extension, the results on the exact law of large numbers and its converse for a continuum of independent random variables in Sun (J Econ Theory 126:31–69, 2006) are extended to the setting with conditional independence given general macro states. It also follows from Hammond and Sun (Econ Theory 36:303–325, 2008) that the conditional independence assumption is generally satisfied. As an illustrative application, it is shown that any ex ante efficient allocation in an asymmetric information economy with general aggregate uncertainty has a (utility) equivalent allocation that is incentive compatible, which generalizes the corresponding results in Sun and Yannelis (Games Econ Behav 61:131–155, 2007) to the case with infinitely many states.

A Macro Analysis of Bank Performance in Debt-Burdened Countries: The Case of Nigeria

In this study the focus is on the long-run relationship and impact of public debt on banking industry performance i.e. a macro-analysis in Nigeria using different performance indices such as total bank lending, total bank deposit and total bank branches between the period1975-2005. A general macro model underpinned by a simultaneous equation using a vector auto-regression estimation approach was done with the objective of sensitising countries on the need for caution on public debt. The findings are that public debt impacts negatively on bank performance but the extent of impact is different on the variables chosen in this study. The analysis carried out show that domestic debt impacts most negatively on total bank lending while external debt impacts most negatively on total bank deposit. It is believed that though domestic debt can be used as an instrument of economic stabilization, nonetheless, in the choice of whether to use domestic debt or external debt it may be more expedient to use external debt based on the outcome of this study though it should be stated that in doing that still, adequate care must be taken to maintain an acceptable Debt/GDP ratio needed for debt sustainability.

Multiple-Cell-Upset Tolerant 6T SRAM Using NMOS-Centered Cell Layout

SUMMARY This paper presents a proposed NMOS-centered 6T SRAM cell layout that reduces a neutron-induced multiple-cell-upset (MCU) SER on a same wordline. We implemented an 1-Mb SRAM macro in a 65-nm CMOS process and irradiated neutrons as a neutron-accelerated test to evaluate the MCU SER. The proposed 6T SRAM macro improves the horizontal MCU SER by 67–98% compared with a general macro that

General Macro- and Microphysical Properties of Deep Convective Clouds as Observed by MODIS

Abstract Deep convective clouds (DCCs) are an important player in the climate system. In this paper the authors use remote sensing data mainly from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) cloud product to investigate a few general cloud macro- and microphysical properties of DCCs. This investigation concentrates on the tallest convective clouds and associated thick anvils that are labeled “deep convective clouds.” General geographical patterns of DCCs from MODIS data are consistent with previous studies. By examining statistics of optical properties of DCCs over different locations of the globe, it is found that cloud optical depth distribution for DCCs shows little interannual variability for individual regions. These distributions, however, change with geographical regions. DCC ice particle size varies with surface elevation and cloud brightness temperature. DCCs that develop over elevated areas tend to have smaller ice particles at cloud top. There is a positive correlation between ice particle size and brightness temperature. The slope of this correlation has significant regional variations, which can be explained either with a simple thermodynamic consideration or with homogeneous freezing of aerosols. The findings have important implications in studying radiation budget, ice cloud microphysics parameterization, and troposphere–stratosphere water vapor exchange.

The Impact of Supportive Housing on Surrounding Neighborhoods

Communities across New York City and around the nation commonly oppose proposals to open supportive housing in their neighborhoods because of fear that the housing will decrease the quality of life in the neighborhood, and lead to reductions in property values. This study aims to give supportive housing providers and local government officials the objective, credible information they need to guide policy decisions and to respond to opponents' fears and arguments. Using a difference-in-difference regression model to isolate the effect of supportive housing from more general macro and micro market trends and neighborhood variations, this paper examines the impact that almost 14,000 units of supportive housing created in New York City over the past twenty five years have had on their host neighborhoods over time. In a preliminary analysis, we find little evidence that supportive housing facilities diminish the value of surrounding properties. We find evidence that prices of properties surrounding supportive housing facilities are lower than comparable properties in the same neighborhood prior to the opening of the facility, and that this gap tends to narrow following the opening of a facility. Specifically, the preliminary analysis suggests that modestly-sized supportive housing developments (which are typical in New York City) may have small, positive impacts on neighboring property values, though these positive impacts decline as project size increases. Very large facilities may have negative impacts on the surrounding neighborhood.

Bringing consistency to simulation of population models – Poisson Simulation as a bridge between micro and macro simulation

Population models concern collections of discrete entities such as atoms, cells, humans, animals, etc., where the focus is on the number of entities in a population. Because of the complexity of such models, simulation is usually needed to reproduce their complete dynamic and stochastic behaviour. Two main types of simulation models are used for different purposes, namely micro-simulation models, where each individual is described with its particular attributes and behaviour, and macro-simulation models based on stochastic differential equations, where the population is described in aggregated terms by the number of individuals in different states. Consistency between micro- and macro-models is a crucial but often neglected aspect. This paper demonstrates how the Poisson Simulation technique can be used to produce a population macro-model consistent with the corresponding micro-model. This is accomplished by defining Poisson Simulation in strictly mathematical terms as a series of Poisson processes that generate sequences of Poisson distributions with dynamically varying parameters. The method can be applied to any population model. It provides the unique stochastic and dynamic macro-model consistent with a correct micro-model. The paper also presents a general macro form for stochastic and dynamic population models. In an appendix Poisson Simulation is compared with Markov Simulation showing a number of advantages. Especially aggregation into state variables and aggregation of many events per time-step makes Poisson Simulation orders of magnitude faster than Markov Simulation. Furthermore, you can build and execute much larger and more complicated models with Poisson Simulation than is possible with the Markov approach.

Macro and non-macro explanatory factors of Chinese hotel stock returns

This study investigates the link between macro and non-macro explanatory factors and Chinese hotel stock returns. Macro variables include growth rates of industrial production and imports, discount rates, yield spread and inflation rate. In addition, growth rate of total foreign tourist arrivals (ΔTA) was introduced as another critical macro factor that may affect Chinese hotel stock returns, considering a tremendous growth of tourism in China. Empirical results indicated that the impact of ΔTA was positive, but insignificant. Thus, Chinese hotel stock returns were more sensitive to general macro variables. Non-macro events that could significantly impact Chinese hotel stock returns encompass financial crises, natural disasters, wars, terrorist attacks, political events, and sports mega-events. Discussions and conclusions are provided to guide hospitality investors.

A framework for understanding the interaction of uncertainty and information systems on supply chains

PurposeToday, global supply chains must deal with large amounts of uncertainty. This paper seeks to provide a framework for understanding the different types of uncertainties that can impact supply chains and their attendant information systems.Design/methodology/approachAddresses the following questions. What are the different types of uncertainty at the general macro level? How are these macro level uncertainty types broken down into more specific types of uncertainty seen in supply chains? What impact do these uncertainties have on the supply chain and the supporting IS, and what are the current methods for dealing with them?FindingsThe term uncertainty is used as a generic reference for various and sundry different types of problems within the management of supply chains and their supporting information systems (IS). This can lead to confusion about what tools and techniques are available and which tools apply to which types of problems. The framework presented allows researchers and practitioners to more accurately converse about the exact problems encountered in the management of supply chains and the tools that are needed to address these problems.Originality/valueThe paper addresses uncertainty in supply chains and provides a starting‐point for further discussion and research on the management of uncertainty within them.

Further Conceptualization of Explanation in Negative Messages

Regarding explanation in negative messages, this article makes two innovative suggestions for presentation in the classroom and in textbooks of business communication: (1) Providing a reasonable explanation is the sender's moral obligation; receiving such explanation is a natural right of the target. (2) Explanation should be consciously generated and presented on two levels: general (macro) and specific (micro). Such presentation has at least two advantages: explanation on the general level ties the message to its wider con text or even with the human condition itself; explanation on the specific level connects it with the target's unique situation.