General Logic Research Articles

On the Subject of Social Philosophy

Social philosophy is knowledge that is called to answer the question about the goals of human existence and human historical life. In this sense, it is a valuative philosophy. This determines the specificity and boundaries of its object. It includes: 1) society as self-organizing system of sociality reproduction, 2) historical process in its relation with value meanings and constants of human existence, and 3) social epistemology, exploring the possibilities and ways of adequately social reality comprehension. Social philosophy conceptually crosses theoretical sociology and the philosophy of history within the boundaries of its problem field. The main theme of social philosophy is a theme of human, focusing research interest on the question “Who are we and where are we going?” Today boundaries of social philosophy are blurring under the postmodern influence on the humanities. Philosophical vision of social reality is replaced by the description of narratives designed by communicative practice that cannot be represented as a whole and do not obey to general analytical logic. This actualizes an appeal to social philosophy as a way of explanation of socio-cultural realities and, in this connection, to the problematics specifying the existing ideas about its object.

IN PRAISE OF A LOGIC OF DEFINITIONS THAT TOLERATES Ω‐INCONSISTENCY

AbstractI argue that a general logic of definitions must tolerate ω‐inconsistency. I present a semantical scheme, , under which some definitions imply ω‐inconsistent sets of sentences. I draw attention to attractive features of this scheme, and I argue that yields the minimal general logic of definitions. I conclude that any acceptable general logic should permit definitions that generate ω‐inconsistency. This conclusion gains support from the application of to the theory of truth.

Logical Mistakes, Logical Aliens, and the Laws of Kant’s Pure General Logic

AbstractThere are two ways interpreters have tended to understand the nature of the laws of Kant’s pure general logic. On the first, these laws are unconditional norms for how we ought to think, and will govern anything that counts as thinking. On the second, these laws are formal criteria for being a thought, and violating them makes a putative thought not a thought. These traditions are in tension, in so far as the first depends on the possibility of thoughts that violate these laws, and the second makes violation impossible. In this essay I develop an interpretation of Kant’s pure general logic that overcomes this tension. It accounts for the possibility of logical mistakes, as the first tradition does, while still establishing the absolute impossibility of logical aliens, as the second tradition does. I then argue that the formalist insight that illogical exercises of the understanding are not alternative ways coherent thoughts could have been, but are mere confusions, is fundamental for achieving a proper understanding of the absolute normativity of the laws of pure general logic.

Processive Antitermination.

Transcription is a discontinuous process, where each nucleotide incorporation cycle offers a decision between elongation, pausing, halting, or termination. Many cis-acting regulatory RNAs, such as riboswitches, exert their influence over transcription elongation. Through such mechanisms, certain RNA elements can couple physiological or environmental signals to transcription attenuation, a process where cis-acting regulatory RNAs directly influence formation of transcription termination signals. However, through another regulatory mechanism called processive antitermination (PA), RNA polymerase can bypass termination sites over much greater distances than transcription attenuation. PA mechanisms are widespread in bacteria, although only a few classes have been discovered overall. Also, although traditional, signal-responsive riboswitches have not yet been discovered to promote PA, it is increasingly clear that small RNA elements are still oftentimes required. In some instances, small RNA elements serve as loading sites for cellular factors that promote PA. In other instances, larger, more complicated RNA elements participate in PA in unknown ways, perhaps even acting alone to trigger PA activity. These discoveries suggest that what is now needed is a systematic exploration of PA in bacteria, to determine how broadly these transcription elongation mechanisms are utilized, to reveal the diversity in their molecular mechanisms, and to understand the general logic behind their cellular applications. This review covers the known examples of PA regulatory mechanisms and speculates that they may be broadly important to bacteria.

Two-step QCA revisited: the necessity of context conditions

The so-called two-step QCA approach as formulated by Schneider and Wagemann (Eur J Polit Res 45(5):751–786, 2006) proposes a separation of conditions into two distinct groups—remote and proximate—and to analyze the impact of these conditions on the outcome in a stepwise manner. While the general logic of the two-step protocol seems to resonate with a broad range of scholars, it, so far, has been only rarely (successfully) applied. This paper argues that this discrepancy between theory and practice is due to the ill-defined nature of the first step. Schneider and Wagemann propose step 1 to be an analysis of inconsistent sufficiency. This has always stood on shaky set-relational grounds. I therefore argue that the first of the two steps in the protocol should be redefined as an analysis of necessity and only step 2 understood as an analysis of sufficiency. While already implicit in its original formulation, this crucial feature of the two-step QCA approach has largely been overlooked. This paper proposes an updated two-step QCA approach that rests on recent innovations in set methods and spells out the advantages of this new protocol.

A Review of Foreign Experiences in Implementing Budget Policy in Inter-Budgetary Relations

The article investigates the theoretical and methodological framework of foreign experiences in implementing budget policy in inter-budgetary relations. It is demonstrated that the model of inter-budgetary relations, existing in Ukraine, does not contribute in creating necessary incentives for local governments to ensure appropriate management of budgets. The situation can be improved only by harmonizing the reform of inter-budgetary relations with the general logic of change in regional relations. It is demonstrated that the use of income differentiation method depends on the structural basis of the budget system, which is determined by the organization of the State. While in unitary countries taxes are most often split with fixed rates and allowances to national taxes, in federal countries distribution of income between budgets is used. As foreign experiences show, while in federal countries optimal mobilization and socially oriented spending of budget funds requires a long time, in unitary countries it can be possibly done in a relatively short time, but it needs clearly defined social goals and ways to achieve them.
 In the budgetary practice of Ukraine two methods of budget regulation are used: (i) deductions from national taxes and incomes collected on local budget territories; (ii) fixed financial assistance to local budgets in form of budget transfers. The advantages of the first method are balancing of local budgets by use of flexible revenue sources, local governments’ concern with full mobilization of not only local revenue sources, but also national taxes, the responsibility of local financial authorities for timely and complete receipt of national taxes. Budget regulation does not exclude the possibility of using budget transfers. The review of foreign experiences in local budgeting shows that the budget regulation instruments practiced in unitary countries would be useful for Ukraine.

Why Quantum Computing Will Not Destabilize International Security: The Political Logic of Cryptology

The implications of quantum information technology for cybersecurity and strategic stability seem worrisome. In theory, an adversary with a quantum computer could defeat the asymmetric encryption protocols that underwrite internet security, while an adversary using quantum communications guaranteed secure by the laws of physics could deny intelligence warning of surprise attack. To assess these claims, this article first develops a general political logic of cryptology grounded in the bargaining model of war, which understands uncertainty as an important cause of war and institutions as an important source of information. Cryptology of any technological vintage is shaped by both aspects of this logic, with ambiguous implications for strategic stability. In practice, strategic interaction between intelligence competitors using real quantum systems implemented in fallible human organizations will mitigate the impact of quantum computing. The upshot is that the revolutionary scientific innovation of quantum computing will probably have only marginal political impact, in part because the fields of cryptology and computing have already undergone important transformations in recent decades.

The Role of the Internet of Things in the Improvement and Expansion of Business

The Internet of Things (IOT) has been examined in several perspectives based on the goals and visions of the present report. First, in this report based on previous studies, the general framework of business models in the Internet of Things has been analyzed, and then the suggested framework is presented. In the following, the business models of the Internet of Things and the impact of Internet of Things on the existing business models are studied. Thus, first of all, recognizing the elements of business models related to the Internet of Things is essential which has been addressed in the report. The results of different studies led to recognition of almost all business models in this field and to stating the most important components of the business models affected by the Internet of Things. The authors are still in the beginning of the process of Internet of Things. Most of the companies are willing to offer and sell the connected products and in near future, the majority of organizations will adopt more complex and ecosystem models. The purpose of this report is to offers social and business ideas to innovators so they can improve business models using the Internet of Things. This report examines the business models and proposed existing frameworks along with the economic energy of Internet of Things according to the successful projects in this scope, and offers the general logic for services or products that can be used as the basis of specific elements and patterns of business models of IOT.

Application of interactive equipment during training in economic disciplines

Modern enterprises require competent specialists in economics, active and independent, able to make responsible and well-founded decisions. Therefore, their practical training comes to the fore. That is why, training technologies are introduced more and more to the process of teaching economic disciplines, which are the most labor-intensive teaching methods. The article proves the perspectives of using interactive equipment during training activities.
 The author's interactive materials for exercises and tasks, prepared in specialized applications and on-line services, were presented. These materials are presented in accordance with the general logic of conducting trainings. At the beginning of the training, the lead-in is conducted to develop attention. Interactive tasks for them are developed in the SMART Notebook application. At the main stage of the training, the information materials and tasks, prepared in the SMART Notebook and Easy Interactive Tools, LearningApps and Scrumblr services, come in handy. These tasks are also performed in these applications and services. Summing up and reflection at the end of the training is carried out with the help of interactive materials (tables and flip charts), which are filled by students.
 The characteristics of the interactive materials reveal the methodology for their development and use during the training. The features of the proposed materials are related to the fact that this equipment and materials for it are similar to marker boards, markers, stickers, etc., which are traditionally used in trainings. The use of interactive equipment intensifies the training process, activates the motivational and activity spheres and allows to cut corners on traditional resources.
 The future teacher of economics must master the methodology of preparing interactive materials and their use during training.

Transcendental Paralogisms as Formal Fallacies - Kant’s Refutation of Pure Rational Psychology

Abstract: According to Kant, the arguments of rational psychology are formal fallacies that he calls transcendental paralogisms. It remains heavily debated whether there actually is any formal error in the inferences Kant presents: according to Grier and Allison, they are deductively invalid syllogisms, whereas Bennett, Ameriks, and Van Cleve deny that they are formal fallacies. I advance an interpretation that reconciles these extremes: transcendental paralogisms are sound in general logic but constitute formal fallacies in transcendental logic. By formalising the paralogistic inference, I will pinpoint the error as an illegitimate existential presupposition. Since - unlike transcendental logic - general logic abstracts from all objects, this error can only be detected in transcendental logic.

Risk mitigation in translator decisions

The translator’s risk management while translating can involve several general dispositions, of which risk taking, risk avoidance, and risk transfer have been modeled previously (Pym 2015). In this paper we propose a fourth type of disposition, risk mitigation, which was identified by Matsushita (2016) through empirical research based on Pym’s model. Risk mitigation is a disposition where the translator incurs one kind of risk in order to reduce another. Analyzing authentic examples in multiple languages, we ask whether mitigation is fundamentally different from the other three types, whether it involves a specific restriction on how much effort should rationally be invested by the translator, and whether a general logic of trade-offs is applicable. We further propose that mitigation correlates with factors both on the production side of the translator’s discourse, where it enhances translatorial visibility, and on the reception side, where it can respond to imprecise identification of the target public.

Driven by politics: agenda setting and policy-making in Hungary 2010–2014

ABSTRACTStudies on media and politics generally find an effect of the media on the symbolic policy agenda. Analysing data from the Hungarian Comparative Agendas Project, we demonstrate that this effect is extremely weak in the Hungarian policy-making process. We identified those issues that received greater than average coverage in the media. However, we found that in the majority of cases governmental initiatives or decisions preceded the media coverage – that is, instead of the media agenda pulling the policy agenda, the general logic is the opposite: the media are talking about the policy initiatives of the government. The ambition of the paper is twofold. First, our findings reinforce those claims in the literature that point to the many institutional and political factors affecting the media-politics nexus. This suggests that policy-making might be very different in new(er) democracies. Second, our research analyses the policy-making side of Viktor Orbán’s governance. Changes in the polity, democratic backlash and illiberal tendencies are usually the focus concerning the political changes in Hungary since 2010, but no attention has been devoted to how this type of governance is reflected in policy-making. Our paper seeks to make a contribution also in this respect.

The Category of Substance

This paper considers a principal concept of metaphysics – the category of substance – as it figures in Kant’s critical program of establishing metaphysics as a science. Like Leibniz, Kant identifies metaphysical concepts through logical reflection on the form of cognitive activity. He thus begins with general logic’s account of categorical judgment as an act of subordinating predicate to subject. This categorical form is then considered in transcendental logic with reference to the possibility of its real use. Transcendental reflection reveals that the categorical form, in its potential for such use, constitutes the category of substance and accident, representing a first real subject and a determination of its existence. But to qualify for objective, scientific employment, metaphysics’ concepts must admit of real definitions, which show their objects to be possible, and such possibility, pace Leibniz, can be established only in relation to possible experience. Thus, relying on his doctrine of the schematism, Kant shows the category to figure constitutively in experience, as the ground of the first law of nature, that in all change substance persists.

STRATEGI INVESTASI PADA RUMAH TANGA PETANI TRADISIONAL DI KECAMATAN MAPATTUNGGUL SELATAN

Analyzing household’s investment behavior in remote environments is attractively conducted as a scientific effort to tackle the problem of poverty in the long term. The population of study was households located in remote areas in Pasaman Regency, district of South Mapattunggul. It is about 1,991 heads of household. The sample is 307 households which are formulated by using Slovin formula. This study uses multiple regression analysis and qualitative analysis on mixed method perspective. Investment behavior in traditional farming households in the District of South Mapattunggul is influenced by consumer behavior, knowledge, hope the old days, learning, price, and level of education. Partially, learning process and life expectation do not affect the investment behavior. Knowledge of pricing information has a negative correlation with the investment. It means that the higher the price, or the risks they run, the lower investments. This is in line with the general logic that the higher the risk, the less people are willing to enter into an investment. Society is mainly prioritizing daily consumption as the main priority use of their revenue when the prices are high.Community learning process does not consistently affect the investment behavior including expectations of the old days. It is caused by lower educational facilities and low level of households expectations in improving their old days lives.

Closing global knowledge gaps: Producing generalized knowledge from case studies of social-ecological systems

Abstract Concerns over rapid widespread changes in social-ecological systems and their consequences for biodiversity, ecosystem functioning, food security, and human livelihoods are driving demands for globally comprehensive knowledge to support decision-making and policy development. Claims of regional or global knowledge about the patterns, causes, and significance of changes in social-ecological systems, or ‘generalized knowledge claims’ (GKCs), are generally produced by synthesis of evidence compiled from local and regional case study observations. GKCs now constitute a wide and varied body of research, yet they are also increasingly contested based on disagreements about their geographic, temporal, and/or thematic validity. There are no accepted guidelines for detecting biases or logical gaps between GKC’s and the evidence used to produce them. Here, we propose a typology of GKCs based on their evidence base and the process by which they are produced. The typology is structured by three dimensions: i) the prior state of knowledge about the phenomenon of interest; ii) the logic of generalization underlying the claim; and iii) the methodology for generalization. From this typology, we propose a standardized approach to assess the quality and commensurability of these dimensions for any given GKC, and their ability to produce robust and transparent knowledge based on constituent evidence. We then apply this approach to evaluate two contested GKCs – addressing global biodiversity and large-scale land acquisitions – and in doing so demonstrate a coherent approach to assessing and evaluating the scope and validity of GKCs. With this approach, GKCs can be produced and applied with greater transparency and accuracy, advancing the goal of actionable science on social-ecological systems.

A careful biomedicine? Generalization and abstraction in RCTs

This article takes up biomedical and public health concerns about the difficulty of generalizing or extrapolating measurements of efficacy produced by the method of the randomized control trial (RCT) to wider populations. While explanations for the difficulty may be deduced from social studies of science that reveal the contingent and situated nature of trial findings, new conceptual tools are required to allow for the practical value associated with the possibility of their extrapolation. We argue that Alfred North Whitehead’s concept of ‘abstraction’ can provide an alternative appreciation of some key aspects of the processes of knowledge-production of RCTs to enable a recasting of the problem of generalization. By proposing that generalization depends on relevant abstractions, we direct attention to the situated forms of care that this calls for. After showing the conceptual difference that the process of abstraction makes for understanding and extrapolating the situated nature of a research finding, we offer an interpretation of possible forms of care at work in efforts to devise Ebola adaptive trials. The example is offered as one possible basis for a reformulation of the logic of generalization.

Консеквенции и дизайн в общей и трансцендентальной логике

Консеквенции и дизайн в общей и трансцендентальной логике

Improving Human Interaction Research through Ecological Grounding

In psychology, we tend to follow the general logic of falsificationism: we separate the ‘context of discovery’ (how we come up with theories) from the ‘context of justification’ (how we test them). However, when studying human interaction, separating these contexts can lead to theories with low ecological validity that do not generalize well to life outside the lab. We propose borrowing research procedures from well-established inductive methodologies in interaction research during the process of discovering new regularities and analyzing natural data without being led by theory. We introduce research procedures including the use of naturalistic study settings, analytic transcription, collections of cases, and data analysis sessions, and illustrate these with examples from a successful cross-disciplinary study. We argue that if these procedures are used systematically and transparently throughout a research cycle, they will lead to more robust and ecologically valid theories about interaction within psychology and, with some adaptation, can enhance the reproducibility of research across many other areas of psychological science.

Формирование национальных подразделений Красной армии Степного края и Туркестана в период Гражданской войны (1918–1922 гг.)

On the basis of legislative sources and records management, the article analyzes the process of formation of the national military units of the Red Army among the indigenous peoples of the Steppe Krai and Turkestan during the Civil War of1918-1922. It was revealed that during the period of the liquidation of the Soviet regime in most of the region's territory in 1918, the Bolsheviks didn't achieve certain successes in this matter. The positive dynamics of the process appeared in the first half of 1919, because of success of the Red Army on the Eastern and Turkestan fronts. The large-scale political and propaganda work of the Communist Party of Turkestan among the Muslim population was no less important factor in the successful mobilization of the Muslim population in the ranks of the Red Army. At the same time, the Bolsheviks followed the path of creating military units on an ethnic, rather than confessional basis. This tactic was built in the general logic of the process of nation-building in the region. It consulted interests of ethnic groups convinced that the presence of military units representing their ethnic group is a symbol of national identity and a pledge of preserving state and cultural independence.

Risk-oriented Oversight (Supervision) Over Activities of Medical Organizations and Prospects for Application of Risk Assessment in Osteopathy

The article explores the issues in applying state risk-oriented oversight (supervision) approach over the activity of business entities and individuals providing medical services, including those of osteopathic medicine. The authors describe the models used by the Russian Federal Service for Surveillance in Healthcare and Social Development (Roszdravnadzor) and the Russian Federal Service for Surveillance on Consumer Rights Protection and Wellbeing (Rospotrebnadzor). The article defi nes the goals of the Russian Osteopathic Association to improve quality management system and risk assessment system. The study examines the laws and legislations of the Ministry of Health of the Russian federation, and research papers. The authors use different research methods: method of scientifi c hypothetico-deductive cognition, general logic methods and methods of research - analysis, synthesis, abstraction, generalization, induction.