General Literature Research Articles

Perspectives on How 1.5 Years of the COVID-19 Pandemic Have Impacted Biophysicists at Primarily Undergraduate Institutions

Perspectives on How 1.5 Years of the COVID-19 Pandemic Have Impacted Biophysicists at Primarily Undergraduate Institutions

The mediating role of innovative climate on the relationship between transformational leadership and firm performance in developing countries: the case of Ghana

PurposeInnovative climate has now become a necessity to developing creative behaviours amongst employees. Hence, this study examines the mediating role of innovative climate on the relationship between transformational leadership and organizational performance in a developing context, Ghana.Design/methodology/approachThe study employs quantitative research approach and cross-sectional survey design to collect data from 400 employees in 10 selected manufacturing companies in Ghana. The data were analysed using descriptive statistics, correlation and macro-PROCESS regression techniques in SPSS.FindingsIt is established that all the dimensions of transformational leadership have direct positive and significant effect on organizational performance. At the same time, innovative climate significantly mediated the causal relationship between all the dimensions of transformational leadership and organizational performance, thus creating indirect effect of transformational leadership on organizational performance which is greater than the direct effect.Originality/valueThis study provides new findings to bridge the gap in the general leadership literature by revealing that innovative climate is an effective mediator in the relationship between the dimensions of transformational leadership and organizational performance in a developing country context. Therefore, this study provides evidence for enhancing organizational performance with transformational leadership through innovative climate.

The relevance of migraine in the clinical spectrum of mitochondrial disorders

Recent scientific evidence suggests a link between migraine and brain energy metabolism. In fact, migraine is frequently observed in mitochondrial disorders. We studied 46 patients affected by mitochondrial disorders, through a headache-focused semi-structured interview, to evaluate the prevalence of migraine among patients affected by mitochondrial disorders, the possible correlations between migraine and neuromuscular genotype or phenotype, comorbidities, lactate acid levels and brain magnetic resonance spectroscopy. We explored migraine-related disability, analgesic and prophylactic treatments. Diagnoses were achieved according to International Classification of Headache Disorders, 3rd edition. Lifetime prevalence of migraine was 61% (28/46), with high values in both sexes (68% in females, 52% in males) and higher than the values found in both the general population and previous literature. A maternal inheritance pattern was reported in 57% of cases. MIDAS and HIT6 scores revealed a mild migraine-related disability. The high prevalence of migraine across different neuromuscular phenotypes and genotypes suggests that migraine itself may be a common clinical manifestation of brain energy dysfunction. Our results provide new relevant indications in favour of migraine as the result of brain energy unbalance.

Gender and financial performance in SMEs in emerging economies

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to investigate how chief executive officer (CEO) gender relates to financial performance in small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in a Latin American emerging economy like Chile.Design/methodology/approachThe authors apply a questionnaire on a sample of 188 SMEs in Chile in 2017. The authors apply multiple ordinary least squares regression models to test the effects of CEO gender on SME performance using the industry location indicators to account for unobserved heterogeneity in the sample. As a robustness test the authors use hierarchical regression analysis.FindingsThe authors find a positive relationship between the presence of female CEOs and firm performance. Then, when probing whether the sociodemographic characteristics of the CEO are related to firm performance or moderate the gender-performance relationship, the authors do not find statistically significant evidence that these types of characteristics affect the performance of SMEs.Originality/valueTo the best of the authors’ knowledge, the present study is the first to investigate the relationship between CEO gender and financial performance of SMEs in an emerging Latin American economy. The study contributes to the general literature by reporting comparable evidence with studies in developed economies.

465 Analysis of Female Authorship Trends in Neurosurgery Over a 10-year period: 2010–2020

INTRODUCTION: While women had greater representation in medicine in recent years, neurosurgery continues to rank towards the bottom when it comes to the proportion of women occupying a residency position in the US. Many have inferred a gender gap in the authorship of neurosurgical literature. To our knowledge, no study has analyzed changes in the representation of women among first and principal (last) authors in neurosurgery over a consecutive period. METHODS: Using the PUBMED search engine, all articles published from January 1st, 2010, to December 31st, 2020 in 10 prominent general and subspecialty neurosurgery journals were examined. Author gender was inferred using a verified online gender determination tool. RESULTS: Among the 49,023 neurosurgery articles analyzed from 2010 to 2020, 8,845 were published by a female first author, while 40,178 were published by a male first author (18.0% vs. 82.0%). Moreover, among articles with at least two authors, 5,542 were published by a female principal author, while 39,682 were published by a male principal author (12.3% vs. 87.7%). The top three publishers in terms of the proportion of female authorship (first or last author) were all subspecialty journals. Over this 10-year period, the proportion of female first authorship increased at a greater rate than female principal authorship. The rate of increase in female first authorship was greater among general neurosurgery literature compared to subspeciality neurosurgery literature. Using binomial logistic regression, articles with a female principal author were 1.72 times more likely to have a female first author than those with a male last author. CONCLUSION: In the past decade, woman representation in original neurosurgery literature has varied by time, subspecialty, and principal authorship gender. A gradual rise in woman authorship highlights incremental progress in gender diversity and the need for expanded efforts to achieve equity in neurosurgery research.

Metacognition and Self-Regulation in Programming Education: Theories and Exemplars of Use

Metacognition and self-regulation are important skills for successful learning and have been discussed and researched extensively in the general education literature for several decades. More recently, there has been growing interest in understanding how metacognitive and self-regulatory skills contribute to student success in the context of computing education. This article presents a thorough systematic review of metacognition and self-regulation work in the context of computer programming and an in-depth discussion of the theories that have been leveraged in some way. We also discuss several prominent metacognitive and self-regulation theories from the literature outside of computing education—for example, from psychology and education—that have yet to be applied in the context of programming education. In our investigation, we built a comprehensive corpus of papers on metacognition and self-regulation in programming education, and then employed backward snowballing to provide a deeper examination of foundational theories from outside computing education, some of which have been explored in programming education, and others that have yet to be but hold much promise. In addition, we make new observations about the way these theories are used by the computing education community, and present recommendations on how metacognition and self-regulation can help inform programming education in the future. In particular, we discuss exemplars of studies that have used existing theories to support their design and discussion of results as well as studies that have proposed their own metacognitive theories in the context of programming education. Readers will also find the article a useful resource for helping students in programming courses develop effective strategies for metacognition and self-regulation.

Final velocity and radiated energy in numerical simulations of binary black holes

The evolution of global binary black holes variables such as energy or linear momentum are mainly obtained by applying numerical methods near coalescence, post-Newtonian (PN) expansions, or a combination of both. In this paper, we use a fully relativistic formalism presented several years ago that only uses global variables defined at null infinity together with the gravitational radiation emitted by the source to obtain the time evolution of such variables for binary black holes (BBH) systems. For that, we use the Rochester catalog composed of 776 BBHs simulations. We compute the final velocity, radiated energy, and intrinsic angular momentum predicted by the dynamical equations in this formalism for nonspinning, aligned and antialigned spins, and several different precessing configurations. We compare obtained values with reported values in numerical simulations. As BBHs parameter space is still not completely covered by numerical simulations, we fit phenomenological formulas for practical applications to the radiated energy and final velocities obtained. Also, we compare the fits with reported values. In conclusion, we see that our formulae and correlations for the variables described in this work are consistent with those found in the general literature.

Point-of-Care Ultrasound-Guided Serratus Anterior Plane Block for Chest Tube Placement in a Spontaneous Pneumothorax.

Chest tube placement is a common procedure in the pediatric emergency department. There is general emergency medicine literature as well as pediatric cardiac surgery literature supporting the use of an ultrasound-guided serratus anterior plane block for regional anesthesia with no prior pediatric emergency medicine studies to our knowledge. This case describes a pediatric patient who required chest tube placement twice for a pneumothorax and describes his preference for the nerve block over the more commonly used procedural sedation.

Suggestions for takt production subcontract clauses – a conceptual study

PurposeThis study aims to provide a foundation for the development of subcontracts that suit takt production in construction.Design/methodology/approachThis is a non-empiric conceptual study, which integrates takt production and general construction literature into new proposals for subcontract clauses suitable for takt production in construction. This study uses literature reviews, from which proposals regarding takt production viable subcontract clauses are conducted via logical reasoning.FindingsA total of 13 proposals for takt production applicable subcontracts are provided in this study. The proposals emphasize detailed and collaborative planning, suitable payment methods and flexibility for takt plan modification.Originality/valuePrevious takt literature has not properly addressed the development of subcontracts for takt production, despite regular attempts to use subcontracting in takt production. This study aims to aid main contractors to create fair and suitable subcontracts, so that adhering to takt schedules could be more viable in practice. This study also acts as a foundation for further empirical studies regarding the subject.

Consumers across cultures: a comparative study about consumers’ role in food safety-related academic literature

PurposeThe research aims at scrutinising food safety as a global concept and problem that has numerous cross-cultural aspects reflecting the diversity of consumption patterns and the culturally differing role of the consumer as well as mirroring the heterogeneity of socio-economic environment.Design/methodology/approachIn this paper, the role of consumer in food safety-related academic literature is investigated in seven languages (countries) including American English, French, German, Hungarian, Italian, Mandarin Chinese and Russian from a multidisciplinary, cross-cultural perspective.FindingsWith the aid of seven linguistic corpora built from the above mentioned languages, the research reveals noteworthy differences in the consumer-focused approach.Research limitations/implicationsThe study could have benefited from the inclusion of further languages (i.e. Portuguese, Spanish, Hindi etc.), the authors' lack of reliable language skills outside of the covered domain had to be taken into account. Further to that, the analysis conducted is based on a static observation, while food safety-related consumer science is developing quickly. Therefore, a dynamic analysis of consumer roles would most certainly yield in further salient outcome.Practical implicationsFood safety can be regarded in many ways–this is reflected in different national legislations, dissimilar country-level risk communication patterns as well as different perception of basic notions of food safety. It has not yet been extensively analysed, however, how different languages use the notion of food safety or consumer, which activities and which characteristics are most connected to these notions, and how food safety-related topics and the focus of scientific discourse in different languages differ from each other.Social implicationsPractical implications of the research results also include preparatory activities for food safety risk communication campaigns. In this field, the cultural aspects of food safety are as important as scientific risk assessment. The tools presented in this paper help a quick and comprehensive analysis of linguistic corpora, which could be used either in academic or general literature resources, even press releases. The results also call attention to the culture-driven perspectives of food safety; these new insights can be applied by researchers to review food safety literature more exhaustively considering the cultural context. Future elaboration of the topic (e.g. by introducing a time factor that would enable a dynamic analysis) can further enhance the utility value of similar studies.Originality/valueThe novelty of the article lies in the unique application of corpus linguistic methods with the aim of investigating the area, the trends and phenomena of food safety-related science. This study combines the achievements of food safety-related consumer science with corpus linguistic methods.

Socially Responsible Human Resource Management: A Systematic Literature Review and Research Agenda

At the intersection of corporate social responsibility (CSR) and human resource management (HRM), a specific research strand has been forming and considerably flourishing over the past years, contributing to the burgeoning academic debate of what has been called “socially responsible human resource management” (SRHRM). The SRHRM debate seeks to proactively enhance employees’ work experiences and meet their personal and social expectations in ethical and socially responsible ways. Despite the increasing interest in research about SRHRM, however, the literature in this area is highly scattered, and a comprehensive study has yet to be undertaken. The present paper addresses this shortcoming by systematically reviewing 57 scholarly articles published in this research domain. It integrates previous insights on the topic to provide a far-reaching theoretical framework that highlights antecedents, practices, and outcomes of SRHRM research. As the results show, between 2011 and 2021, the Sustainability journal has published most of the empirical papers in this area, while the last three years (2019–2021) experienced a significant surge of publications on the topic. Our framework shapes a holistic overview of the SRHRM domain and illuminates different relevant elements upon which future studies in this area could be developed. This contribution is also beneficial for general CSR literature as it stresses the importance of its internal stakeholders, which have been comprehensively given less attention so far. By critically examining the recent literature on SRHRM, we further show how previous research is dominated by studies rooted in utilitarian approaches. Therefore, we set a research agenda for future studies by acknowledging the need for process-oriented studies and the importance of critical scholarship within the field of SRHRM.

BIBLIOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF FLOW THEORY FROM PAST TO PRESENT WITH VISUAL MAPPING TECHNIQUE: A MARKETING-SIDED APPROACH

The aim of this study is to present a general literature typology of flow theory where a history of roughly 47 years (1975-present) exists. YÖK (Council of Higher Education) Thesis Center and Google Academic databases were used for this paper and flow and flow experience concepts have been examined through these sources. YÖK Thesis Center is a website within higher education institution in Turkey, where publication of master’s and doctoral thesis. A number of studies published in the time period from 1975 to the present had been obtained and these studies were reviewed. Subsequently, frequency analyses were made for the research and the bibliographic mapping of the data was done using VOSviewer software. As a result of the analysis, a bibliography of 110 selected studies is presented. Flow experience, which is mainly subject to physical activities, is evaluated in the areas of technology acceptance and consumer behavior in computer-mediated environments. Flow theory is mostly integrated with the technology acceptance model. Flow theory experience is characterized by the dimensions of concentration, enjoyment, and control, respectively. This research provides clear explanations for bibliographic analysis of studies on flow, models/theories with which flow theory is most integrated, and dimensions of flow experience.

Health professionals directly involved in the diagnosis, treatment, and care of patients with Covid-19

Introduction: Health professionals directly involved in the diagnosis, treatment, and care ofpatients with COVID-19 develop the insertion of psychic spaces for the installation of painand psychological suffering and other mental health symptoms.Objective: Carry out a analysis of the psychiatric repercussions based people on the frontlines: Nurses, doctors, healthcare workers, and other medical professionals who are testingfor and treating patients with COVID-19Method: This current literature review has utilized literature reserves and scientific searchengines MEDLINE, EMBASE and Web of Science. The search terms included, “SARS-CoV-2”,“Mental Health,” “psychiatric repercussions”, "People on the front lines " “COVID-19”. Specificchoices of unique papers from each of the searches were identified. The inclusion criteriawere relevance and availability of full-text. Papers were excluded on the basis of relevanceand non-availability of full-text. Papers were identified in the general literature reserve aspertinent to the search terms.Results: Work-related stress is a potential cause of concern for health professionals.Conclusion: Evidence highlights some timely mental health care that needs to be developedurgently, such as: use of psychotropic drugs; specialized psychiatric treatments andappropriate mental; and health status updates for professionals in the Intensive Care Unit;psychological counseling; and psychotherapy techniques such as those based on the stressadaptation model.

Methodological Nationalism in International Relations: A Quantitative Assessment of Academia in Turkey (2015-2019)

This article seeks to expand the discussion on Methodological Nationalism (MN)within the discipline of International Relations (IR), to contribute to MN literature from the perspective of IR studies and to evaluate the prevalence of MN in the field by the quantification of selected works. To achieve these goals, the article, firstly, recapitulates the general MN literature and critically evaluates this discussion in IR. Later, it identifies the forms of MN as they appear in IR with two faces: Level of analysis (nation-as-arena) and unit of analysis (nation-as-actor). Secondly, the article proposes a method to assess the prevalence of MN through quantification. Finally, the article applies its method to IR works to address the question of how widespread MN is in academia in Turkey. The findings demonstrate the proportional pervasiveness of MN within the IR community of Turkey, which is part of the “periphery” in the discipline. The findings also let us draw some hypothetical conclusions, which have the potential to be a springboard for further research on the MN-IR nexus.

The effect of the Seattle Police‐Free CHOP zone on crime: A microsynthetic control evaluation

Research SummaryNightly confrontations occurred between protestors and officers outside of the Seattle Police Department's (SPD's) East precinct in the aftermath of George Floyd's murder. On June 8, 2020, the SPD abandoned the East precinct in an attempt to calm the situation. Following closure of the precinct, the Capitol Hill Occupation Protest (CHOP) took hold in the surrounding 6‐block area. The CHOP occupation lasted until July 1, 2020. Over this time period, CHOP operated as an autonomous zone, with police officers not patrolling and generally not responding to calls for police service within the area. We used the microsynthetic control group method to analyze the effect of CHOP on crime during the 24‐day occupation. Results indicate crime significantly increased in the CHOP zone, the encompassing two‐block area, and the overall East precinct service area.Policy ImplicationsThe current study found comparatively stronger effects than the general literature on depolicing. The significant crime increase is particularly noteworthy given the short time frame of the CHOP occupation and retreat of police from the area theoretically making it more challenging for crimes to be reported by citizens and/or proactively discovered by officers. This suggests that police abolition, the most extreme form of the police defunding movement, may significantly compromise public safety. Moving forward, a prudent policy solution may be to simultaneously support the evidence‐based crime prevention work of police and community‐based institutions. Such an approach may achieve currently desired policing reforms without risking crime spikes that can result from drastic reductions of police presence. Wide‐scale adoption of evidence‐based policing may provide a vehicle for such meaningful, long‐term reform.

R&D tax incentives and innovation: unveiling the mechanisms behind innovation capacity

PurposeThere is a scarcity of empirical evidence in the literature on the chain of causality involving tax incentives for Research and Development (R&D) activities and their subsequent transformation into innovation. This study aims to assess the influence of R&D tax incentives on the organizational attributes of Portuguese firms to identify how they are converted into innovation.Design/methodology/approachA structural research model consisting of 339 companies that benefited from the Fiscal Incentive System supporting R&D in Enterprises, during the period from 2013 to 2016, was developed. This was done to assess the role of R&D tax incentives on the organizational attributes that form the innovation capacity. The model was validated using the multivariate statistical technique of structural equation modeling with partial least squares estimation (partial least squares structural equation modeling – PLS-SEM).FindingsThe results found suggest that although it is not possible to unequivocally identify the mechanisms used to convert tax incentives into innovation, it is possible to conclude that they play an important spillover effect for the construction and strengthening of organizational attributes. These form the basis of innovation capacity, to the extent that they positively influence the firms’ total assets, equity, liabilities, number of employees and sales. Hence, contributions are brought to both the literature on tax incentives and the general literature on innovation.Originality/valueFor policymakers, the evidence points to the fact that in addition to the incentives provided, novel mechanisms need to be established to help firms develop their absorptive capacity. The objective is to effectively convert the incentives received into innovation through the organizational attributes analyzed. From the firms’ point of view, the results found suggest that tax incentives act as a catalyst for making R&D investments. Additionally, there is an influence on employability, which effectively enhances the chances of innovation in the long run. Tax incentives received by Portuguese firms also have the effect of promoting economic dynamism – by enhancing the following: investments in infrastructure, the hiring of employees and the increasing of sales, generating positive externalities for both firms and society.

Recommendations on phenylketonuria in Turkey.

Phenylketonuria (PKU), is an autosomal recessive disease leading to the conversion defect of phenylalanine (Phe) into tyrosine. Severe neurocognitive and behavioral outcomes are observed in untreated cases. The present paper aims to review clinical experiences and expert recommendations in diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of pediatric PKU patients in Turkey. Two advisory board meetings were held in the year 2016 and 2017 with contributions of four leading experts in this field, and an online update meeting was held for final decisions about statements, and conclusions in January 2021. Considering management gaps in diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of PKU, discussion points are defined. The Committee members then reviewed the Turkish and general literature and the final statements were formulated. The diagnostic cut-off for dried blood spots should remain at 2 mg/dl. Treatment cut-off value is acceptable at 6 mg/dl. Compliance with an ideal follow-up list is strongly recommended. Total protein intake should not be limited. Age-related safe levels of protein intake should be encouraged with an additional 40% from L-amino acids supplements, a 20% compensatory factor to account for the digestibility and utilization of amino acids from the supplement, and a further 20% compensation to optimize Phe control. Cognitive impairment and intelligence quotient evaluations should be performed at least twice before 3 years of age. In pregnant women, the target Phe level should be < 5 mg/dl, and they should be followed-up weekly in the first trimester, then every 2 weeks after organogenesis. Novel pharmacological treatments are promising, but some of them have limitations for our country. Early diagnosis and treatment initiation; determination and standardization of diagnostic and treatment thresholds; treatment modalities and follow-up parameters are significant steps in treating PKU in the long term. PKU follow-up is a dynamic process with uncertainties and differences in clinical practice.

Relationship of Damage Causes and Ceiling Damage Levels in Indonesia Hospital

Hospitals are vital buildings that must always be guaranteed the building's resistance to earthquakes. The building must not suffer damage that endangers the safety of the lives of its users. The ceiling is one of the components of a hospital building that is most vulnerable to damage during an earthquake. The patient is not able to escape quickly, if the ceiling material is released and falls on the patient who is below it. This study aims to determine the relationship between the causes of ceiling damage and the level of ceiling damage in hospital buildings. Data were collected through field observations at 3 regional general hospitals and literature studies with relevant topics published in the period December 2017 to January 2021. From the literature review, 39 damage data were obtained in 28 regional general hospital buildings in Indonesia. Data were analyzed using quantitative research methods. From the result, there is a significant relationship between the level of damage to the ceiling and the cause of the damage. Seepage of water is the dominant cause of damage but earthquakes is the cause of fatal damage.

Образовательная практика чтения (на материале изучения творчества Ф.М. Достоевского в средней общеобразовательной школе)

The relevance of the research is determined by finding the reasons for modern schoolchildren's decline in the motivation for reading in general and classical literature, in particular. According to the authors, the change in the semiosis of culture (change of the verbal code by a visual one), as well as the rigidity of the organization of reading practices in teaching, can be named among the circumstances that cause the reading crisis. In this context, the “golden pool” of the Russian literature is facing the threat of losing its culturegenerating potential. Goal: a critical analysis of the practice of organizing the reading of Fyodor Dostoevsky's novel “Crime and Punishment” in secondary schools; highlighting its basic constituents and hidden actions that program the students' perception; identifying the directions of re-actualization of a classical literary text potential in school teaching. Objectives: the reconstruction of student and pedagogical discourse positions that objectify a literary work; a comparative analysis of educational dispositions; highlighting the discursive constituents of educational reading practices; identifying the directions of their renovation that make students' interest in reading a literary text more active. Methods of research: a critical discourse analysis; a conversion analysis; a pragmatic interpretation; survey methods (interviews, a focus group, experts' opinions). There have been found significant gaps in the dispositions of participants in educational reading, the presence of which is masked by common procedures of compulsion to communicative consent. Established were the key constituents of these practices (authorization, decontextualization, deactualization), which reduce the text of a literary work to the teacher's statements and the text in the textbook, which substitute the reading activity by a pseudo-literary replication. Substantiated is the didactic necessity of limiting the range of students' everyday experience actions of their educational interaction with an artifact text, alongside with developing a set of readers' new competencies based on the activation of perceptual-figurative parameters of a literary work perception and students' independent comprehension of the text. There have been established discursive operations of educational recontextualization (transformation into an academic subject) of the Russian author Fyodor Dostoevsky's literary works, the objectification and reorganization of which will contribute to the growth of the generativeness of educational relations and increase their cultural-generating effectiveness based on links with the text-artifact. The general orientation of the subject “Russian Literature” towards the assimilation of methodologically codified material by students, which produces both the unification of the literary works being studied and the despecification of the cultural contributions of their authors, as well as the leveling of the individual character of the perception literary works by students, was critically assessed. Particular attention is drawn to the compulsion to communicative agreement (given the pedagogical perspective) in an educational interaction, which hampers a critical analysis of the text by school students, as well as the formation of a variety of reading practices. The optimization of the situation in teaching is consistent with the limitation of the literary component in studying the classical literary heritage, as well as with the expansion of the intermediary resource of visualization in relations with the text-artifact, and, above all, the activation of the ecphrasic dimension of reading a literary work.

Annual educational expenses of European urology residents and the role of sponsorship in urology training: a survey-based analysis.

The aim of this article was to evaluate the personal monetary costs associated with the urology residency. The European Society of Residents in Urology (ESRU) designed a 35-item survey and distributed it via email and social media to urology residents in Europe.Monthly net salary and educational expenses (general expenses, literature, congresses and courses) and opinions regarding sponsorship and expenditure were evaluated. Comparisons between different countries and salary cut-offs were made. A total of 211 European urology residents completed the survey from 21 European countries. The median interquartile range (IQR) age was 30 (18-42) years and 83.0% were male. A total of 69.6% receive less than €1500 net per month and 34.6% spent ≥€3000 on education in the previous 12 months. Sponsorships came mainly from the pharmaceutical industry (57.8%), but 56.4% of trainees thought that the ideal sponsor should be the hospital/urology department. Only 14.7% of respondents stated that their salary is sufficient to cover training expenses, and 69.2% agreed that training costs have an influence on family dynamics. Personal expenses during training are high, are not sufficiently covered by the salary and impact family dynamics for a majority of residents in Europe. The majority thought that hospitals/national urology associations should contribute to the educational costs. For homogeneous opportunities across Europe, institutions should strive to increase sponsorship.