General Interpretation Research Articles

Shaping civic values of modern youth: Evaluating the influence of the international plein air as a specially organized artistic practice

Introduction. The article investigates the problem of patriotic education of modern youth. The purpose of the research is to identify and clarify the peculiarities of the influence of an international plein air as a specially organized artistic practice on the formation of modern youth civic values. Materials and Methods. The research is based on axiological and personality-centered approaches. The main research method is theoretical (reviewing regulatory documents and scholarly literature, analysis and synthesis, comparison, generalization and data interpretation). In addition, a practical method was used (students performing search and short-term training exercises, as well as long-term artistic compositions). The project of the International Art Competition called ‘Without Borders’ that is analyzed in the article is a new format of an online professional Internet competition for students majoring in Arts for partner pedagogical universities. Results. The article analyzes the results of the international project on patriotic education and formation of civic values in modern students, implemented within the framework of cooperation between pedagogical universities of Belarus and Russia. The study convincingly proves that it is the plein air that provides an effective environment for developing students’ artistic and creative skills, implementing patriotic education of students, as well as contributes to shaping their readiness to organize patriotic educational activities in the future. Conclusions. The article concludes about the specifics of the influence of the international plein air as a specially organized artistic practice on the formation of modern students’ civic values.

Lithology, source areas and formation settings of upper triassic deposits of South-Western Primorye

The article considers the material composition of sandy rocks from the Upper Triassic deposits of the Mongugai formation of South-Western Primorye and presents the results of its paleogeodynamic interpretation. It has been established that, according to their mineralogical and geochemical parameters, sandstones are petrogenic, correspond to graywackes and, only partially, to lithite arenites, are characterized by a significant degree of geochemical maturity of the clastic material, and their formation occurred due to the erosion of significantly weathered parent rocks of the source areas. Generalization and paleogeodynamic interpretation of the data obtained indicate that in the Late Triassic in the southwestern part of Primorye, sedimentation occurred in basins associated with the environment of the active continental margin and, probably, complicated by strike-slip dislocations along transform faults. The dominant source of clastic matter was continental land: cratons and projections of crystalline basement framed by rift zones or along transform faults. Acidic granite-metamorphic complexes were eroded with the participation of sedimentary rocks enriched with ancient components. A secondary source was a deeply dissected continental margin magmatic arc, which supplied the basin with an additional amount of sialic material, as well as a small amount of the basic-medium volcanoclastic. U-Pb geochronological studies of detrital zircons from sandy rocks of the formation made it possible to establish the age and possible location of magmatic complexes, due to the destruction of which the deposits were formed.

Philosophical Dimensions of Digital Transformation and Their Impact on the Future

This article aims to highlight digital transformation within the context of an in-depth philosophical analysis from the perspectives of epistemological, axiological, ethical, and anthropological dimensions. The period of general philosophical interpretation of the practical-everyday status of digitalisation has evolved into a need for a comprehensive characterisation of the essence of the digital space. The tasks of the article involve organising various philosophical characteristics of digital transformation and aligning them within the scientific worldview paradigm of the future. The article's methodology is based on a qualitative study of the problem of digitalisation within the scientific-philosophical discourse of the last five years. A varied sampling in the literature review has facilitated the analysis of most philosophical dimensions of digitalisation in its contemporary manifestation. The scientific-philosophical synergetic approach is intended to ensure a holistic understanding of the essence of digitalisation as a socio-cultural phenomenon and to optimise the use of its practical structural-technological characteristics. The research results demonstrate the alignment of thematic clusters within the philosophical dimension of digitalisation. The initial dominance of epistemological themes related to the innovation of the digital space is gradually being transformed into a more balanced philosophical interpretation with the actualisation of axiological, ethical, and anthropological contexts. The impact of digital products on individuals and society requires evaluation and understanding how to regulate their activity. Therefore, a review of the literature dedicated to the philosophical aspects of digitalisation indicates a quantitative increase in works of a value-ethical and anthropocentric nature. Philosophy is dynamically shaping the content and format of the structural analysis of digital transformation as a critical sociocultural phenomenon of modernity. At the same time, prospects for philosophical research into the digital space are emerging, which involve outlining short-term tactics for understanding digital transformation in the ethical and anthropological segments and long-term strategies for the axiological and epistemological dimensions. Conclusion: Digital transformation has reached a large scale and intensity within the sociocultural dimension and requires a comprehensive worldview interpretation from science, philosophy, and cultural perspectives. A complete philosophical characterisation of digital transformation should consist of epistemological, axiological, ethical, and anthropological justifications for digitalisation's institutional-organisational and structural-functional aspects.

Analysis of Requirements within Neuroradiology Job Advertisements in a Specific Timeframe.

The neuroradiology job market is constantly changing along with the skill sets needed by fellowship graduates to participate successfully in the job market. This study aimed to establish a baseline of employer requirements in the neuroradiology job market within the study timeframe. The American Society of Neuroradiology and American College of Radiology job boards were queried for neuroradiology positions between August 12, 2022, and December 31, 2022. The positions and requirements were categorized into academic versus private practice, general diagnostic radiology, full-subspecialized neuroradiology, hybrid remote/onsite, outpatient, inpatient/emergency, general interventional radiology procedures, and neuroradiology procedures. Exclusion criteria included neurointerventional only, remote-only, pediatric-only, no preference for neuroradiology, and duplicate posts within and between the job boards. Of 1777 total job posts, 179 were neuroradiology-specific and the remainder were general. Of the 179 neuroradiology-specific jobs, 55 neuroradiology jobs were academic and 124 jobs were private practice. A higher proportion of private practice jobs required general diagnostic interpretations (83% versus 26%), a higher proportion of academic jobs required neuroradiology procedures (56% versus 31%), and a higher proportion of private practice jobs required general interventional radiology procedures (22% versus 0%). Thirty-nine percent of all neuroradiology-specific onsite jobs required neuroradiology procedures, and 15% required general interventional radiology procedures. Because there was a sizable difference between general radiology and procedure requirements between academic and private practice positions, tailoring fellowship training for career aspirations of neuroradiology fellows should be considered to adapt to the skills needed for the evolving job market. In the queried timeframe, 61% of neuroradiology-specific onsite jobs did not have a specific procedure skill requirement for job applicants. This article serves as a single snapshot of the job market and its requirements for neuroradiologists, to aid in planning training to meet the needs of employers.

Tafsir Iqtisadi di Indonesia: Metodologi, Validitas dan Kontribusi

Abstract: This research aims to examine the works of Tafsir Iqtisadi/Tafsir on economic verses published in Indonesia from 2012 to 2023. Many of these works appeared when Sharia economics was developing, especially when PTKI opened a Sharia Economics Department in Indonesia. Have we employed the descriptive-analytical method, and historical philosophical approach, and based on the literature study, this article finds that Tafsir Iqtisadi in Indonesia is a tafsir product, which is a book and research in itself. The Tafsir Iqtisadi product is an interpretation of the Al-Quran with an economic approach. This approach is an acceptable style of interpretation and originates from the style of Tafsir Ilmi, Tafsir Ahkam and Tafsir Adabi Ijtima’i. Methodologically, the Tafsir Iqtisadi books combine tafsir bil ra'yi and tafsir bil ma'tsur. Meanwhile, the presentation of Tafsir Iqtisadi products consists of the presentation of tahlili, ijmali and maudhui. In terms of validity, Tafsir Iqtisadi can be said to be valid because it is in accordance with general interpretation methods, and also become a theological and conceptual foundation tool in developing Sharia Economics in Indonesia.

An adult with hemorrhagic varicella co-infects with cytomegalovirus: a case report

BackgroundHemorrhagic varicella (HV) is a particular form of chicken pox.,with high mortality in adults. This form of the disease is rare, to date, approximately 4 cases have been reported. Occasional cases of HV have been documented in adults with hematologic disorders or other diseases. While there is one reported case of simultaneous reactivation of cytomegalovirus in an adult with chickenpox, there is a lack of information regarding changes in liver function indicators for such patients. This is unfortunate, as CMV reactivation can further exacerbate liver failure and increase mortality. In this report, we present a case of hemorrhagic varicella reactivation with cytomegalovirus and provide some relevant discussions.Case presentationWe present the case of a 25-year-old male with HV, who had a history of nephrotic syndrome generally controlled with orally administered prednisone at a dosage of 50 mg per day for two months. The patient arrived at the emergency room with complaints of abdominal pain and the presence of hemorrhagic vesicles on his body for the past 3 days. Despite medical evaluation, a clear diagnosis was not immediately determined. Upon admission, the leukocyte count was recorded as 20.96 × 109/L on the first day, leading to the initiation of broad-spectrum antibiotic treatment. Despite the general interpretation that a positive IgG and a negative IgM indicate a previous infection, the patient’s extraordinarily elevated IgG levels, coupled with a markedly increased CMV DNA quantification, prompted us to suspect a reactivation of the CMV virus. In light of these findings, we opted for the intravenous administration of ganciclovir as part of the treatment strategy. Unfortunately,,the patient succumbed to rapidly worsening symptoms and passed away. Within one week of the patient’s demise, chickenpox gradually developed in the medical staff who had been in contact with him. In such instances, we speculate that the patient’s diagnosis should be classified as a rare case of hemorrhagic varicella.ConclusionSwift identification and timely administration of suitable treatment for adult HV are imperative to enhance prognosis.

ANALISIS PENAFSIRAN QS. AL-ANKABUT [29]: 8

This study aims to compare the tahlili and ijmali interpretation methods of the Qur'anic verse Surah al-Ankabut verse 8. The tahlili interpretation method emphasizes in-depth analysis of each word and sentence, while the ijmali interpretation method tends to provide a more general interpretation. The analysis of this interpretation approach is done by detailing the meaning and context of QS. al-Ankabut[29]: 8 using the tahlili interpretation method, then comparing it with the ijmali interpretation method to get a broader perspective. The results show that the tahlili interpretation method can reveal the deeper nuances of the meaning of the verse, while the ijmali interpretation method provides a broader and more general picture. This finding contributes to the development of understanding of interpretive methods, as well as providing new insights related to the interpretation of QS. al-Ankabut[29]: 8 from the perspective of tahlili and ijmali interpretations. This study is expected to provide benefits in the context of developing the science of interpretation of the Qur'an and supporting a better understanding of the verses of the Qur'an holistically.

General Clauses and Interpretation

General Clauses and Interpretation

환경침해에 대한 유지청구의 인정 근거로서 민법 제217조에 대한 고찰

As society develops and becomes more complex, damage caused by environmental infringement activities such as soil pollution and waste pollution is increasing. Environmental issues are considered an important key to determining our future. In the case of damage caused by environmental infringement, the first and foremost remedy is to claim compensation for damages afterwards. However, once damage caused by environmental infringement occurs, it is difficult to recover to its original state, and even if it is recovered, it is bound to take a lot of time and money. For this reason, proactive prevention is more important than follow-up relief in environmental infringement problems. Generally, an “injunction” is presented as a preventive remedy against environmental infringement. An injunction is the right to demand a certain action or inaction from the perpetrator when damage is occurring or is likely to occur due to environmental infringement. However, since it entails the prohibition of certain acts, it can excessively restrict the property rights of the perpetrator. Therefore, a clear legal basis is necessary to recognize an injunction. There are various conflicting views on the legal basis for recognizing an injunction, including the perspective that it is based on right to claim real rights, the perspective that it is based on environmental rights, and the perspective that it is based on personal rights. Supreme Court considers right to claim real rights as the basis for an injunction. The prevailing view also considers right to claim real rights as the basis for an injunction. It is a general interpretation of civil law that Article 217 of the Civil Code cannot serve as the basis for an injunction against environmental infringement, given that it is a regulation established with reference to Article 906 of the German Civil Code and pertains to neighborly relations. Article 217 of the Civil Code imposes an active duty on landowners to prevent infringing activities. Therefore, the interpretation of Article 906 of the German Civil Code, which is structured to limit the scope of the victim’s right to demand the removal of interference, should not be directly applied. Article 217 of the Civil Code provides a limited description of types of environmental infringement and imposes a duty on landowners to prevent infringing activities. Therefore, this paper aims to examine Article 217 of the Civil Code from a new perspective, departing from the traditional interpretation.

Shape meets Euclid: Integrating shape computation with ruler and compass procedures

The recent success of a class of mechanical applications of shape rules in CAD shape grammar interpreters has produced a renewed interest in the design and support of shape embedding and shape rewrite technologies. Despite this, some fundamental constructions in rule-based modeling, namely, any of Euclid's straightedge and compass constructions, appear awkward to simulate within the fuse-embed cycle of a shape grammar interpreter. It is suggested here that this problem of modeling Euclid's straightedge and compass constructions can be efficiently addressed with the introduction of a new schema rule leveraging symbolic representations of shape. Two applications based on the usage of three instances of this schema rule are given to show the simulation of straightedge and compass constructions in a general purpose 2D CAD shape grammar interpreter, the Shape Machine for Rhino. A reflection upon the usage of rule schemas in shape grammar interpreters is given in the end.

Analysis of the Network, Staffing, and Activity of the Healthcare System and Cardiology Service of Kyiv Oblast

Providing high-quality cardiac care for the population is impossible without a thorough analysis of the number of healthcare facilities that can provide such services, the distribution of cardiologists and cardiovascular surgeons per appropriate number of the population, and proper monitoring of specialized examinations required for patients seeking such care. The aim. Getting inside the scope of the network, staffing, and activities of the healthcare system and cardiology service of Kyiv oblast. Materials and methods. Data on mortality, morbidity of the population, the structure of healthcare institutions, and the performance of the network of healthcare facilities of Kyiv oblast were the material of the study. The general scientific approach, i.e. synthesis, generalization, interpretation, system analysis, and medical statistics, was used to attain the aim. Results. The absence of cardiologists was noted in some territorial units of Kyiv oblast, either entirely or at certain time intervals. At the same time, the supply of cardiovascular surgeons was also inadequate. The dynamics of the number of beds in the region showed negative trends from 2018 to 2021. The increase in the workload of cardiac surgeons had a steady upward trend during 2018-2021, along with a peak number of operations and a statisticallysignificant correlation with an increase in patient mortality. The number of specialized cardiology examinations carried out for the population in the region is also insufficient. Conclusions. The network, staffing and activities of the cardiology service of Kyiv oblast do not meet the needs of the population and require a systematic approach to provide reforms at the level of the regional leadership to solve the issue of optimizing cardiac care for the population, taking into account the formation of local communities.

Revealing the hidden structure of disordered materials by parameterizing their local structural manifold

Durable interest in developing a framework for the detailed structure of glassy materials has produced numerous structural descriptors that trade off between general applicability and interpretability. However, none approach the combination of simplicity and wide-ranging predictive power of the lattice-grain-defect framework for crystalline materials. Working from the hypothesis that the local atomic environments of a glassy material are constrained by enthalpy minimization to a low-dimensional manifold in atomic coordinate space, we develop a generalized distance function, the Gaussian Integral Inner Product (GIIP) distance, in connection with agglomerative clustering and diffusion maps, to parameterize that manifold. Applying this approach to a two-dimensional model crystal and a three-dimensional binary model metallic glass results in parameters interpretable as coordination number, composition, volumetric strain, and local symmetry. In particular, we show that a more slowly quenched glass has a higher degree of local tetrahedral symmetry at the expense of cyclic symmetry. While these descriptors require post-hoc interpretation, they minimize bias rooted in crystalline materials science and illuminate a range of structural trends that might otherwise be missed.

The Philosophy of Goroh Nguripi Sengkuni in a Javanese View

Sengkuni's goroh nguripi philosophy stretched throughout his life from birth to death. This article will try to: 1. describe Sengkuni's goroh nguripi philosophy which stretched throughout his life from birth to death, 2. describe Sengkuni's goroh nguripi philosophy which stretches throughout his life from birth to death from the Javanese perspective. This type of research is qualitative-interpretive, the object is the story of Sengkuni's life journey from birth to death. To obtain Sengkuni's goroh nguripi philosophy which stretches across his life from birth to death, it is carried out by means of general interpretation which is based on: consistent, coherent, systematic and tested for its truth.The result: 1. Sengkuni's goroh nguripi philosophy, which stretched throughout his life from birth to death, was a deceptive behavior that brought prosperity, but there was a party that was harmed, namely the Pandavas. 2. Sengkuni's goroh nguripi philosophy, which stretches throughout his life from birth to death, in the Javanese view, is bad, aka not good (deadly lie).

Reliable Estimation of Causal Effects Using Predictive Models

In recent years, machine learning algorithms have been widely adopted across many fields due to their efficiency and versatility. However, the complexity of predictive models has led to a lack of interpretability in automatic decision-making. Recent works have improved general interpretability by estimating the contributions of input features to the predictions of a pre-trained model. Drawing on these improvements, practitioners seek to gain causal insights into the underlying data-generating mechanisms. To this end, works have attempted to integrate causal knowledge into interpretability, as non-causal techniques can lead to paradoxical explanations. In this paper, we argue that each question about a causal effect requires its own reasoning and that relying on an initial predictive model trained on an arbitrary set of variables may result in quantification problems when estimating all possible effects. As an alternative, we advocate for a query-driven methodology that addresses each causal question separately. Assuming that the causal structure relating the variables is known, we propose to employ the tools of causal inference to quantify a particular effect as a formula involving observable probabilities. We then derive conditions on the selection of variables to train a predictive model that is tailored for the causal question of interest. Finally, we identify suitable eXplainable AI (XAI) techniques to estimate causal effects from the model predictions. Furthermore, we introduce a novel method for estimating direct effects through intervention on causal mechanisms.

Robust implementation of Physical Regime Sensitivity and demonstration on Richtmyer–Meshkov Instability experiments

We present a robust analytic implementation of Physical Regime Sensitivity (PRS), which quantifies sensitivity of an experiment or application to regimes of a material model’s independent variables rather than to model parameters. The new PRS implementation is tested on impact-driven Richtmyer–Meshkov Instability (RMI) strength experiments on tantalum. Sequential PRS hydrocode simulations perturbed strength in local regimes of independent variables like strain rate to quantify the resulting effects on experimentally measured maximum spike velocities in the instabilities. The numeric behavior of the sensitivity calculation is investigated regarding mesh convergence and the parameters controlling the strength perturbation. The sensitivities generally converge with mesh size at least as quickly as the underlying RMI simulations. A wide range of perturbation amplitudes produced similar normalized sensitivities, indicating the perturbation is not changing physical behavior in the simulation. Adjusting the range (width) over which the strength is perturbed allows for resolving fine sensitivity features covering narrow regimes of independent variables or more broad regimes for general interpretation. For interpreting RMI, PRS shows that the maximum spike velocity of the instability is most sensitive to a narrow regime of strain rates near 107/s, which occurs inside the spike as strength effects arrest the instability. The PRS analyses revealed that a modification to the experimental metric used to assess strength would better isolate the strength effects in the regimes of most interest. Using the new metric to generate pressure PRS curves revealed that sensitivities to strength at near-zero pressure were 3.5 times greater than at the high-pressure shock state, supporting the practice of using RMI to isolate strain rate effects when combined with high-pressure experiments. It is also shown that a simple, calibrated constant strength model can reproduce PRS sensitivities of a complex, multivariate Preston–Tonks–Wallace strength model quite well, which supports the robustness of PRS and its utility for experimental design and interpretation prior to the availability of a sophisticated material strength model.

Quantum statistical mechanics from a Bohmian perspective

We develop a general formulation of quantum statistical mechanics in terms of probability currents that satisfy continuity equations in the multi-particle position space, for closed and open systems with a fixed number of particles. The continuity equation for any closed or open system suggests a natural Bohmian interpretation in terms of microscopic particle trajectories, that make the same measurable predictions as standard quantum theory. The microscopic trajectories are not directly observable, but provide a general, simple and intuitive microscopic interpretation of macroscopic phenomena in quantum statistical mechanics. In particular, we discuss how various notions of entropy, proper and improper mixtures, and thermodynamics are understood from the Bohmian perspective.

Local contribution to the somatosensory evoked potentials in rat's thalamus.

Local Field Potential (LFP), despite its name, often reflects remote activity. Depending on the orientation and synchrony of their sources, both oscillations and more complex waves may passively spread in brain tissue over long distances and be falsely interpreted as local activity at such distant recording sites. Here we show that the whisker-evoked potentials in the thalamic nuclei are of local origin up to around 6 ms post stimulus, but the later (7-15 ms) wave is overshadowed by a negative component reaching from cortex. This component can be analytically removed and local thalamic LFP can be recovered reliably using Current Source Density analysis. We used model-based kernel CSD (kCSD) method which allowed us to study the contribution of local and distant currents to LFP from rat thalamic nuclei and barrel cortex recorded with multiple, non-linear and non-regular multichannel probes. Importantly, we verified that concurrent recordings from the cortex are not essential for reliable thalamic CSD estimation. The proposed framework can be used to analyze LFP from other brain areas and has consequences for general LFP interpretation and analysis.

Rare earth elements in rice samples in Australian market from different origins

Rare earth elements, also known as lanthanides, are comprised of seventeen elements including lanthanum (La) to lutetium (Lu) in the periodic table(1). Despite their increased utilisation, little attention is given to them as emerging environmental contaminants and their associated health risks. The concentration of these elements in urban and agronomic soil is critical and may trigger bioaccumulation in plants and may enter the food chain. Also, the consumption of fertilizers in agricultural practices on a larger scale is a significant challenge. The REEs enriched fertilizers are a risk factor for contamination in soil and food(2). However, there is very limited data in the literature regarding the occurrence of these elements in a staple food such as rice. Thus, this study is aimed at quantification of REEs in 64 rice samples imported from different countries (Australia, India, Italy, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Thailand, and Vietnam, including polished, brown, and parboiled) and sourced locally and consumed by the Australian population by using Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS). The average concentration of REEs in Australian, Thailand and Vietnamese rice samples were quantified at 0.013- 2.974 µg/kg, 0.012-3.113 µg/kg, 0.009-0.919 µg/kg, respectively and were lower than other countries. The highest average concentrations of REEs were found in Pakistan (0.299-128.2 µg/kg), India (0.063-20.574 µg/kg), and Sri Lankan (0.022-11.522 µg/kg) rice samples imported to Australia. Scandium (Sc) and yttrium (Y) were found in the range of 107.463- 85.961 µg/kg. The pattern of light REEs (LREE) was more abundant than heavy REEs (HREE). This study did not include field experiments to find the translocation factors of REEs from soil to different parts of plant bodies, thus cannot establish the correlation between fertilizers and REEs concentration in rice grains. However, this study presented the general interpretation of REEs quantification in rice grains from different countries. The outcome of this study includes filling the subsequent knowledge gaps in analysing REEs in rice. This study also indicated the need to establish regulatory policies and monitoring programs for this type of staple cereals, aiming at promoting public health.

Marginal effects for non-linear prediction functions

Beta coefficients for linear regression models represent the ideal form of an interpretable feature effect. However, for non-linear models such as generalized linear models, the estimated coefficients cannot be interpreted as a direct feature effect on the predicted outcome. Hence, marginal effects are typically used as approximations for feature effects, either as derivatives of the prediction function or forward differences in prediction due to changes in feature values. While marginal effects are commonly used in many scientific fields, they have not yet been adopted as a general model-agnostic interpretation method for machine learning models. This may stem from the ambiguity surrounding marginal effects and their inability to deal with the non-linearities found in black box models. We introduce a unified definition of forward marginal effects (FMEs) that includes univariate and multivariate, as well as continuous, categorical, and mixed-type features. To account for the non-linearity of prediction functions, we introduce a non-linearity measure for FMEs. Furthermore, we argue against summarizing feature effects of a non-linear prediction function in a single metric such as the average marginal effect. Instead, we propose to average homogeneous FMEs within population subgroups, which serve as conditional feature effect estimates.

Potential types of bias when estimating causal effects in environmental research and how to interpret them

To inform environmental policy and practice, researchers estimate effects of interventions/exposures by conducting primary research (e.g., impact evaluations) or secondary research (e.g., evidence reviews). If these estimates are derived from poorly conducted/reported research, then they could misinform policy and practice by providing biased estimates. Many types of bias have been described, especially in health and medical sciences. We aimed to map all types of bias from the literature that are relevant to estimating causal effects in the environmental sector. All the types of bias were initially identified by using the Catalogue of Bias (catalogofbias.org) and reviewing key publications (n = 11) that previously collated and described biases. We identified 121 (out of 206) types of bias that were relevant to estimating causal effects in the environmental sector. We provide a general interpretation of every relevant type of bias covered by seven risk-of-bias domains for primary research: risk of confounding biases; risk of post-intervention/exposure selection biases; risk of misclassified/mismeasured comparison biases; risk of performance biases; risk of detection biases; risk of outcome reporting biases; risk of outcome assessment biases, and four domains for secondary research: risk of searching biases; risk of screening biases; risk of study appraisal and data coding/extraction biases; risk of data synthesis biases. Our collation should help scientists and decision makers in the environmental sector be better aware of the nature of bias in estimation of causal effects. Future research is needed to formalise the definitions of the collated types of bias such as through decomposition using mathematical formulae.