General Health Questionnaire Research Articles

Violence, mental health and nutritional status in pregnant women: the Araraquara Cohort Study.

To investigate the relationship between violence and the nutritional status of pregnant women, and whether mental health could be a mediator in this relationship. Cross-sectional study. Violence and mental health status were investigated using the following questionnaires: World Health Organization Violence Against Women (WHO-VAW), Abuse Assessment Screen (AAS), Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9), and General Health Questionnaire (GHQ). Demographic, socioeconomic, obstetric, and lifestyle factors (smoking/alcohol consumption) were also investigated. The nutritional status of the women was assessed by the body mass index. Data were collected from February 2021 to August 2022 in Araraquara city, Brazil. Four hundred pregnant women recruited at 34 health units and the municipal maternity hospital. Experience of violence was reported by 52.2% of the women and psychological violence in the last 12 months was the most prevalent type of domestic violence (19.5%). Approximately 43% of the women showed mental health changes and 59.7% had a risk of major depression. Women with mental health changes had an increased risk (OR=2.34) of obesity. Psychological violence in the last 12 months was associated with obesity (p=0.01) when mediated by mental health changes. The mediation effect was significant (β=0.708; 95%BCa CI=0.004-1.460), with mental health changes mediating 46.1% of the relationship between psychological violence and obesity. The relationship between psychological violence and obesity during pregnancy was mediated by changes in mental health. This original study shows that nutritional status is not limited to biological factors and highlights the importance of social, mental, and psychological factors.

Social Media Use and Associations with Psychological Distress Among Older Adults During the COVID-19 Pandemic

Social media may have the double potential to support and undermine mental health, and research is needed to investigate these relationships in age-specified populations. The purpose of this study was to investigate associations between the use of social media and psychological distress among older adults (60 years and above) both nine and 19 months after the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic. An online repeated cross-sectional survey was conducted in Australia, Norway, the United Kingdom, and the United States. Participants (9 months: n = 679; 19 months: n = 238) reported the extent of social media use, motives for using social media, and level of psychological distress using the 12-item version of the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12). The data were analysed with descriptive analyses, independent t-tests and multiple linear regression analyses. Time spent on social media was not associated with psychological distress. Higher psychological distress was associated with higher scores on using social media to ‘reduce loneliness’ at both measurement points. At nine months, higher psychological distress was associated with higher scores on using social media for ‘entertainment’, but the association was not statistically significant at 19 months. Psychological distress was associated with the motive to ‘maintain relationships’ at 19 months, but not at nine months. Guidance for older adults’ use of social media should emphasise how they can be used to promote communication and maintain existing relationships.

The association between locus of control and general mental health in patients with lumbar spinal cord injury: A cross-sectional study

Background Spinal cord injuries (SCIs) are major sources of socioeconomic burdens and are still rising globally. SCIs also cause several personal sufferings in both physical and psychological aspects. Individuals’ reactions following a traumatic incident can vary based on the severity and nature of the damage, as well as their psychological dispositions. Locus of control (an individual’s belief in his/her ability to control the outcome of events surrounding them) is an important factor in determining individuals’ quality of life (QoL) in the aftermath of an incident. Methods We conducted a cross-sectional study to investigate the association between locus of control and general health in patients with lumbar SCI. This study was carried out on 108 patients with lumbar SCI using the Rotter's Locus of Control Scale and the General Health questionnaires, as well as demographic data. Results Patients with an internal locus of control had a significantly better general health score than those with an external locus of control (32 vs. 38.5; P < 0.0001). There was a moderate positive correlation between general health and locus of control score (R = 0.575; P < 0.0001). Also, employed patients had a significantly more internal locus of control score compared to unemployed patients (7 vs. 8; P = 0.004). Conclusion Scores of locus of control and general health are significantly correlated, and internal locus of control could lead to better general mental health in patients with lumbar SCI. Although there is a need for more studies with better study designs to approve of this association, the results of this study emphasize the importance of interventions targeting locus of control, improving socio-economic conditions, and rehabilitation measures in improving the general health of these patients.

Psychosocial and Demographic Factors Impacting the Mental Workload of Nurses: A Proposed Structural Equation Model

Background: Physical and mental workload (MWL) are very important factors that affect patient safety and the quality of nursing services. Psychosocial risk factors in the workplace are among the most important factors that threaten nurses’ MWL. Objectives: The study was carried out to examine MWL and predict the psychosocial and demographic factors that affect the MWL of nurses, based on the structural equation model (SEM). Methods: This cross-sectional descriptive-analytical study was conducted in 2021. Participants were 234 nurses from a teaching hospital in Ilam, Iran. General Health Questionnaire-12 (GHQ-12), the NASA-TLX Questionnaire, Copenhagen Psychosocial Questionnaire (COPSOQ), and a demographic questionnaire were used. The overall relationship between the variables was analyzed using the SEM. LISREL 8.8 software was used in the study to estimate the model and test the fit of the model. Results: Based on the NASA-TLX Index, the overall MWL score was 70.09 ± 9.51. Examining the MWL subscales showed that the mean effort score (71.41 ± 8.93), frustration (71.38 ± 5.50), and physical demand (70.74 ± 7.00) were higher than other dimensions of MWL. In the presented SEM, there was a significant relationship between individual and psychosocial factors with the MWL, and these factors, in interaction with each other, could predict MWL by 28%. Among the psychosocial factors examined, factor1 (β = 0.88, P &lt; 0.01), (quality of leadership, social support from supervisors, recognition, justice, trust regarding management, predictability), and factor3 (β = 0.95, P &lt; 0.01) (meaning of work, commitment to the workplace, influence, and role clarity) were among the factors affecting MWL. Conclusions: The study results indicated the significance of psychosocial factors in nurses' MWL. Hence, controlling and managing effective psychosocial factors could help reduce MWL. Given that nurses are the main element of care in the treatment team, the results of the current study may have several implications for policymakers and nursing managers. Since nurses’ MWL was in the range of high workload, workload management programs can help reduce MWL. By considering the prediction of nurses' MWL by psychosocial factors, some strategies should be considered by managers, including improving the quality of leadership, social support from supervisors, and also improving influence and role clarity.

Incidence of mental disorders and its predictors among air force personnel exposed to counter-insurgency operations in a West African country: a 6-month follow-up study

BackgroundDespite robust reports in the literature concerning the effect of exposure to combat on mental health, there is a paucity of studies in the Nigerian Air Force (NAF) using a...

Cyberslacking and psychological distress in school-going adolescents and its impact on their mothers’ mental health

Abstract Background: Smartphone use has significantly increased among adolescents for nonacademic purposes. The study aimed to assess cyberslacking and psychological distress among male and female school-going adolescents and its effects on mothers’ mental health. Methods: This cross-sectional study involved 532 school-going adolescents and their mothers through purposive sampling. A sociodemographic data sheet, academic cyberslacking scale, K10 psychological distress scale, and general health questionnaire were used to collect data from adolescents and mothers. Results: The study showed that accessing online content and sharing are the most common online activities among participants, at 61.84% and 44.55%, respectively. The mean score of domains of cyberslacking, including sharing (P = 0.001), shopping (P = 0.001), real-time updating (P = 0.001), accessing online content (P = 0.001), and gaming (P = 0.001), were significantly higher among male adolescents than female. In contrast, psychological distress was slightly higher among female adolescents. Concerning mothers’ mental health, adolescents’ psychological distress was positively associated with mothers’ somatic symptoms (r = 0.117*, P = 0.007), anxiety (r = 0.183*, P = 0.005), and depression (r = 0.102*, P = 0.018). Shopping (r = 0.113*, P = 0.003) and updating content on social media (r = 0.185*, P = 0.005) also increased depression in mothers. Logistic regression exhibited that age (P = 0.011, odds ratio [OR]: 1.346), online gaming (P = 0.001, OR: 0.890), and shopping in adolescents (P = 0.001, OR: 0.946) predicted somatic symptoms, anxiety, and depression in mothers. Conclusion: Cyberslacking is associated with increased psychological distress and depression. Cyberslacking in adolescents correlated with depression, anxiety, and somatic symptoms in mother.

Associations of physical activity and sedentary time with psychological distress among Japan self-defense forces personnel dispatched overseas: a prospective cohort study

Abstract Objectives: Physical inactivity and sedentary time can worsen mental health; however, their relationship remains elusive, and related evidence among workers with overseas assignments is limited. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the relationship between changes in physical activity and sedentary time and explored the subsequent risk of psychological distress among Japan Self-Defense Forces personnel. Methods: This prospective study enrolled male Japan Self-Defense Forces personnel dispatched to the Republic of Djibouti from May 2018 to June 2019. Psychological distress data were collected before and after overseas deployment. Physical activity and sedentary time data were obtained using the Global Physical Activity Questionnaire. Psychological distress was assessed using the General Health Questionnaire 30. Mixed-effects modeling was performed to test associations between psychological distress and changes in sedentary time and physical activity. Results: The cohort comprised 334 male Japan Self-Defense Forces personnel. The prevalence of psychological distress after deployment was 12.6%. The interaction of sedentary time and physical activity time was significantly associated with a greater psychological distress risk. Psychological distress was greater when sedentary time showed a large increase than when sedentary time showed less change during deployment. A greater increase in work-related physical activity from before to during deployment was associated with decreased psychological distress. Conclusions: These findings suggest that a greater increase in sedentary time from before deployment to during deployment is associated with increased psychological distress after deployment. Healthcare professionals should recommend reducing sedentary time to improve mental health, especially after overseas deployments.

The effects of psychological flexibility and night shifts on mental health and well-being in nurses.

Examining mental health among nurses in the later stages of the COVID-19 pandemic could offer valuable information for addressing these symptoms in the long term. Therefore, the current study aimed to assess the mental health and well-being of Chinese nurses, as well as investigate the impact of psychological flexibility and night shifts on this relationship. In cross-sectional, hospital-based, multicenter study, 422 Chinese nurses were selected by multistage stratified cluster random sampling. The mental health status, psychological flexibility, and wellbeing were assessed via 12-item General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12), Chinese version of Personalized Psychological Flexibility Index, and Chinese version of the 5-item WHO Well-Being Index, respectively. To examine the proposed theoretical model, we conducted structural equation modeling using SPSS Amos 26 version. The age, gender, night shift, psychological flexibility, mental health, and well-being data were entered into the model. Pearson correlation and chi-square were used to explore the correlation between variables. The high night shifts, being young and low psychological flexibility significantly had a direct effect on worse mental health (night shifts: ES, 95% CI: 0.619, 0.328-0.725; age: ES, 95% CI: 0.542, 0.226-0.993; psychological flexibility: ES, 95% CI: 0.675, 0.369-1.466). The low psychological flexibility and worse mental health were able to directly effect on worse wellbeing (psychological flexibility: ES, 95% CI: 0.419, 0.757-1.519; mental health: ES, 95% CI: 0.719, 1.109-2.607). In addition, psychological flexibility through the mediation of mental health also had an indirect effect on wellbeing (ES, 95% CI: 0.269, 0.957-2.165). Being young, having more night shifts and having less psychological flexibility can be related to the deterioration of mental health and well-being in nurses. Therefore, it is recommended that nurses use the shift routine program with the least focus on the night shifts. Also, interventions to teach younger nurses how to face work stress and interventions to improve the psychological flexibility of all nurses are needed.

Within-person, longitudinal associations between neighborhood cohesion and adult mental health: A test of bidirectional relations.

There is theory and evidence supporting a relationship between neighborhood cohesion and mental health among adult people. However, most studies have used a cross-sectional design, and longitudinal studies have provided mixed support for this hypothesis. Moreover, while neighborhood cohesion is assumed to be a consistent predictor of mental health, the possibility of a reciprocal relation has been overlooked. The aim of the current study was to investigate the within-person reciprocal associations between neighborhood cohesion and adult mental health. This study used data from Understanding Society: the UK Household Longitudinal Study including waves 1, 3, 6, 9, and 12 (n = 81,895). A short version of Buckner's Neighborhood Cohesion Instrument was used, along with two well-established measures of mental health: the 12-item General Health Questionnaire and the mental component summary score of the 12-item Short-Form Health Survey. Hierarchical Bayesian continuous time dynamic modeling revealed significant reciprocal within-person cross-effects (i.e. deterministic effects) between neighborhood cohesion and adult mental health, a larger standardized effect of mental health on neighborhood cohesion than than vice versa. Moreover, peak standardized cross-lagged effects were found for a time interval of approximately 1 year. Finally, the combined stochastic and deterministic interpretation revealed effects of neighborhood cohesion on mental health that were opposite to what was expected, suggesting a faster dissipation of some initially correlated change. Although neighborhood cohesion has traditionally been conceptualized in terms of its contribution to mental health, there is greater support for the view that mental health precedes neighborhood cohesion rather than the reverse.

Factors Associated With Caregiver Burden in Family Caregivers of Older Adults: A Cross-Sectional Study.

This study aimed to assess caregiver burden and identify factors associated with caregiver burden among family caregivers of older adults. This cross-sectional study included 140 older adults and their family caregivers. The study was conducted between February and November 2020 at a hospital in İstanbul. Data were collected using the Zarit Burden Interview (ZBI), Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS), General Health Questionnaire-12 (GHQ-12), and Katz Activities of Daily Living Scale (Katz ADL). The mean age of the caregivers was 49.20 ± 10.75 years, and 72.9% were female. The mean ZBI score was 30.65 ± 9.31. Katz Activities of Daily Living Scale (β = -.579, p < .001), older adults' age (β = -.462, p < .001), caregiver's gender (β = .250, p < .001), MSPSS (β = -.195, p < .01), whether the caregiver had regular health check-ups (β = -.156, p < .05), and GHQ-12 (β = .147, p < .05) were found to be significant predictors of caregiver burden respectively. These variables explain 56.3% of the total variance for the caregiver burden (R2 = .563, p < .001). Being a female caregiver and experiencing poor mental health were associated with a higher caregiver burden. Regular health check-ups received by caregivers and good social support were associated with a lower caregiver burden. Older age and higher dependency of older adults were associated with a lower caregiver burden. Based on these findings, there is a need for interventions and social policies aimed at reducing caregiver burden among family caregivers of older adults.

Assessment of the Relationship between Mental Health and Academic Achievement among Students in Kazakhstan

Background This study aimed to assess the relationship between mental health and academic achievements among 576 students from Astana and Aktobe, Kazakhstan. To achieve this goal, the following objectives were pursued: to evaluate the level of mental health and motivation within the studied sample, and to determine the level of correlation between the indicators. Additionally, deeper insights were attained by assessing the correlation between the indicators within the context of the field of study, age, nationality, gender, pre-university education level, and academic performance. Methods The study involved 576 students from L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University, Astana, and K. Zhubanov Aktobe Regional University, Aktobe. They were randomly selected for measuring the correlation between the two variables. Achievement motivation was measured using the Herman Achievement Motivation Test. Mental health was assessed using the 12-item General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12). Potential predictors within the domains of the field of study, age, nationality, gender, pre-university education level, and academic performance were identified for the correlational analysis of the two indicators. Results The study revealed a significant negative correlation between students’ achievement motivation and their mental health (r = 0.0038, p &lt; 0.05). This implies that as the level of achievement motivation increases, the value of students’ mental health decreases. Analysis of the correlational relationship with sample characteristics identified substantial differences in motivation and mental health depending on specialization, age, gender, pre-university education level, and academic performance. The variables most strongly correlated were motivation and mental health with age (p = 0.004 and p = 0.001), as well as gender with mental health (p = 0.003) and academic performance with motivation (p = 0.009). Conclusions The results deepen the community’s understanding regarding the influencing factors and potential interactions with students’ mental health and motivation.

Fatigue, quality of life, and social support in Greek health staff: Public versus private kidney units

Healthcare professionals often experience fatigue and a diminished quality of life due to demanding hours and challenges in balancing work and personal life. Social support plays a critical role in influencing these factors. This study focused on nurses and healthcare workers in the artificial kidney unit, a specialized area requiring significant expertise to operate complex machinery for seriously ill patients. We assessed levels of fatigue, social support, and quality of life among 159 doctors and nurses in public and private facilities across Greece using the Fatigue Assessment Scale, Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support, and General Health Questionnaire-28. Participants reported moderate fatigue (mean = 2.63, standard deviation [SD] = 0.57 for doctors; mean = 2.42, SD = 0.49 for nurses) and moderate-to-high levels of social support (mean = 5.66, SD = 1.35). Factors negatively impacting quality of life, such as physical symptoms, anxiety, social dysfunction, and severe depression, yielded low scores. Notably, fatigue and quality of life differed significantly between public and private sectors (p &lt; 0.05), with public sector professionals reporting higher fatigue levels and lower quality of life. These findings highlight the need for healthcare authorities to address the unique challenges faced by staff in artificial kidney units, particularly in public hospitals, to improve working conditions and overall well-being.

The Relationship Between Mental Health and Coping Strategies in Primary Caregivers of ADHD Patients

Taking care of a child with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) has been linked to emotional problems. However, using effective coping strategies positively impact the mental health of caregivers for children with ADHD. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between ADHD caregivers’ coping strategies and their mental health. This cross-sectional study was conducted with 84 caregivers of ADHD children. The Coping Response Inventory and the General Health Questionnaire were completed by them. In the caregivers studied, emotion-focused coping’s score was positively correlated with somatic symptoms ( r = .45, p &lt; .001), anxiety and insomnia ( r = .52, p &lt; .001), social dysfunction ( r = .27, p &lt; .05), and depression ( r = .49, p &lt; .001). Similarly, physical inhibition or somatization of problem’s score was positively correlated with somatic symptoms ( r = .66, p &lt; .001), anxiety and insomnia ( r = .54, p &lt; .001), social dysfunction ( r = .32, p &lt; .01), and depression ( r = .36, p &lt; .001). Our findings indicate that ineffective coping strategies can potentially increase mental health problems in caregivers of children with ADHD.

El Cuestionario de Salud General de Goldberg (GHQ-28): Una revisión sistemática

In order to facilitate the understanding of tools that monitor general health, we developed a systematic review of the Goldberg General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-28) to determine the risk factors that explain the psychological problems that were identified in the general population. Previously, a bibliometric approach was carried out to identify research trends on the scientific literature of the GHQ-28. We use Web of Science and Scopus as information sources to retrieve scientific production on GHQ-28, from 2016 and 2021 in English and Spanish. We retrieved 45 studies obtained by search equations, including only 33 systematic review studies after applying the inclusion and exclusion criteria. A massive increase in post-covid-19 pandemic mental health problems was identified, being reported using the GHQ-28 instrument. Common risk factors are identified that inform mental health deterioration. The instrument is useful for the early identification of symptoms and the formulation of prevention and intervention programs in favor of the mental health of the human population.

Employment status of multiple sclerosis patients in Japan

Aims We conducted a questionnaire survey on Japanese MS patients to determine the relationship of fatigue, depression, and physical activity limitations with employment status. Materials and methods The study was conducted to assess the Patient Reported Outcome of MS patients treated with disease-modifying drug ≥6 months by recruiting MS patients from a web-based patient panel. Multiple regression analysis was performed by using items described in the Work Productivity and Activity Impairment Questionnaire-General Health Version 2.0 (WPAI-GH) and Fatigue Severity Scale (FSS), Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology (Self-Report) (QIDS-SR), and Patient Determined Disease Step (PDDS). Results Employment rates decreased after MS development and were more pronounced in the group with advanced physical disability with PDDS score ≥ 3. Health-related activity limitations were higher with advanced disability. In the analysis of the five subdomains of WPAI-GH by FSS score, the domains “due to health reasons,” “disability rates during work,” “overall work disability among the employed,” and “health-related limitations’ all increased with higher FSS scores.” In WPAI-GH by QIDS-SR, the work disability rate was higher in the depressed group than in the normal group, and health-related activity limitations increased with greater depression. Limitations This is a cross-sectional survey and data are based on PRO, hence are subjective and are collected based on patients’ overall responses. Some bias could be attributed to memory and literacy rates as this is an online survey. Conclusions The results suggested that the onset of MS prevented patients from working and forced them to resign from their jobs or give up full-time work. The rate of employment tended to be lower in the group with advanced limitations; suggesting that controlling the progression of limitations may lead to lower turnover, and the rate of health-related activity limitations was correlated with the degree of physical activity limitations, depression, and fatigue, respectively.

Mental health and sleep in the post-COVID-19 era among Thai undergraduate students

The purpose of this study was to examine mental health problems and sleep quality among undergraduate students in the post-COVID-19 era, as well as related factors. This cross-sectional study involved 627 undergraduate students from Chiang Mai University in northern Thailand between October and December 2022. Data were collected using a self-administered online questionnaire that included the General Health Questionnaire-12 (GHQ-12), the Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression Scale (CES-D), and the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). The study found that 57.9% of participants experienced mental health problems (95% CI: 54.0–61.8), 32.2% experienced depression (95% CI: 28.5–35.9), and 68.1% reported poor sleep quality (95% CI: 64.4–71.8). Multiple logistic regression analysis revealed that medical conditions, relationships with family members, relationships with friends or other people, having problems while studying at university, and self-perceived COVID-19 impact score were all associated with mental health problems and poor sleep quality (p < 0.05). Depression was associated with the field of study, relationships with family members, relationships with friends or other people, having problems while studying at university, and self-perceived COVID-19 impact score (p < 0.05). The findings highlight a significant occurrence of poor sleep and mental health issues, including depression, among undergraduate students in the post-COVID-19 era, underscoring the need for ongoing mental health monitoring and interventions to mitigate negative outcomes.

Mental Health Status of Patients Recovered from COVID-19 in Macau: A Cross-Sectional Survey.

Background/Objectives: The COVID-19 pandemic has led to a global health crisis, impacting physical, and mental well-being, particularly among those who have recovered from the illness. This study aimed to assess the mental health status of patients recovered from COVID-19 in Macau, focusing on the impact of sequelae of COVID-19, and identifying demographic factors associated with poor mental health. Methods: A cross-sectional online survey was conducted involving 494 adults who had recovered from COVID-19, with 426 participants included in the final analysis. Mental health was evaluated using the 12-item General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12), with scores ≥3 indicating poor mental health. Results: This study revealed a high prevalence of poor mental health, affecting 71.8% of the respondents. Binary logistic regression identified experiencing COVID-19 sequelae (OR = 5.727, 95% CI: 2.973-11.031), being in the age groups of 26-45 (OR = 4.227, 95% CI: 1.754-10.185), or 61, and above (OR = 18.072, 95% CI: 3.590-90.962), being male (OR = 0.501, 95% CI: 0.257-0.979), being married (OR = 5.714, 95% CI: 1.919-17.016), and dissatisfaction with family relationships (OR = 2.957, 95% CI: 1.228-7.119) as significant risk factors for poor mental health. Conclusions: This study underscores the critical need for targeted psychological support for patients recovered from COVID-19 in Macau, particularly for those with sequelae, and those in vulnerable demographic groups. The findings suggest that specific age groups and individuals with sequelae may face higher mental health risks, indicating the necessity for prioritized interventions.

War-related trauma and posttraumatic stress disorder in refugees, displaced, and nondisplaced people during armed conflict in Sudan: a cross-sectional study

BackgroundThe ongoing armed conflict in Sudan has caused mass displacement, affecting mental health. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and trauma among refugees, internally displaced, and nondisplaced people, while also examining the link between displacement type, PTSD severity, and associated factors.MethodsThis cross-sectional study used the Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist for DSM-5 to assess PTSD symptoms and the General Health Questionnaire-28 to evaluate depression. Data were collected from 642 participants, targeting general social media groups for those within Sudan and specific groups for refugees outside the country. Sociodemographic and trauma event data were also gathered. Data analysis was conducted using SPSS, applying one-way ANOVA and independent t-tests to compare PTSD and depression. Binary logistic regression identified associations between sociodemographic factors and PTSD symptoms.ResultsAmong the 642 participants, 46.3% were internally displaced people (IDP), 42.1% were refugees, and 11.7% were non-displaced individuals. Clinically significant PTSD symptoms were identified in 36.6% of the participants. Refugees had a significantly greater percentage of traumatic events (M = 4.31, SD = 2.605, p < .01). Depression symptoms were found to be strongly associated with clinically significant PTSD (p < .001). Factors significantly linked to depression symptoms included female gender (p = 0.015), being single (p = 0.048), younger age (p = 0.036), dissatisfaction with living conditions (p < 0.001), and unemployment (p = 0.021). Dissatisfaction with living conditions also significantly influenced the likelihood of developing PTSD (p < .001).ConclusionThe study found that 36.6% of participants experienced PTSD, with refugees having a 1.4 times greater risk of developing PTSD compared to IDP and non-displaced individuals. Traumatic events were moderately correlated with PTSD symptoms, though non-displaced individuals had higher exposure to such events. These findings highlight the need for targeted mental health interventions, particularly for refugees and those affected by traumatic events. Further research using probability sampling is necessary to confirm these results and inform more effective mental health policies and programs for displaced populations.

Flight Hours and Depression in Flight Attendants During the COVID-19 Pandemic

INTRODUCTION: Flight attendants are constantly exposed to high-stress environments that could lead to the development of depression. The COVID-19 pandemic brought out new risk factors that could affect flight attendants’ mental health, such as reduced flight hours and fear of the disease itself, which other studies have shown was associated with depression. We aimed to find out whether reduced flight hours, fear of COVID-19, and other factors were associated with depression in flight attendants during the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS: This cross-sectional study was conducted at the Directorate General Civil Aviation Medical Center Indonesia and Garuda Sentra Medika in 2022. We included flight attendants who were still employed before and after the start of the pandemic. Data were collected using several questionnaires, including the General Health Questionnaire-12 to screen for depression and Fear of COVID-19 for fear levels. RESULTS: We obtained data from 159 respondents, of whom 25.2% of them had depression. Multivariate analysis showed that the reduction of flight hours 1 yr after the start of the pandemic and fear of COVID-19 were found to significantly increase the likelihood of depression by 2.3 times and 3.9 times, respectively. DISCUSSION: During the pandemic, depression was found to be highly prevalent among flight attendants and was associated with the reduction of flight hours and fear of COVID-19. Sutrisno AB, Agustina A, Sosrosumihardjo D, Sugiharto A, Zulaecha SI, Khoe LC. Flight hours and depression in flight attendants during the COVID-19 pandemic. Aerosp Med Hum Perform. 2024; 95(11):826–830.

Effect of pre- and post-migration neighborhood environment on migrants’ mental health: the case of Shenzhen, China

ABSTRACT Existing mental health studies usually disregard people’s neighborhood experiences in the past, which may have long-lasting mental health effects. This may particularly be true for migrants. To assess how the perceived pre- and post-migration neighborhood environment shapes migrants’ mental health later on in life, a quasi-longitudinal survey (N = 591) among migrants was conducted in Shenzhen, China. The risk of poor mental health was screened with the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ). Perceptions of the pre- and post-migration neighborhood environment were measured retrospectively and assessed with structural equation models. The results show that the direct pathways linking the perceived post-migration neighborhood physical (NPE) and social environment (NSE) to migrants’ mental health are significant. No direct association is found between the pre-migration neighborhood environments and mental health. The indirect path between the pre-migration NPE/NSE and mental health is significantly mediated by the post-migration NPE and NSE. Migrants’ SES development and their neighborhood attainment interplay overtime which have long-term impacts on their mental health. Our findings suggest that the pre-migration neighborhood plays a crucial role in migrants’ mental health. This confirms a path dependency of migrants’ neighborhood environment throughout their migrations. Future mental health studies are advised to incorporate neighborhood characteristics along migrants’ residential histories.