General Frame Research Articles

Science diplomacy from a nation-state’s perspective: a general framing and its application to Global South countries

Abstract Based on International Relations (IRs) grounding theories, this article outlines a realist-constructivist perspective in science diplomacy when assessing a nation-state’s foreign policy decision-making and behaviour. The proposed theoretical framing helps us evaluate existing practices of science diplomacy within the larger context of IRs and allows us to better understand the increasing role of science diplomacy and its potency in the foreign policy of emerging and developing countries. The proposed exploratory research methodology outlines the contours of a science diplomacy reading grid breaking it down into the categories of objectives, strategic drivers, and tools. The data collection and semi-structured interviews with high-ranking practitioners and experts allowed us to assess the meaning of science diplomacy as understood and implemented by Global South countries and to distinguish science diplomacy practices as oriented towards the satisfaction of domestic needs and international positioning.

Diffractive Theory Study of Twisted Light’s Evolution during Phase-Only OAM Manipulations

Twisted light, or orbital angular momentum (OAM) carrying beams or photons, is a pillar of structured photonics, a booming subfield of modern optics. The generation and transformation of twisted light, which lie with coupling topological charges into target light’s wavefunctions, are usually performed by phase-only OAM manipulations. The practical twisted lights, however, obtained by this method are actually noneigen modes of free space, leading to an evolution through the diffractive propagation. Here, we present a general theoretical frame for accurately describing this evolution. Based on the theory, the whole diffractive propagation history in a typical OAM-manipulation loop, converting Gaussian light into a twisted one and then reconverting back, is demonstrated via a set of exact analytical solutions. These results provide a powerful tool for analyzing the transverse profiles of twisted light through the diffractive evolution, as a guideline for studying the science of structured light, which would provide guidelines for research studies in nonlinear optics and high-dimensional quantum information technology based on OAM-degree of freedom.

Aligning cultivated meat with conventional meat consumption practices increases expected tastefulness, naturalness, and familiarity

Cultivated meat could help alleviate ethical and environmental concerns in the current food system, but its success as a viable alternative to conventional meat depends partly on how consumers perceive it. We extend previous studies to determine how different frames used to communicate cultivated meat affect consumers’ attitudes and willingness to try, buy, and replace conventional meat with cultivated meat. A pre-registered study (1094 participants; UK) compared differences between a consumption frame that aligned the product with conventional consumption practices, a production frame that focused on how cultivated meat is produced, and a general alternative food frame that placed it in the backdrop of novel foods. We also tested whether perceived product traits such as naturalness, familiarity, and tastefulness mediated the differences between frames. We found that the consumption frame promoted more favorable attitudes and willingness toward cultivated meat than the production frame. These differences occurred because participants perceived cultivated meat as more natural, familiar, and tasty when presented with the consumption frame. We also found differences between frames (consumption, production, general alternative food) in all perceived product traits. The results corroborate the benefits for consumer appraisal of aligning cultivated meat with conventional consumption practices and the risks of referring only to how it is produced. Perceived taste had the strongest indirect effect across all outcome variables, but perceived naturalness and familiarity were also significant. Overall, the findings reinforce the importance of carefully framing and communicating about cultivated meat with prospective consumers, and considering the perceived naturalness, familiarity, and taste of the product.

Rethinking the Low-carbon Transformation of Resource-based Cities Under Net-zero Emission Targets: A Case-study Analysis of Four Resource-based Cities

Objective: Over 120 countries have set or are considering net-zero emissions or neutrality targets. Under the targets, it is necessary to rethink the low-carbon transformation path for resource-based cities, often regarded as incompetent to transition to net-zero directly. Therefore, this paper attempts to summarize the general frame for low-carbon transformation in resource-based cities. Methods: In this paper, we build a Solow growth model with carbon emission constraints to theoretically analyze the possible path of low-carbon transformation for cities. Then we analyze four typical cities in Japan, Germany, Britain, and America. Results: The results of theoretical analysis indicate that industrial structure, technological innovation, and clean energy are the key factors for resource-based cities to move towards zero carbon. In addition, the case analysis results show that the authorities of the four cities adopted policies of industry structure adjustment, energy consumption structure adjustment, and urban environment management to achieve the low-carbon transition. The results further validate the conclusions of the theoretical analysis. Conclusion: Finally, we propose a general framework for resource-based urban transformation. Additionally, we suggest that urban authorities adjust their layout of emerging industries to local conditions, increase investment in low-carbon technologies (especially clean energy), and actively take the lead in environmental governance.

Momentum dependent nucleon-nucleon contact interaction from a relativistic Lagrangian

A complete set of parity- and time-reversal conserving relativistic nucleon-nucleon contact operators is identified up to the order O(p4) of the expansion in soft momenta p. A basis is also provided for the corresponding non-relativistic operators contributing in the general reference frame. We show that the non-relativistic expansions of the relativistic operators involve twenty-six independent combinations, two starting at O(p0), seven at order O(p2) and seventeen at order O(p4). This gives supporting evidence to the existence of two free low-energy constants which parametrize an interaction depending on the total nucleon pair momentum P, and were recently found to be instrumental for the resolution of the long standing Ay problem in low-energy p−d scattering. Furthermore, all remaining P-dependent interactions at the same order are uniquely determined as relativistic corrections.

AGURF: An adaptive general unified representation frame for imbalanced interval-valued data

Interval-valued data (IVD) is a kind of data in which each feature is an interval, and embeds some uncertainty and variability information. Due to the inherent structural particularity of IVD, in addition to the skewed distribution classes, another imbalance for IVD is the biased range distribution on each interval-valued data. This internal imbalance depicts the internal distribution of IVD in detail, but is usually ignored in representation. This work proposes an adaptive general unified representation frame (AGURF), which may expand the representation frame of IVD. Based on the unified representation frame (URF) proposed in previous work, an adaptive general unified representation frame is constructed firstly. Then the offset-center is defined to re-measure the location of each interval-valued data more accurate. Meanwhile, a rule to set the adaptive factors for each class automatically, which serves as base factors to balance the relationship between offset-center and radius, is proposed. Finally, several general classifiers are also used to verify AGURF. The experiment results on synthetic and real-world datasets demonstrate that the proposed method can better represent imbalanced IVD, obtain good classification performance and reduce time cost simultaneously.

Beck-type companion identities for Franklin's identity

In 2017, Beck conjectured that the difference in the number of parts in all partitions of $n$ into odd parts and the number of parts in all strict partitions of $n$ is equal to the number of partitions of $n$ whose set of even parts has one element, and also to the number of partitions of $n$ with exactly one part repeated. Andrews proved the conjecture using generating functions. Beck's identity is a companion identity to Euler's identity. The theorem has been generalized (with a combinatorial proof) by Yang to a companion identity to Glaisher's identity. Franklin generalized Glaisher's identity, and in this article, we provide a Beck-type companion identity to Franklin's identity and prove it both analytically and combinatorially. Andrews' and Yang's respective theorems fit naturally into this very general frame. We also discuss how Franklin's identity and the companion Beck-type identities can be further generalized to Euler pairs of any order.

Digitalization and economic growth in the new classical and new structural economics perspectives

This paper introduces ‘data elements’ into a neoclassical general equilibrium model and the new structural general equilibrium model to study the choice of economic growth paths for developing countries. It derives and compares a general expression for the economic growth rate in equilibrium within the two analytical frameworks following the introduction of digital development comprising primarily the data elements. Additionally, the optimal economic growth path for developing countries before and after the introduction of data elements under both frameworks is identified with important policy implications regarding direct technological progress with respect to the two alternative general equilibrium frame works. This study finds that: (1) No matter what kind of general equilibrium corresponding economic growth path the developing countries choose, the economic growth rate after the introduction of data elements will always be higher than before. (2) Developing countries find the optimal path of economic growth by comparing the different results of economic growth rates under the two analytical frameworks. This paper aligns with a view that when developing countries choose the path of economic growth, they need to combine their own endowment conditions and choose a new structural economics analysis framework for decision-making.

The Influence of Spirituality and Religiosity in Palliative Care

Abstract In recent years there has been talk of “Palliative care”, an interdisciplinary approach of care, which focuses on supporting and relieving patients and their family environment in progressive and life-threatening illnesses. Its aim is to provide optimal comfort and quality of life, maintain hope and family cohesion despite the possibility of death and generally support patients and their families in the stages of pain, illness and mourning. The theological approach of palliative care, with the opening of new horizons of view of pain and illness and their management with the help of faith, are challenges for the age of human omnipotence. The factors “spirituality” and “religiosity” have begun in recent years to be taken into account in the multitude of biological, psychological and spiritual factors that affect the body’s psychosomatic response to illness and treatment. In the present study, we are trying to explore the influence of religious faith in the management of physical, psychological, and mental problems, that arise in the parents of children with cancer. The research was conducted on a sample of 133 families facing childhood cancer and the collected data were analyzed using open source software. Purpose of the study is to explore whether belief in God in the general frame of palliative care, can play a decisive role during the childhood illness, managing emotions such as anxiety and fear, and maintaining the parent’s psychological balance.

On the use of solar energy in Azerbaijan

The paper deals with the “solar energy”, one of the areas of green energy in detail. In the modern world, the solar energy is considered the most perspective source of alternative energy with a great potential. The solar technologies turn the sun rays into the power energy via the photovoltaic (PV) panels or the mirrors accumulating solar radiation. The solar panels are used to obtain the power from solar energy while solar collectors are used for the heat and hot water supply. Solar panels are the devices developed from the light-sensitive semiconductor materials and turning solar energy into the power through the photoelements consisting of several layers in a general frame. Moreover, the movement of power energy depends on how high the light intensity is. The solar energy is produced via the the solar panels as the direct current (DC), and subsequently, power transisters – inventors turning this energy into the alternating current (AC) are used to integrate it to the network. In addition, the author marks that Azerbaijan has high potential of solar energy, as well as the projects implemented in this sphere by the State. The stations in the balance of the “Azalternativeenergy” LTD under the State Renewable Energy Sources Agency – Wind Power Station under Gobustan Hybrid Power Station, Solar and Biogas Power Stations are operated conjointly. Surakhany, Pirallahy, Sahil, Samukh, Sumgayit Solar Power Stations are described in detail. At the same time, it is noted that solar generation devices with small power have been installed by “Azalternativeenergy” LTD in thirteen social facilities, through which power supply and seasonal heat supply in nineteen social facilities are carried out as well.

Full non-LTE spectral line formation

In this article we discuss a method for obtaining a numerical solution to the so-called full nonlocal thermodynamic equilibrium (non-LTE) radiation transfer problem. More specifically, the usual numerical iterative methods for non-LTE radiation transfer are coupled with that formalism and new numerical additions are explained in detail. We benchmarked the whole process with the standard non-LTE transfer problem for a two-level atom with Hummer’s RI − A partial frequency redistribution function. Finally, we present new quantities, such as the spatial distribution of the velocity distribution function of excited atoms, which can only be accessed by adopting a more general frame for non-LTE radiation transfer, such as the one we propose here.

COVID-19-Related Cases before the European Court of Human Rights: A Multiperspective Approach

This study overviews how the COVID-19 pandemic is framed in five cases before the European Court of Human Rights (the ECtHR). By reconstructing the heteroglossic system of genres at the ECtHR, the study contributes to the limited literature on the Court’s discursive practices and genres. The analysis looks into the framing of the COVID-19 pandemic as a human rights violation and identifies preferred interpretation schemata across the participation framework of the cases considered using critical discourse analysis and framing. The findings identify a scaffolding of dialogical frames, where most applicants advanced politicized frame systems built on the core denial of the existence or seriousness of COVID-19, framing the governments’ actions or omissions as civil and political human rights violations. The Governments built on the general healthcare crisis framing, and counterframed societal limitations as agency stemming from a “health and safety first” frame. The Court refuted most of the politicized framing choices and accepted most healthcare-related frames, operating under the “exceptional and unforeseen circumstances” frame.

An expedition to the islands of stability in the first-order causal hydrodynamics

The recently proposed connection between the Lorentz invariance of stability and the speed of signal propagation has been tested for a first-order relativistic dissipative hydrodynamic theory. The fact that the stability situation in different reference frames agrees with each other only as long as the signal propagation respects causality, has been explicitly established for the theory, which is microscopically derived from the covariant kinetic equation in general hydrodynamic frames with arbitrary momentum-dependent interactions.

Morphisms determined by objects under Galois G-covering theory

The theory of morphisms being determined by objects was originally investigated by Auslander, and can be seen as the culmination part of Auslander-Reiten theory. This theory provides a more general frame for working with the Auslander-Reiten theory. In this paper, we will study the behavior of morphisms determined by objects under G-coverings in the sense of Asashiba, which is a generalization of Gabriel's Galois coverings. As an application, we reformulate Bautista and Liu's framework that normal G-coverings preserve sink maps and source maps. We also show that there is a G-covering between two relative stable categories, which unifies Asashiba, Hafezi, Vahed and Mahdavi's work on the stable categories. This is applied to the discussion on the existence of Serre functors by G-coverings of triangulated categories.

Considerations regarding the Legal Aspects and Social Policy Issues related to Migration Phenomenon in the EU: The Case of Romania

In this paper, we aim to analyze some of the most recent measures taken at the level of the European Union for the protection of migrants. More specifically, we intend to reveal and analyze the new EU legal provisions regarding the conditions for obtaining the Blue Card and how these provisions were integrated into Romanian legislation. In order to achieve this goal, we first describe and analyze the general legal frame and the content of the prior provisions on this matter. We also examine if, during these reforms regarding the Blue Card, the process of integration is actually facilitated and how the national provisions of the Member States influence the obtaining of the mentioned document, which represents a legal form to get the right to live and work on a territory with all the rightful benefits. To provide material and moral support for the refugees, legal measures are constantly being taken at the Union level. In conclusion, we consider that even though the EU authorities are constantly trying to adjust the migrant labor legislation in order for it to be more permissive and efficient, the Union is still far from being inclusive enough. On the other hand, Romanian legislation also continuously adapts to new provisions, but the situation differs from those of other EU countries.

Multidisciplinary management of a quickly growing pediatric atypical Spitz nevus, mimicking melanoma, during the COVID-19 pandemic

Spitzoid melanoma is very rare tumour in the pediatric population, with clinical and non-uniform behaviour, different from adult melanoma [ 1 ]. It can be difficult to differentiate an atypical Spitz nevus from a Spitzoid melanoma, resulting in diagnostic problems. In addition, in our clinical case, the COVID-19pandemiccaused significant delays both in the diagnosis and in the surgical treatment of our patient. We present the clinical case of a 4-year-old child suffering from a localized polypoid cutaneous neoformation on the dorsum of the left hand, which started immediately before the lockdown and steadily increased during the COVID-19 pandemic. After a general clinical framing, the child underwent an excisional biopsy at our Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, at the Policlinico of Foggia. Subsequently, two independent anatomic pathology groups examined the specimen. Definitive diagnosis was made only after careful genetic analysis in combination with supporting histological and immunohistochemical examinations. This clinical case shows how during the pandemic we have been facing advanced forms of tumours, compared to the previous period and highlight show an interdisciplinary and multicenter collaboration allowed a quick diagnosis of certainty, demonstrating the utility of molecular pathology as a fundamental aid in clinical/surgical practice.

Framing of poverty in TV reporting in Serbia

The paper analyzes how poverty is presented in the television discourse in Serbia. The theoretical-methodological framework of research relies on quantitative-qualitative content analysis and the concept of media framing in which the usage of patterns of selection, emphasis and exclusion result in the interpretation and assessment of certain events. The sample for analysis consisted of 35 central news programs broadcasted on five television stations on seven cyclically selected days in the period from 10 th October to 27 th October 2021. The goal of the research was to determine the dominant frames of the representation of poverty and to examine whether and to what extent used frames differ in comparison to the previous research. The results show that television framing of poverty is consistent with the general pattern of problematic media polarization in Serbia. Two frames are dominantly represented: general economic poverty and propaganda-populist frame. In the case of the first one, poverty is presented as a background theme in analytic reports on the political and macroeconomic issues. It is reduced to an impersonal approach that does not have the strength to indicate the seriousness of the multidimensional problem of poverty. The second frame is characterized by a blurred picture of poverty. It is distributed through reports on the promotional activities of the president ? the opening of factories and road infrastructure and explains the increasingly pronounced mutual connection between the ruling elite and journalists in the use of demagoga and propaganda matrices in conveying and setting frames as generally acceptable.

Ethical Dilemmas Behind The Unsmoothed Framework Of The National Public Oversight Bodies

The aim of Public Oversight Bodies (POBs) is to improve firms’ audit quality through inspections of audit engagements. Nonetheless, the effectiveness of specific actions of POBs is yet to be documented in the literature. By using a hand-collected data on the framework of POB inspection framework from all the European countries, we are able to provide novel evidence that a smoothed framework of POB inspection can influence the appearance of ethical dilemmas in auditing. Specifically, after analyzing the general frame of the European POBs, we find that the setting of national POBs differs in time and the unsmoothed frame of POB inspections varies from country to country even if there are some recommendations developed by the European Directive 2014/56/EU and the Regulation 537/2014. Overall, this research documents that the uniform disclosure of annual reports is relevant for auditors and the effect of national POB inspections augments the audit quality.

Эмоции и религия: перспективы теоретического исследования

The article deals with approaches to the theoretical study of emotions associated with religious experience. The purpose of the article is to analyze the prospects for the theoretical study of “religious emotions” in the “emotional turn” of contemporary humanities and social sciences. To determine the general frame of emotional-religious discourse, the phenomenological and anthropological research perspectives in the considered disciplinary field are investigated, as well as the confrontation of the universalist and constructivist approaches to the emotional nature of human in contemporary studies of emotions. Religious-emotional discourse is concretized by the example of explaining fear and using it within the framework of theories of the origin of religion. Religious fear is considered in the context of the phenomenological definition of religious feeling as the inexpressible “feeling of creature”, “numinous feeling”, “sublime feeling”. In conclusion, the author focuses on the dichotomy of “internal” and “external” for understanding religious experience as a subjective religious experience and its external expression through ritual, bodily and other practices, as well as on the use of modern evolutionary concepts to relieve tension between the universalist and constructivist views on the origin and development of human emotions.

Роман Натаниэля Готорна «The Scarlet Letter» в творческом сознании И. С. Тургенева: от чтения к интерпретации

The paper addresses the problem of Ivan Turgenev’s perception of the literary work of Nathaniel Hawthorne. For the Russian writer, the turn of the 1840s and the 1850s was a time of crisis of artistic manner. During a period of intense creative reflection, the writer came across Hawthorne’s novel “The Scarlet Letter” with its blend of romantic and realistic traits of the characters. It was the London edition (1852), its pages still bearing nail and pencil marks revealing a sensitive perception and understanding of the romantic world of puritan Boston and the ways of its artistic recreation. The Russian writer discovers the image of Esther and the pictures of nature intended to reveal her character. In addition, Turgenev acquires the author’s complex allegory embracing the images of Pearl and the letter “A.” The marks on the pages of The Scarlet Letter trace a creative perception of the novel manifested when Turgenev worked on “Rudin” (1856). The pages of Turgenev’s first novel provide a picture of Russian reality, with important questions about the social and spiritual life of society being addressed. This prioritization reflects the impact of “The Scarlet Letter”. “Rudin” echoes Hawthorne’s novel, both in the general framing of the moral and philosophical issues and the specificity of the main characters.