General Educational Development Research Articles

인성교육으로의 교양교육과 성격 계발 : 존 스튜어트 밀의 성격 이론을 중심으로

인성교육으로의 교양교육과 성격 계발 : 존 스튜어트 밀의 성격 이론을 중심으로

Tobacco Product Use and Cessation Indicators Among Adults - United States, 2018.

Cigarette smoking is the leading cause of preventable disease and death in the United States (1). The prevalence of adult cigarette smoking has declined in recent years to 14.0% in 2017 (2). However, an array of new tobacco products, including e-cigarettes, has entered the U.S. market (3). To assess recent national estimates of tobacco product use among U.S. adults aged ≥18 years, CDC, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), and the National Cancer Institute analyzed data from the 2018 National Health Interview Survey (NHIS). In 2018, an estimated 49.1 million U.S. adults (19.7%) reported currently using any tobacco product, including cigarettes (13.7%), cigars (3.9%), e-cigarettes (3.2%), smokeless tobacco (2.4%), and pipes* (1.0%). Most tobacco product users (83.8%) reported using combustible products (cigarettes, cigars, or pipes), and 18.8% reported using two or more tobacco products. The prevalence of any current tobacco product use was higher in males; adults aged ≤65 years; non-Hispanic American Indian/Alaska Natives; those with a General Educational Development certificate (GED); those with an annual household income <$35,000; lesbian, gay, or bisexual adults; uninsured adults; those with a disability or limitation; and those with serious psychological distress. The prevalence of e-cigarette and smokeless tobacco use increased during 2017-2018. During 2009-2018, there were significant increases in all three cigarette cessation indicators (quit attempts, recent cessation, and quit ratio). Implementing comprehensive population-based interventions in coordination with regulation of the manufacturing, marketing, and distribution of all tobacco products can reduce tobacco-related disease and death in the United States (1,4).

Do In-Prison Correctional Programs Affect Postrelease Employment and Earnings?

The objective of this research is to examine the effects of general educational development (GED) attainment in prison and therapeutic community participation on postrelease employment and earnings. The participants are all males released from prisons in Idaho during 2004. The dependent variables are employment and mean quarterly earnings up to 57 months after release. Propensity score matching analysis was used to enhance the equivalence of the comparison groups, with a small percentage of overly influential observations trimmed. Logistic regression was used to examine the effects of programming on employment. GED had no effect on employment. The effect of therapeutic community approached significance. The statistical analyses on earnings used generalized linear models based on the gamma distribution due to the highly skewed distribution of this variable. These analyses found that GED had no effect on earnings and that participation in a therapeutic community had a highly significant effect on mean quarterly earnings.

Exploration on the Reform Path of General Education in Applied Private Undergraduate Colleges

At present, China's higher education is moving forward from popularization to universalization, and the quality of higher education is attracting more and more attention. Under the guidance of the orientation of the cultivation of applied talents, private undergraduate universities should adhere to the fundamental task of establishing morality and cultivating human beings. While cultivating applied and skilled talents, they should conscientiously assume the function of cultivating talents and cultivating all-people. It is worth pondering to avoid turning into a factory where professionals are trained. The effective way to solve this problem is to carry out high-quality general education with reference to the experience of general education reform and development of American universities and domestic research universities, combined with the ideas of private undergraduate universities themselves and the orientation of talent training.

Education, perceived discrimination and risk for depression in a southern black cohort

Objectives: Assess whether education moderates associations between discrimination and depression risk within a southern Black/African American cohort in a labor market shifting from manufacturing and farming to education-intensive industries, such as health care and technology.Methods: Data are from the Pitt County (NC) Study (n = 1154) collected in 2001. Depression risk was assessed with the Center for Epidemiologic Study-Depression (CES-D) scale. Discrimination was measured using a subset from the Everyday Discrimination Scale. Education was categorized as completion of less than high school (HS), HS/GED (General Educational Development), or any college.Results: Completing any college mitigated the association between discrimination and CES-D among men (b = −1.33, 95% CI = −2.56, −0.09) but not women (b = −0.19, 95% CI = −1.36, 0.98).Conclusions: Education is protective for depression risk related to discrimination for men but not women. Recent macroeconomic changes placed a premium on higher levels of education in 2018, as in the 1990s. Because racial discrimination remains a stressor in the everyday lives of African Americans regardless of education level, the health benefits of higher education for working-aged African Americans in shifting labor markets warrants further investigation.

Aspects of Depression Among Socioeconomically Disadvantaged African American Young Adults.

The purpose of this phronetic/pragmatic, mixed-methods study was to integrate quantitative data with qualitative data in examining the complex relations among depression, exercise, screen-viewing time, and life plans among 14 socioeconomically disadvantaged African American young adults. Based on the thematic analysis, the two emerging themes were as follows: life priorities (passing the General Educational Development [GED] test, pursuing profession/career, and being dedicated to church/ministry) and challenges in passing GED examination (e.g., difficulties with the GED test, high stress and low confidence, low interest in studying, health issues, and feelings of rejection/isolation). Based on cross tabulation, depression was highly associated with aerobic exercise and screen-viewing time (Cramer's V = .44 and .42, respectively). Participants' life challenges diminished the antidepressant effect of exercise and were linked to depression and excessive screen use. Two active men and a somewhat active woman experienced educational or health-related struggles, heavy screen watching, and severe depression. All three active men experienced educational challenges and severe depression. Two inactive participants reported limited screen use and limited depression, possibly because of their valued life goals (e.g., writing poetry and spiritually helping others). Contrary to the dominant cultural stereotype about African Americans being lazy, the study results show that the participants had highly similar career goals to the majority population yet faced many, significant structural barriers that interfered with their progress and thus sapped their motivation in achieving their life plans. Policy change is needed to reduce social structural barriers and racial systems of oppression in order to decrease poverty and depression.

General Educational Development (GED) and Educational Attainment Equivalency for Demographically Adjusted Norms†.

To investigate whether the General Educational Development (GED) certificate should be considered equivalent to a standard 12-year high school education when performing demographic corrections on neuropsychological performance levels. If the GED certificate and high school diploma reflect comparable levels of educational achievement, then performance on the Test of Premorbid Function (TOPF) and selected WAIS-IV indices should not differ between groups. Archival neuropsychology data were reviewed to identify patients who either (1) did not complete high school and did not subsequently obtain a GED, (2) did not complete high school but subsequently obtained a GED, or (3) completed high school and did not obtain any further formal education. Most patients were programmatic referrals for epilepsy surgery evaluation, although referrals from the general neurology clinic were also included. The primary dependent measures were the TOPF and WAIS-IV Full Scale IQ (FSIQ). High school graduates obtained higher scores on the TOPF (p < .01, partial η2 = 0.16) and FSIQ (p < .01, partial η2 = 0.14) as compared to both GED subjects and subjects withdrawing from high school with no GED. The non-GED group and the GED group did not differ from each other. These findings demonstrate that the GED is not equivalent to a standard 12-year high school education when characterizing educational background. Although these data do not address what the appropriate year equivalent should be for the GED when adjusting performance for educational background, using 12 years will likely identify more areas of neuropsychological weakness simply by suggesting higher levels of premorbid ability.

Prevalence and Socioeconomic Disparities in Depression among US Adults: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2015-2016

Introduction: Depression is a major public health concern as it relates to chronic diseases such as cardiovascular diseases, type 2 diabetes mellitus. Despite the association of depression with chronic diseases, a limited number of studies are available to examine the prevalence of depression and its association with socio-economic status (SES)in the US adult general population. Aim: The purpose of this study was to 1) determine the prevalence of depression among US adult population using current data from National Health and Nutrition Examine Survey (NHANES), 2015- 2016; and 2) examine the magnitude of association of SES with depression among this general adult population. Methods: We analyzed data from 5,164 participants of NHANES, 2015-2016, which is a multistage cluster sample design survey, representing the non-institutionalized US adult population. Depression was assessed using the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9). PHQ-9 ≥10 is considered having depression. SES was measured by education and family poverty income ratio (PIR). We categorized PIR into low, medium, and high. Education was categorized into four groups: up to 11th grade, high school completed or general education development (GED), some college or associate of arts, and college graduate or above. Proc survey procedure was applied in SAS 9.2.4 version, and the weighted percentage, and odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence interval (CI) were reported. Results: The prevalence of depression was 7.47% in the NHANES, 2015-2016, which represented 16.5 million people. The OR of depression among females was 1.73 times higher (95% CI: 1.30,2.31) compared to males. The OR of depression was 2.98 times higher with low PIR (95% CI: 1.58,5.60) in comparison to people with high PIR. Conclusion: Given the high prevalence of depression, primary care practitioner, public health professionals, and health care policy makers should be aware of depression with special attention to the female gender and individuals with low PIR.

INTERCULTURAL PERSPECTIVE OF SCHOOLS IN SERBIA

Starting from the current role of school in preparing students for life in a socially and culturally diverse world, this paper points out the need to change the paradigm towards an open constructivist curriculum and new learning strategies in the implementation of the concept of interculturality in the school context. Special attention has been devoted to developing intercultural competences of both students and teachers starting from the changes in the school culture, constructivist, contextual and integrated approach in viewing multicultural contents and activities. The paper presents two examples of the implementation of this concept which were created within the second component of the project entitled “The Support to Human Capital Development and Research – General Education and Human Capital Development – Razvionica” in schools in Serbia. The summary provides an outline of the pedagogical measures for supporting intercultural education, including the role of developing the school culture in that process.

Cell Phone and Computer Use Among Parents Visiting an Urban Pediatric Emergency Department.

The objectives of this study were to estimate the prevalence of cell phone and computer use among urban families bringing their children to an emergency department and to determine which technologies parents prefer to use to receive health information. We visited 2 pediatric emergency departments in Baltimore, Md, and Little Rock, Ark. A convenience sample of parents of children 8 years old or younger completed a self-administered survey in the waiting area. Two hundred thirty-eight surveys were completed. Respondents were primarily female (83%), less than 35 years old (74%), and had at least a high school diploma or General Educational Development (94%). Forty-three percent were employed full time. A majority (95%) of respondents reported owning a cell phone, with most (88%) owning a smartphone and 96% reported having some internet access. Of cell phone owners, 91% reported daily text messaging activity. Over half (63%) of respondents reported having computer internet access at home; 31% reported having internet access at work. Patterns of behavior and preferences emerged for both cell phone and computer use. Respondents were more likely to check their email (75% vs 50%, P < 0.0001) and access the internet (78% vs 67%, P = 0.002) with a smartphone rather than their computer. Both cell phones and computers are prevalent and used among urban families seen in pediatric emergency departments, offering new ways to deliver health information to these often underserved populations. Providers aiming to deliver health information should consider smartphone applications, text message-based programs, and email to communicate with their patients.

ИНТЕЛЛЕКТУАЛЬНЫЕ УМЕНИЯ ШКОЛЬНИКОВ: СУЩНОСТЬ, ОЦЕНКА И МЕТОДЫ РАЗВИТИЯ НА ЗАНЯТИЯХ МУЗЫКОЙ

The article substantiates the advisability of developing modern schoolchildren’s intellectual skills during piano lessons. It is shown that intellectual skills are a multicomponent phenomenon acting as a structural component of thinking and mental development. The author gives the results of the research of intellectual activity conducted at the Children’s Music School in Dubna that show both the high level of intelligence among the students of music school and confident decrease in motivation for cognitive activity with the age increase among 6-9-year-old children. The assumption is substantiated that intellectual skills development in the field of musical performance can give positive results for general educational skills development. The ideas set forth in this paper can be used in the organization of training process in educational institutions of various types and are recommended for teaching schoolchildren, who perceive information in a complex way, in the form of clip clusters, master algorithms and distinguish details poorly.

A pharmacist-led medication switch protocol in an academic HIV clinic: patient knowledge and satisfaction

BackgroundTenofovir alafenamide (TAF) is associated with less renal and bone toxicity compared with tenofovir disoproxil (TDF). TAF's recent FDA approval has spurred HIV providers to consider switching antiretroviral therapy (ART) regimens containing TDF to TAF to minimize long term risks. Patient views on the process of such medication switches have not been explored.MethodsPatients taking elvitegravir/cobicistat/emtricitabine/tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (E/C/F/TDF) following the Food and Drug Administration’s (FDA) approval of elvitegravir/cobicistat/emtricitabine/tenofovir alafenamide (E/C/F/TAF) received medication education from an HIV pharmacist prior to switching to the tenofovir alafenamide (TAF) formulation. Patients were asked to complete a cross-sectional survey assessing satisfaction with the switch process and knowledge about the new medication 4 to 8 weeks post-switch.ResultsSixty five patients completed the switch and 57 (88%) completed a follow-up survey. Most (86%) reported understanding why the switch was made, while 91% correctly identified that TAF is associated with reduced renal toxicity, and 73% correctly identified that TAF is associated with reduced bone toxicity. No statistically significant difference was found in satisfaction with or understanding of why the medication switch was made when assessed by sex, age, race, or education, but there was a trend toward significance in the distribution of answers based on education level with those with a high school diploma, General Educational Development (GED) or less being more likely to be satisfied with the medication switch (p = 0.074).ConclusionsEducation from an ambulatory clinic-based HIV pharmacist resulted in high rates of patient satisfaction and understanding of the switch from TDF to TAF-containing ART.

Improving the Quality of Bowel Preparation for Colonoscopy: Populations to Target in an Urban Tertiary Care Setting

Inadequate bowel preparation is encountered in approximately 17%–27% of outpatient colonoscopies performed in the United States. Poor or incomplete visualization of the colon reduces the yield of screening colonoscopies and increases health care costs due to longer procedure times and aborted procedures. We performed a study to identify factors impacting the quality of bowel preparation, thereby enabling the identification of a population amenable to quality improvement initiatives. We performed a cross-sectional questionnaire survey in patients undergoing outpatient colonoscopy at 2 tertiary care hospitals within the Johns Hopkins Health System. Data on demographic factors, education, health literacy, income, and functional status were recorded. Colonoscopy records were reviewed retrospectively to identify the Boston Bowel Preparation Scale (BBPS) score. A BBPS score of <5 was considered inadequate. Fisher’s exact, χ2 tests, and univariate and multivariate binary logistic regression were performed to assess the strength of the association for selected factors with a BBPS <5. A total of 467 patients completed the survey between August 2017 and October 2017. Most colonoscopies were performed for colorectal cancer (CRC) screening or polyp surveillance (52%). Fifty-eight (12.4%) patients had a family or personal history of CRC. The median BBPS score was 7, and 81.4% of patients had adequate bowel preparation (BBPS ≥5). Using Fisher’s exact or χ2 tests, there was significant association between bowel preparation adequacy and level of education (P = .019), confidence in filling out forms (P = .001), requirement of help with reading hospital materials (P = .011), difficulty learning about medical condition (P = .019), ability to walk 3 city blocks (P = .002), need for help with activities of daily living (P = .001), income (P = .004), and number of daily medications (P = .001). There was no significant association with age, sex, previous successful bowel preparation, bowel preparation agent, patient perception of completion of bowel preparation, and mode of delivery of bowel preparation instructions (letter, phone, or video). When adjusted for functional status, health literacy, education level, income, and number of prescriptions, poor form confidence (odds ratio, 24.1; P < .001) and being on multiple prescription medications (odds ratio, 12.49; P = .02) had the highest odds of predicting inadequate bowel preparation (Table 1). Inadequate bowel preparation is a significant problem, accounting for reduced yield of screening and increased health care costs. Poor health literacy, functional status, and high number of daily medications are significant factors predicting inadequate bowel preparation in the tertiary care setting. Future measures to improve the quality of bowel preparation should target these populations for maximal impact.Table 1Multivariate Logistic Regression for Factors Predicting Inadequate Bowel Preparation (Boston Bowel Preparation Scale Score <5)FactorOR95% CIP valueAOR95% CIP valueForm confidence: How confident are you filling out forms by yourself? Extremely1.00——1.00—— Quite a bit2.170.99–4.78.051.490.53–4.22.45 Somewhat2.370.64–8.80.201.030.11–9.77.98 A little bit6.331.74–23.05.012.200.26–18.82.47 Not at all5.541.56–19.63.0124.142.98–195.70.00Functional status: Because of physical, mental, or emotional problems, do you need the help of any other persons in handling routine needs, such as everyday household chores, doing necessary business, shopping, or getting around for other purposes? No1.00——1.00—— Yes3.371.69–6.74.002.821.08–7.33.03Level of education Elementary/middle school3.141.06–9.26.041.130.17–7.39.90 GED2.161.07–4.37.032.260.83–6.20.11 College or higher1.00——1.00——Income <$20,0003.031.28–7.17.010.730.21–2.47.61 $20,000–$30,0002.640.94–7.44.071.330.39–4.51.65 $30,000–$50,0001.080.36–3.29.890.400.10–1.63.20 $50,000–$100,0000.500.16–1.64.250.190.05–0.81.03 ≥$100,0001.00——1.00——No. of daily prescription medications None1.00——1.00—— ≤32.460.53–11.41.252.560.28–23.10.40 4–55.911.30–26.79.0212.491.49–105.09.02 6–88.451.78–40.10.0110.021.10–91.48.04 >87.641.53–38.04.016.170.62–61.15.12AOR, adjusted odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; GED, general educational development; OR, odds ratio. Open table in a new tab

Exercise Behavior, Facilitators and Barriers among Socio-economically Disadvantaged African American Young Adults

Background: Although exercise participation has numerous benefits among young adults, socio-economically disadvantaged ethnic minorities tend to be less active than their White counterparts of higher SES. Instead of relying on logical positivism in exercise promotion, a phronetic (humanistic) approach may better assist with understanding exercise behavior. Objective: The study purpose was to examine the exercise behavior and qualitatively distinct exercise values (e.g., activity and inactivity reasons) among socio-economically disadvantaged African American young adults. Method: This was a phronetic, qualitative study among 14 African American young adults (Mage = 32.97 years old ±14.13), who attended General Educational Development classes in an inner-city learning center. An in-depth and dialogical interview process was conducted regarding exercise behavior, positive and negative exercise experiences, reasons for exercise participation or not, exercise behavior of participants’ peers and significant others, and neighborhood safety. Results: Only three men met the minimum aerobic exercise recommendations and their main activity was basketball. Three individuals were somewhat active, while the rest of the participants were inactive. Based on the phronetic, thematic analysis, two themes emerged. Exercise facilitators included enjoyment (from skill and fitness development in a playful setting), health improvement, weight loss and toned physique, and utilitarian purpose (i.e., karate to work for campus security). Exercise barriers included time constraints and other priorities (school, work, caretaking), injuries, accessibility and cost issues, safety issues (unsafe neighborhoods), personality (lack of motivation and self-discipline), and undesirable results on appearance and performance. Conclusion: Exercise promoters should emphasize: a) playful, culturally meaningful, and socially supported activities to increase fitness, skill development, and enjoyment; b) policy change via the provision of parental leave for both parents; c) safe and accessible exercise settings, especially among women of lower SES; d) information about safe exercises and injury recovery; and e) fit and healthy physiques for personal fulfilment and enjoyment.

Self-control and persistence in the transition to adulthood: employment outcomes among individuals with no credential, a GED, and a high school diploma

Self-control and persistence may predict employment outcomes among individuals who have no credential, a General Educational Development (GED) credential, or a high school diploma. However, less is known about the stability of that relation after accounting for structural factors (e.g., social relationships) and differences in lived experience (e.g., dropout status). Using data from a national survey of young adults in the USA (n = 1282, M = 21.54 years), we examined whether there were differences in self-control, persistence, and social relationships among youth with a diploma, a GED or no credential. Then, we examined whether and how self-control, persistence, social relationships, dropout status, and educational attainment related to young adults’ employment outcomes. Results indicate differences in self-control, persistence, and social support among the three groups. Models indicate a non-linear relation between self-control and persistence to employment outcomes and highlight the importance of educational attainment.

EXISTENCE AND UNIQUENESS OF SOLUTIONS TO SYSTEM OF LINEAR EQUATIONS AND INTEGRAL EQUATIONS USING BANACH FIXED-POINT THEOREM.

04Mar 2018 EXISTENCE AND UNIQUENESS OF SOLUTIONS TO SYSTEM OF LINEAR EQUATIONS AND INTEGRAL EQUATIONS USING BANACH FIXED-POINT THEOREM. Razina Ferdausi , Akram Hossain , Mehedi Hasan and Ashraful Islam. Department of Mathematics, University of Dhaka, Dhaka-1000. Department of Mathematics, Jessore University of Science & Technology, Jessore-7408. Department of General Educational Development, Daffodil International University, Dhaka-1000. Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Dhaka International University, Dhaka-1000.

Зміст програми елективного курсу «Методи і засоби прогнозування розвитку загальної середньої освіти»

The article reveals the content and structure of the program of the elective course “Methods and means of the prediction of general secondary education development” which is elaborated in order to prepare pedagogical workers for application of methods and means in predicting the development of educational objects. In particular, the author substantiates the expediency of introducing the elective course into the educational process of the institutions of higher and postgraduate pedagogical education. Prediction of the development of general secondary education is considered by the author as a scientifically-organized activity of specially trained specialists, which is based on scientific knowledge about the evolution of humanity, the laws of development of various systems (social, economic, pedagogical, etc.) and on the achievements of science and technology, and is aimed at creating predictions of possible state of education and objects of its development in the near and distant future. The purpose of the article is to test the program of the elective course “Methods and means of the prediction of general secondary education development”, the content of which is based on the results of the scientific research of the methods and means of the prediction of general secondary education development. The author describes the main structural components of the program of the elective course: the purpose, subject, requirements and expected results of training students and participants of advanced training courses, the list and content of modules, the amount of training load and the form of organization of the educational process; the relationship between educational branches and disciplines and the logical sequence of their studying have been established and the conceptual, productive, informational, contextual and communicative competencies have been discovered that ensure the formation of professional competence of pedagogical workers in the process of teaching elective courses. The introduction of the elective course in the educational process of the institutions of higher pedagogical education will promote the professional development of teachers and managers of the institutions and departments of general secondary education and their preparation for productive professional activity in the context of innovative changes in the Ukrainian educational system.

Навчально-методична література як засіб підготовки педагогічних працівників до визначення прогнозного фонурозвитку загальної середньої освіти

Навчально-методична література як засіб підготовки педагогічних працівників до визначення прогнозного фонурозвитку загальної середньої освіти

ТЕОРЕТИКО-МЕТОДОЛОГІЧНІ ЗАСАДИ ПРОГНОЗУВАННЯ РОЗВИТКУ ЗАГАЛЬНОЇ СЕРЕДНЬОЇ ОСВІТИ

In the article, based on the analysis of the system of means of scientific cognition and critical understanding of the features of pedagogical prognostication as a specific type of scientific research and form of concretization of scientific prognostication, the results of pedagogical knowledge systematization prognostication highlighted. In the research format the ideas, theories, positions, patterns and principles that reflect the features of the object and subject of research scientifically interpreted. It was clarified that the development of theoretical principles for forecasting the development of general secondary education is connected with solving problems of educational and pedagogical prognostication as a branch of pedagogical science and using an interdisciplinary approach to substantiating the strategy of its development; signs of the scientific process and the result of forecasting the development of general secondary education is the nature of purpose-setting, the distinction of a special object of forecasting, the use of his means of knowledge, the uniqueness of terms and concepts; for the construction of the conceptual image of a certain element of science (in the research format - the conceptual image of the institution of education), in addition to imperative arguments and emotional arguments, it is necessary to reveal and substantiate the main characteristics of pedagogical forecasting. The links between studied pedagogical phenomena and processes reflected in the points of the Prediction Concept of General Secondary Education Development, program of the cyclical seminar «Theoretical and methodological fundamentals of preparing subjects of educational activity for the development of forecasts». This will facilitate the formation in subjects of government core, system-making views on the prospects for the development of general secondary education.

The Concept of A Religious Humanis Values Education

the study in this paper discusses the concept of a religious Humanist Values Education. Islam never experienced a heyday into the study of various disciplines, this is evident by the presence of muslim scientists. But with the passage of time that Islamic intelektualisme begin to Dim along with the understanding and the culture of taqlid. Whereas the Qur'an gave instructions in order to examine all the scientific disciplines, it can be seen from the verses of the Qur'an which was ordered to examine the nature and seisinya. Religious Humanist Values education which leads to the study of the komprehenshif of good science is both religious and General Education Development Concept is as Islam that humanizing of man in accordance with the duties of man as abdullah and the Caliph in the face of the Earth.