General Criteria Research Articles

A review of epilepsy detection and prediction methods based on EEG signal processing and deep learning

Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disorder that poses significant challenges to patients and their families. Effective detection and prediction of epilepsy can facilitate patient recovery, reduce family burden, and streamline healthcare processes. Therefore, it is essential to propose a deep learning method for efficient detection and prediction of epileptic electroencephalography (EEG) signals. This paper reviews several key aspects of epileptic EEG signal processing, focusing on epilepsy detection and prediction. It covers publicly available epileptic EEG datasets, preprocessing techniques, feature extraction methods, and deep learning-based networks used in these tasks. The literature is categorized based on patient independence, distinguishing between patient-independent and non-patient-independent studies. Additionally, the evaluation methods are classified into general classification indicators and specific epilepsy prediction criteria, with findings organized according to the prediction cycles reported in various studies. The review reveals several important insights. Despite the availability of public datasets, they often lack diversity in epilepsy types and are collected under controlled conditions that may not reflect real-world scenarios. As a result, signal preprocessing methods tend to be limited and may not fully represent practical conditions. Feature extraction and network designs frequently emphasize fusion mechanisms, with recent advances in Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) and Recurrent Neural Networks (RNNs) showing promising results, suggesting that new network models warrant further exploration. Studies using patient-independent data generally produce better results than those relying on non-patient-independent data. Metrics based on general classification methods typically perform better than those using specific epilepsy prediction criteria, though future research should focus on the latter for more accurate evaluation. Epilepsy prediction cycles are typically kept under 1 h, with most studies concentrating on intervals of 30 min or less.

Directly accessing the single-soliton state of a Kerr microcomb and its universal scaling law [Invited

Soliton microcombs have attracted considerable research interest due to their unique properties. Being able to directly access the single-soliton state in a Kerr microresonator simplifies the device operation and may inspire new applications. However, the general conditions leading to such operations are not well understood. In this work, we aim to elucidate the key factors enabling the direct access of the single-soliton state in a Kerr microresonator by combining the experimental results in an integrated silicon carbide platform and a comprehensive analysis based on the normalized Lugiato-Lefever equation. A general criterion linking the Kerr nonlinearity, dispersion, and thermo-optic properties has been derived, which is applicable to Kerr microresonators with varied materials, sizes, optical quality factors, and dispersion.

Course‐Based Teacher Professional Communities (With District and Union Support) at the Center of Three‐Dimensional Science Teaching

ABSTRACTThis study focuses on how two school districts managed and changed the instructional core—student learning goals, instructional resources and strategies, and assessments—in their required high school biology course as they responded to new state science standards based on the Next Generation Science Standards (NGSS). Biology teachers in both districts had access to NGSS‐aligned resources for their classrooms. Interviews with teachers, district science coordinators, and union leaders revealed how district responses were affected by two institutional logics: academic logics included the criteria that teachers used to choose resources and strategies for their classrooms and professional logics included the roles and responsibilities of district professionals. Participants from District A endorsed a common‐sense experiential academic logic, which recognized teachers' obligations to meet general criteria for content coverage while using their personal experiences and values to make detailed instructional decisions. They also endorsed a professional logic of privacy and noninterference, which recognized teachers' individual autonomy in making decisions about their classroom instructional cores. In contrast, participants from District B described how district professionals empowered a course‐based professional community to make decisions about the instructional core that all biology teachers followed in their own classrooms. We examine how this strategy enabled actions consistent with an instructional improvement logic that supported an NGSS‐aligned instructional core in all biology classrooms. We consider the implications of this contrast for teacher learning in organizational settings—the focus of this special issue.

Preferential cleavage of the coronavirus defective viral genome by cellular endoribonuclease with characteristics of RNase L

In testing whether coronavirus defective viral genome 12.7 (DVG12.7) with transcription regulating sequence (TRS) can synthesize subgenomic mRNA (sgmRNA) in coronavirus-infected cells, it was unexpectedly found by Northern blot assay that not only sgmRNA (designated sgmDVG 12.7) but also an RNA fragment with a size less than sgmDVG 12.7 was identified. A subsequent study demonstrated that the identified RNA fragment (designated clvDVG) was a cleaved RNA product originating from DVG12.7, and the cleaved sites were located in the loop region of stem‒loop structure and after UU and UA dinucleotides. clvDVG was also identified in mock-infected HRT-18 cells transfected with DVG12.7 transcript, indicating that cellular endoribonuclease is responsible for the cleavage. In addition, the sequence and structure surrounding the cleavage sites can affect the cleavage efficiency of DVG12.7. The cleavage features are therefore consistent with the general criteria for RNA cleavage by cellular RNase L. Furthermore, both the cleavage of rRNA and the synthesis of clvDVG were also identified in A549 cells. Because (i) the cleavage sites occurred predominantly after single-stranded UA and UU dinucleotides, (ii) the sequence and structure surrounding the cleavage sites affected the cleavage efficiency, (iii) the cleavage of rRNA is an index of the activation of RNase L, and (iv) the cleavage of both rRNA and DVG12.7 was identified in A549 cells, the results together indicated that the preferential cleavage of DVG12.7 is correlated with cellular endoribonuclease with the characteristics of RNase L and such cleavage features have not been previously characterized in coronaviruses.

Towards modelling instructional quality for music class-rooms: Exploring subject-specific application of the TA-LIS/GTI generic framework

Arts subjects have so far been absent from large-scale studies on instructional quality as well as from related methodological development. The purpose of this article is to explore whether an observation scheme that builds on generic theoretical models and aims to capture instructional quality across school subjects might be meaningfully employed in general music education so that it could serve as a basis for empirical research and reflective practice. We evaluated instructional quality criteria proposed in the video observation system from the study Global Teaching InSights, the third cycle of OECD’s large-scale Teaching and Learning International Survey (TALIS/GTI) by exploring the system’s observation codes for analysis of music lessons on video and comparing the criteria with quality criteria from general music education. We found that the generic models are helpful and may have more to offer both research and practice in music education than we initially expected. The risk when attempting to apply quality criteria that are intended to be generic is that those aspects may be overemphasised while criteria that are essential for music education are pushed out of sight. However, we argue that modelling instructional quality in music classrooms is worthwhile in itself and that the friction points where generic criteria do not fit our subject are particularly interesting. A systematic discussion of quality criteria can sharpen our views and understandings of general music education and connect music education research with interdisciplinary discourse and with a much-needed, broad dialogue within the educational sciences.

A Study on selection of general national road traffic volume survey section criteria

A Study on selection of general national road traffic volume survey section criteria

Development of the model and improvement of the method of automated control of steam turbine parameters to minimize the power imbalance in the energy system to increase its efficiency

The object of research is the process of regulating power imbalances due to automated control of steam turbine parameters. The work solves the problem of minimizing power imbalances in the electric power system by developing a model of automated control of steam turbine parameters. This will ensure high-quality regulation of frequency and power, increase the efficiency and stability of the electric power system, and provide a new management method for reliable power supply to consumers. The paper analyzes existing models and methods of power imbalance regulation, develops a dynamic model of automated control of K-300-240 steam turbines, which includes a mechanical-hydraulic system, a steam boiler and a steam superheater. As a result of the study, an improved power regulation method was proposed, which ensures efficient operation of the electric power system. The evaluation of the effectiveness of the regulation of imbalances was carried out on the basis of the proposed criterion of the efficiency of electricity supply and consumption, which is based on the convolution of partial criteria into the general criterion of the efficiency of electricity supply. The following criteria were proposed as partial criteria for electricity supply and consumption: volume criterion, quality criterion, and electricity supply efficiency criterion. The research results indicate the need for a reserve on each steam turbine in the amount of 10 % of its nominal power, which is explained by the assessment of the efficiency of electricity supply among the considered modes of operation of the systems. The presence of a power reserve on each steam turbine in the amount of 10 % of their nominal power ensures the most efficient power supply within the considered modes of operation of the power system, taking into account disturbances and as an imbalance of power generation and power consumption. The obtained research results can be applied in the strategy of primary regulation of power imbalances in the electric power system, thanks to the creation of a power reserve in the amount of 10 % of the nominal power on each steam turbine, and the organization of automated control of steam turbine parameters.

Cost-consequence analysis of the enhanced recovery after surgery protocol in major lung resection with minimally invasive technique (VATS).

ERAS is an evidence-based multimodal perioperative protocol focused on stress reduction and promoting a return to function. The aim of this work is to perform a cost-consequence analysis for the implementation of ERAS in major lung resection by means of minimally invasive surgery (VATS) from the public health service perspective, evaluating resource consumption and clinical outcomes with respect to a control group of past patients, which did not adopt an ERAS protocol. Outcome differences (re-intervention rates, major and minor intraoperative and postoperative complications, readmissions, and mortality) as well as the costs of preoperative, operative, and postoperative care were estimated. The sample consisted of 64 consecutive patients enrolled in the ERAS programme between April 2021 and August 2022, compared to a control group (historical cohort) comprising 31 patients treated from April 2020 to December 2020, prior to the implementation of the ERAS programme. The study sample comprises patients who fulfil the established ERAS protocol inclusion criteria, including general criteria (acceptance of the protocol, proximity of residence, absence of contraindications to physiotherapy and early mobilisation), surgical criteria (anatomical lung resection up to lobectomy, absence of extensive resection, good possibility of conducting the operation in VATS) and anaesthesiologic criteria (ASA ≤2). Costs were quantified using the national health system perspective. The average length-of-stay was at least one day shorter in the ERAS group [<0.001. Average total costs including entire pathway healthcare costs were substantially reduced for ERAS-VATS patients (mean: € 5,955.71 vs. €6,529.41 Δ = -573.70 p = 0.018)]. Specifically, the median costs of the admission phase were significantly different between the two groups (median: €4,648.82 vs. €5,596.58, p = 0.008), with a reduction in hospital stay expenditure in the ERAS-VATS group (median: €1,599.62 vs. €2,399.43, p = 0.025). No significant differences were found regarding major clinical outcomes. The implementation of an ERAS programme is a dominant strategy, representing an intervention capable of reducing overall costs in the context of elective anatomical lung resection with VATS without any significant differences in major complications and re-intervention rates.

Exponential Quasi-Synchronization of Fractional-Order Fuzzy Cellular Neural Networks via Impulsive Control

This paper investigates the exponential quasi-synchronization of fractional-order fuzzy cellular neural networks with parameters mismatch via impulsive control. Firstly, under the framework of the generalized Caputo fractional-order derivative, a new fractional-order impulsive differential inequality is established. Secondly, based on this fractional-order impulsive differential inequality, a general criterion for the quasi-synchronization of fractional-order systems is obtained. Then, specific to the fractional-order fuzzy cellular neural network model in this paper, the criteria and error estimation of the exponential quasi-synchronization of fractional-order fuzzy cellular neural networks can be obtained. Finally, two numerical examples are given to illustrate the effectiveness of the obtained results.

A multicenter observational study to establish practice for circulatory death declaration for organ donation in South Korea

Background This study aimed to determine the proportion of organ donors suitable for donation after circulatory death and investigate the current process followed by critical care physicians for declaring circulatory death to establish organ donation. Methods This observational study involved potential organ donors who had recently died after discontinuation of life support. We conducted an online survey of intensivists to determine how these deaths were confirmed. Results Among the 177 patients who died after withdrawal of life-sustaining treatment across 19 intensive care units in 11 institutions, 49 (27.7%) were considered potential donors. According to general medical criteria for organ donation, 20 (11.3%) patients were identified as medically suitable donors. Notably, 116 (73.9%) patients exhibited a flat electrocardiogram within 5 min after the loss of pulse. In the survey, 90 physicians (59.2%) agreed to implement the concept of the 5-min no-touch period for the declaration of circulatory death. Conclusions This study found that 11.3% of the patients who died following the withdrawal of life-sustaining treatment in the intensive care units were identified as suitable donors after circulatory death. Most of critical care physicians agree with the concept of a 5-min no-touch period for the declaration of circulatory death.

State-Space Basins for Monopedal Jumping with Stable Landing

Abstract Maintaining stability during jumping remains a challenge due to its hybrid dynamics. Despite recent advancements in the control of jumping robots, existing research lacks an accurate and comprehensive criterion for the stability of jumping. This study proposes a general criterion for jumping that incorporates the system&amp;#x92;s nonlinear dynamics and environmental constraints. The stability basins are formulated as a state-space partition based on a rigorous definition extending the balanced state basin (BSB) concept, which has been validated as a stability criterion for biped robots in legged stance. A hybrid approach, using a combination of analytical and optimization methods, solves the flight and stance phases of jumping as independent sub-problems. The basins are computed for a monopedal jumping robot, Salto-1P, and validated with simulations. To demonstrate its general applicability, two distinct flight-to-stance tasks are considered: targeted jumping and cat-like righting. Analysis of each task&amp;#x92;s stability basins and the landing BSB reveals the inherent trade-offs between stability and the task requirements for variations in the initial state variables such as speed, orientation, and height. The stability basins represent the system&amp;#x92;s fundamental controller-independent stability characteristics and can be applied to the mechanical design, control, and fall prediction of jumping robots.

Neurophysiological Correlates of Expert Knowledge: An Event-Related Potential (ERP) Study about Law-Relevant Versus Law-Irrelevant Terms.

The evaluation of evidence, which frequently takes the form of scientific evidence, necessitates the input of experts in relevant fields. The results are presented as expert opinions or expert evaluations, which are generally accepted as a reliable representation of the facts. A further issue that remains unresolved though is the process of evaluating the expertise and knowledge of an expert in the first instance. In general, earned certificates, grades and other objective criteria are typically regarded as representative documentation to substantiate an expert status. However, there is a possibility that these may not always be sufficiently representative. The goal of the present study was to provide evidence that the neural processing of law-relevant and law-irrelevant terms varies significantly between participants who have received training in the field of law (experts) and those who have not (novices). To this end, changes in brain activity were recorded via electroencephalography (EEG) during visual presentations of terms belonging to five different categories (fake right, democracy, filler word, basic right and rule of law). Event-related potentials (ERPs) were subsequently averaged for each category and subjected to statistical analysis. The results clearly demonstrate that participants trained in law processed fake rights and filler words in a similar manner. Furthermore, both of these conditions elicited different levels of brain activity compared to all law-relevant terms. This was not the case in participants who had not received legal training. The brains of untrained participants processed all five term categories in a strikingly similar manner. In light of prior knowledge regarding language processing, the primary focus was on two distinct electrode locations: one in the left posterior region, and the other in the left frontal region. In both locations, the most prominent differences in brain activity elicited by the aforementioned term categories in law-trained participants occurred approximately 450 milliseconds after stimulus onset. The results were further corroborated by a repeated-measures ANOVA and subsequent t-tests, which also demonstrated the absence of this effect in law-untrained participants. The findings of this study provide empirical evidence that brain activity measurements, in particular ERPs, can be used to distinguish between experts trained in a specific field of expertise and novices in that field. Such findings have the potential to facilitate objective assessments of expertise, enabling comparisons between experts and novices that extend beyond traditional criteria such as qualifications and experience. Instead, individuals can be evaluated based on their cognitive processes, as observed through brain activity.

Design Guidelines for Building and Infrastructure Integrated Photovoltaic Modules

The demand for renewable energy is increasing as efforts to decarbonize energy sources continue. Photovoltaic (PV) generation systems are the main contributor to the growth of renewable energy, but limited land availability in countries such as Belgium and Netherlands poses a challenge to their deployment. Integrated PV (IPV) can be a promising solution, but requires special consideration regarding electrical and fire safety, efficiency, durability, cost, and environmental impact in the design process. This study seeks to assist designers of IPV products by guiding the selection of materials, technologies, mechanical designs, and production methods for PV semifabricates (SF). It provides a comprehensive list of general design criteria, each offering various options in terms of bill of materials and production technologies. These options come with their own set of advantages and disadvantages, which are enumerated and quantified wherever feasible. The general design guidelines are validated based on the building‐integrated PV and infrastructure‐integrated PV demonstrators (in this case a noise barrier) being developed in the Solar Energy Made Regional (SolarEMR) project.

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Ethical concerns in caring for persons with anorexia nervosa: content analysis of a series of documentations from ethics consultations

BackgroundCaring for patients with anorexia nervosa (AN) is associated with high levels of moral distress among healthcare professionals. The main moral conflict has been posited to be between applying coercion to prevent serious complications such as premature death and accepting treatment refusals. However, empirical evidence on this topic is scarce.MethodsWe identified all 19 documentations of ethics consultations (ECs) in the context of AN from one clinical ethics support service in Switzerland. These documentations were coded with a sequential deductive-inductive approach and the code system was interpreted in a case-based manner. Here, we present findings on patient characteristics and ethical concerns.FindingsThe ECs typically concerned an intensely pretreated, extremely underweight AN patient endangering herself by refusing the proposed treatment. In addition to the justifiability of coercion, frequent ethical concerns were whether further coerced treatment aimed at weight gain would be ineffective or even harmful, evidencing uncertainty about beneficence and non-maleficence and a conflict between these principles. Discussed options included harm reduction (e.g. psychotherapy without weight gain requirements) and palliation (e.g. initiating end-of-life care), the appropriateness of which were ethical concerns in themselves. Overall, nine different types of conflicts between or uncertainties regarding ethical principles were identified with a median of eight per case.ConclusionsEthical concerns in caring for persons with AN are diverse and complex. To deal with uncertainty about and conflict between respect for autonomy, beneficence and non-maleficence, healthcare professionals consider non-curative approaches. However, currently, uncertainty around general justifiability, eligibility criteria, and concrete protocols hinders their adoption.

Напряженное состояние слоистого массива, вмещающего горную выработку круглого поперечного сечения

The elastoplastic problem of the stress state of layered rock mass containing an extended single mine working is solved in the following sequence. A stress field is built in the parts of mass adjacent directly to the mine working that form an extremely stressed area (the area of inelastic deformations). Then the area is spread into the rock mass, and the stress field is built in it in accordance with the characteristics method developed by V.V. Sokolovsky to be applied to the calculation of granular and coherent media. The method has been developed to solve problems of differential equations of the equilibrium of continuum mechanics jointly with general and special strength criteria of Coulomb–Mohr. This non-linear system belongs to hyperbolic equations. The characteristics method alternately solves three boundary value problems for a number of specific areas of the extremely stressed rock mass. Then, by substituting the extremely stressed area with stresses at its boundary, the elastoplastic problem is reduced to the boundary value problem of theory of elasticity for a medium with reinforced cutout, whose dimensions comply with dimensions of the extremely stressed area. The problem is solved by using the boundary element method and controlled by compliance with static boundary conditions at the boundary of plastic area and elastic region. The elastoplastic problem of the stress state of a layered array containing an extended single mine working is solved in the following sequence. First, a stress field is constructed in the parts of the array adjacent directly to the mine working, with from an extremely stressed zone (a zone of inelastic deformations). Further, this zone extends deep into the array, and the stress field in it is constructed by the method of characteristics developed by V.V. Sokolovsky in relation to the calculation of bulk medium. The method is designed to solve a system of differential equations of equilibrium of continuum mechanics together with general and special Coulomb — Mohr strength criteria. This nonlinear system belongs to hyperbolic equations. The method of characteristics alternately solves the boundary value problems for a number of characteristic sections of the extremely stressed zone of the array. Then, by replacing the extremely stressed zone with stresses at its boundary, the elastically plastic problem is reduced to the boundary value problem of the theory of elasticity for a medium with a reinforced cutout, the dimensions of which correspond to the dimensions of the extremely stressed zone. It is solved by the boundary element method and is controlled by the fulfillment of static boundary conditions at the boundary of the plastic zone and the elastic region.

Enhancing coke resistance of Ni-based spinel-type oxides by tuning the configurational entropy

The reforming of CH4 and CO2 into syngas is a highly relevant technology for energy conservation and reducing greenhouse gas emissions, attracting widespread attention in the industry. Inspired by this, this work proposes a general criterion for coke-resistant nickel-based catalysts. By leveraging the high-entropy effect and the lattice distortion of the structure, a high-entropy (NiCaMgZnCo)Al10Ox catalyst was synthesized. The high-entropy oxide exhibited good activity and stability during the DRM reaction over 100 h at 800°C and 650°C, producing only a minimal amount of easily removable carbon deposition. O2-TPO, CO2-TPD, CH4-TPSR, CO2-TPSR, DFT and in situ DRIFT were employed to investigate the mechanism of carbon deposition elimination on the surface of the high-entropy catalyst. Then, a high-entropy strategy for designing coke-resistant catalysts was proposed. This strategy may soon inspire the development of catalysts with enhanced stability and anti-coke deposition properties for various catalytic applications.

Pointwise Convergence of Noncommutative Fourier Series

This paper is devoted to the study of pointwise convergence of Fourier series for group von Neumann algebras and quantum groups. It is well-known that a number of approximation properties of groups can be interpreted as summation methods and mean convergence of the associated noncommutative Fourier series. Based on this framework, this paper studies the refined counterpart of pointwise convergence of these Fourier series. As a key ingredient, we develop a noncommutative bootstrap method and establish a general criterion of maximal inequalities for approximate identities of noncommutative Fourier multipliers. Based on this criterion, we prove that for any countable discrete amenable group, there exists a sequence of finitely supported positive definite functions tending to 1 1 pointwise, so that the associated Fourier multipliers on noncommutative L p L_p -spaces satisfy the pointwise convergence for all p &gt; 1 p&gt;1 . In a similar fashion, we also obtain results for a large subclass of groups (as well as quantum groups) with the Haagerup property and the weak amenability. We also consider the analogues of Fejér and Bochner-Riesz means in the noncommutative setting. Our approach heavily relies on the noncommutative ergodic theory in conjunction with abstract constructions of Markov semigroups, inspired by quantum probability and geometric group theory. Finally, we also obtain as a byproduct the dimension free bounds of the noncommutative Hardy-Littlewood maximal inequalities associated with convex bodies.

General Criterion for Non-Hermitian Skin Effects and Application: Fock Space Skin Effects in Many-Body Systems.

Non-Hermiticity enables macroscopic accumulation of bulk states, named non-Hermitian skin effects. The non-Hermitian skin effects are well established for single-particle systems, but their proper characterization for general systems is elusive. Here, we propose a general criterion of non-Hermitian skin effects, which works for any finite-dimensional system evolved by a linear operator. The applicable systems include many-body systems and network systems. A system meeting the criterion exhibits enhanced non-normality of the evolution operator, accompanied by exceptional characteristics intrinsic to non-Hermitian systems. Applying the criterion, we discover a new type of non-Hermitian skin effect in many-body systems, which we dub the Fock space skin effect. We also discuss the Fock space skin effect-induced slow dynamics, which gives an experimental signal for the Fock space skin effect.

Precision Self‐Assembly of Supramolecules with Heterogeneous Derivatives

AbstractSupramolecular self‐assembly with well‐defined building blocks like lipids, deoxyribonucleic acid, or ligands relies on accessible molecular structures and predictable interactions. However, assembling heterogeneous, undefined blocks, such as disordered proteins, amorphous solids, and catecholic derivatives, remains challenging due to their unpredictable assembly, leading to irreversible aggregation, severe precipitation, and unreliable performance. Here, the first programmable, sustainable, and durable self‐assembly strategy of supramolecules with heterogenous is presented, derived blocks via harmonizing multiple molecular interactions. This approach achieves reversible assembly/disassembly, ≈73.7% reduced precipitation, and salt‐ and alkaline‐durability under freeze‐thaw cycles in model catecholic derivatives, functioning effectively as robust adhesive primers and hydrogel interfacial strengtheners. Moreover, through molecular force measurements and computational simulations, the first general criterion and benchmark for high precision supramolecular self‐assembly is proposed, applicable to complex derivatives and interactions: with blocks bearing multiple binding sites existing, the co‐assembling blocks should bear at least two binding sites with minimum binding strength (≈17 to ≈37 kJ mol−1) to prevent disassembly. This study paves the way and provides benchmarks for precision self‐assembly of diverse supramolecules using heterogeneous derivatives for adhesion technology, nanomaterial synthesis and bio‐inspired applications.