General Concept Research Articles

Електронні докази в цивільному судочинстві: правова характеристика та особливості

Abstract. This article is dedicated to the study of issues related to the use of electronic evidence in civil litigation. Within the framework of the article, an analysis of recent scientific publications on the use of electronic evidence is conducted. The work was performed on the basis of general scientific and special methods of scientific knowledge. The general concept and principles of using electronic evidence in civil proceedings, their characteristics, and peculiarities are outlined. A list of advantages regarding the use of electronic evidence is provided. Special attention is given to the description of the procedure for submitting electronic evidence to the court. The article examines changes and trends in the use of electronic evidence in the modern context of integration and digitization of society, and analyzes progress in the field of information technology. Problems at the legislative level concerning the submission of both original electronic evidence and their copies to the court are analyzed. Issues related to the procedure and peculiarities of examining electronic evidence, as well as their evaluation by the court, are identified. Specifically, among the problems identified in the article are the insufficient regulatory framework for certifying electronic copies of electronic evidence, the imperfect definition of the concepts of «original electronic evidence» and «copy of electronic evidence» in legislation, the instability of electronic information, the absence of physical form and perception only through special technical devices, the possibility of theft, damage, and tampering, and the determination of their authenticity and admissibility. Based on the conducted research, the conclusion is drawn that the question of the use of electronic evidence requires urgent resolution, and the legislator should promptly eliminate existing contradictions by making appropriate amendments to the current procedural legislation of our country. Moreover, it is advisable to more precisely define the concept of «electronic evidence» and the specifics of their submission at the legislative level.

Современные аспекты обучения школьников и студентов среднего профессионального образования в Финляндии иностранному языку

Introduction. Within the framework of this article, the author made an attempt to consider some features of teaching a foreign language in Finland at school and in institutions of secondary vocational education, which allow the Finns to speak a foreign language at a fairly good level. Theoretical analysis. Consideration of the reasons for these results made it possible to reveal the fact that in recent years a system of early learning of a foreign language has been introduced in Finnish education. Much attention is paid to the formation of communication and interaction skills. The study of a foreign language in the secondary school is aimed at familiarizing the student with the culture of the language being studied. When teaching a foreign language to students of secondary vocational education institutions, there is an active integration of general education and vocational training. Conclusion. When studying their native language, students consider general linguistic concepts that are also inherent in other languages and contribute to a common understanding of the language structure. Finnish teachers in their professional activities rely on the teachings of L. S. Vygotsky about the zone of proximal development. Language learning is seen as a lifelong process that aims to develop multilingual competence.

To the project of architectural theory

The existence of a general architectural theory is seriously doubted by most researchers. Based on the assumption that the modern stage of architecture development requires the construction of a workable theory, the article considers the process of creating a theory similar to the creation of an architectural project. It is shown that the axiomatic basis of the theory is similar to the foundation of a building. The complex of specific methods of analysis and synthesis in the theory is considered as an analogue of building materials and details in an architectural project. The connection of the building to infrastructure networks is analogous to the harmonisation of the approaches of the designed theory with modern general scientific concepts and paradigms. Shaping of the theory in the form of vivid visual images is similar to the design of facades with cladding and building cosmetics. It is shown that the foundation of architectural theory was laid in the late Middle Ages and retains its relevance and topicality. The other elements of the designed architectural theory need to be developed.

Making-to-be: Documents, Facta, and Material-Discursive Agency

This paper presents the performative analysis of agency within and surrounding documents as a path towards uniting the otherwise incompatible insights of both meaningcentric and materialcentric approaches. I contrast the terms agentical, providing agency, and agentic, possessing agency, to help clarify the apparent incompatibilities of prior approaches. I argue that a relational conception of agency, wherein the agentical/agentic distinction is blurred, preserves important virtues of both meaning and materialcentric approaches to documents. This paves the way for a unified materialdiscursive account of documents and a cure for document studies’ inherited duality malady. Extending prior work on capta (Drucker, 2011) and the agency of truthmaking, I propose the more general concept of facta, the madetobe. I briefly outline the research program this term suggests: investigating this agency of documental making, its agentical and agentic dynamics, and progressing towards a unitary understanding of documents’ meaning and materiality. In short, I outline a novel approach to a central question in document studies: how do documents come to matter?

Stimuli-Responsive Boronate Formation to Control Nucleic Acid-Based Functional Architectures.

Boronate esters, formed by the reaction of an oligonucleotide bearing a 5'-boronic acid moiety with the 3'-terminal cis-diol of another oligonucleotide, support the assembly of functional nucleic acid architectures. Reversible formation of boronate esters occurs in templated fashion and has been shown to restore the activity of split DNA and RNA enzymes as well as a split fluorescent light-up aptamer. Apart from their suitability for the design and application of split nucleic acid enzymes and aptamers in the field of biosensing, boronate esters may have played an important role in early life as surrogates of the natural phosphodiester bond. Their formation is reversible and thus fulfills an important requirement for biological self-assembly. Here we discuss the general concept of stimuli-dependent boronate formation and its application in biomolecules with implications for future research.

Effectiveness of Self-Care Education for Chronic Neck Pain: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Self-care programs for chronic neck pain are relevant to everyday life and can lead to long- term improvement. More studies on their effectiveness, key components and appropriate duration are needed. The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of self-care programs for patients with chronic neck pain. A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials was conducted according to the PRISMA guidelines. After searching in PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus and ScienceDirect, eleven studies met the inclusion criteria. Self-care education interventions typically consisted of education (i.e., pain neuro-science education or general educational concepts) accompanied by exercise or manual therapy. The most frequent components were addressing physical and psychological symptoms and engaging in self-care strategies. The least frequent ones were monitoring and recording symptoms and discussing with providers of medical care. The duration of the interventions ranged from three sessions to six months. Finally, individual and supervised modalities were the most frequent. After pooling the data, a meta-analysis was carried out according to four variables (i.e., pain, disability, kinesiophobia and catastrophization) and showed significant results (p < 0.05) in favor of self-care interventions. This systematic review and meta-analysis suggests that self-education interventions improve pain, psychological pain-related variables and disability in patients with chronic neck pain. The most frequently used components were addressing physical and psychological symptoms and engaging in self-care strategies. Future trials should focus on including other components, such as discussing symptoms with providers of medical care or self-monitoring symptoms. Additional areas of focus include more homogeneous doses and comparator treatments, as well as studies with better evidence to reach more solid conclusions.

Standardized brain tumor imaging protocols for clinical trials: current recommendations and tips for integration.

Standardized MRI acquisition protocols are crucial for reducing the measurement and interpretation variability associated with response assessment in brain tumor clinical trials. The main challenge is that standardized protocols should ensure high image quality while maximizing the number of institutions meeting the acquisition requirements. In recent years, extensive effort has been made by consensus groups to propose different "ideal" and "minimum requirements" brain tumor imaging protocols (BTIPs) for gliomas, brain metastases (BM), and primary central nervous system lymphomas (PCSNL). In clinical practice, BTIPs for clinical trials can be easily integrated with additional MRI sequences that may be desired for clinical patient management at individual sites. In this review, we summarize the general concepts behind the choice and timing of sequences included in the current recommended BTIPs, we provide a comparative overview, and discuss tips and caveats to integrate additional clinical or research sequences while preserving the recommended BTIPs. Finally, we also reflect on potential future directions for brain tumor imaging in clinical trials.

Methodological arsenal of Aristotle and Kant. Categories

The classical toolkit of philosophy includes, as a necessary basic “set”, certain general concepts, extremely abstract and deeply essential, which are called in Greek categories, and in Latin predicabiles, but more often — universals.&#x0D; Initially, Aristotle introduces the first ten such categories into his texts that further became canonic, in a small but very complex work of the same name. Up to the era of Modernity, his methodological arsenal served European philosophy with unfailing success.&#x0D; However, in the XVIII century, Immanuel Kant, sharply and definitely distinguishing rationality and reason unlike Aristotle, introduces the categories of logic not as abstractions, but as propositions systematically developed from a general principle: the ability, or faculty, of judgment. These approaches are very different: for example, in relation to concepts, — and Aristotle’s categories are precisely concepts, — the question of truth does not arise at all: it concerns only judgments.&#x0D; On the other hand, these approaches have something in common. Both philosophical systems in the field of gnoseology are formal-logical.&#x0D; Kant’s approach, dialectical in the study and explanation of the objective world, in terms of the theory of knowledge was not yet dialectical; or, it is believed rather, that this was negative-dialectical. In fact, this approach is intermediate, syntagmatic.

The concept of a non-self-propelled individual ferry

Within the framework of the general concept of the development of water transport and coastal infrastructure, a justification is given for the need to operate individual ferry crossings on small and main rivers of Russia. A cartographic study of transport links through rivers and their catastrophic shortage in comparison with demand has been carried out. A completely new concept of a ferry crossing for one car has been proposed. The driving mechanism of the ferry movement from the driving pair of wheels of the car with different variants of propellers and control systems has been developed. The overall and displacement parameters of the vessel are determined according to the requirements of small-size shipbuilding. In the Compass-3D package, a three-dimensional model of the ferry, all working units of the mechanism and control was created, and the mass-centering characteristics were calculated. A comparative assessment of the mechanical parameters of the presented propellers was carried out: the screw-steering column and the paddle wheels. Mechanisms with manual and automated control modes are described and compared.

Prospects for the legalization of cryptocurrency in Ukraine, based on the experience of other countries

Presently, legal circles, both among theorists and practitioners, are particularly concerned about the legalisation of cryptocurrencies and transactions with them according to the current legislation. For this reason, the purpose of this work was to study approaches and methods to legalisation of income derived from cryptocurrency speculation based on the provisions of the tax legislation of Ukraine. A theoretical analysis of the general concepts under study was conducted, which in turn formed the object of this study. The common and distinctive features of the researched concepts were identified, thus establishing the relationship and dependence between them. As for the practical aspects, the study revealed them in the analysis of particular regulations, namely, the specific features of their implementation. Positions and opinions of various scholars on it were compared, which allowed for a qualitative coverage of ways to legalise the income that citizens receive from cryptocurrency speculation. On the basis of the analyzed scientific publications, the most successful and suitable for implementation in Ukraine, the experience of other countries, in particular the USA and Canada, has been determined. It has been proven that the legalization of citizens’ incomes received from cryptocurrency transactions is a necessary process for the economic development of the state.The practical value of the study lies in the fact that it can be used both by scholars, in the context of the primary source for further study of this issue, and by lawyers whose activities are related to cryptocurrencies. The scientific value of this study was covered in the description of effective approaches to transactions with income generated by cryptocurrencies, which have not yet been studied to the required level

‘Let us play a game of decadence…’

The article polemizes with V. Milchina’s paper that focused on the discussion of the problem of decadence and/or decay in French and Russian intellectual cultures. The author examines several texts that feature the general cultural concept of decay in its meaning of decadence as used in literature in close relation to the concepts of modernity and nihilism. Based on his reconstruction of C. Baudelaire’s polemic with the French writer Barbey d,Aurevilly, S. Fokin concludes that, thanks to their literary dispute, the French word décadence developed a new literary, political, psychological, social, and, most importantly, modern (in reference to modernity) sense, which separates this lexeme from its earlier historical and general cultural meaning of decay. Following an overview of Nietzsche’s latter reaction to Baudelaire’s work, the author emphasizes the concept of ‘the consciousness of decadence,’ which is supposed to reveal the problematic nature of the use of décadence as the name of a literary movement. It refers to a matter more substantial, but also fleeting, transient, and ephemeral — in other words, modern, and therefore, a phenomenon of literary fashion.

Автоматизация построения комплексной информационной модели на основе модульных элементов максимальной готовности

The article raises the problem of the need to develop specialized functionality of software complexes of information modeling technologies for the development of models of objects of modular buildings in order to minimize manual actions when solving routine tasks. The general concept of the tool is defined, the main functional requirements are formulated and the development of a specialized script is carried out. Based on the initial data in the form of information models of modular elements and basic technical and economic indicators, the construction of a complex information model of a modular object with the possibility of instantaneous adjustment and variable operation is formed in an automated mode. The purpose of this study is to develop a means of automating the construction of a complex information model based on modular elements of maximum readiness, tasks: analysis of the features of modular design, study of the possibilities of visual programming tools and script development.

A brief review on optical properties of polymer Composites: Insights into Light-Matter interaction from classical to quantum transport point of view

In recent years, the optical capabilities of polymer composites have dominated the marketplace for applications in optoelectronic and energy devices. Supercapacitors, light-emitting displays, optical waveguide sensors, and organic photovoltaic cells are a few examples of the applications of the optical behavior of composites. Polymer composites are composed of nano/micro-sized inorganic particles (such as semiconductors, metal complexes, and synthetic nanoparticles) that are distributed within a polymer matrix. These materials have a significant role because they combine the optical properties of inorganic materials with the ease of processing of polymers, which utilizes the potential and performance of polymer-based optical systems.Optical features of polymer composites, such as indices of refraction, transparency, dispersion, and coefficients of absorption, influence their potential uses in optical systems and devices. The purpose of this research is to establish more insight into the optical characteristics of polymer composites and to understand the correlations between the structure and optoelectronic behavior of polymer composites. This review involves general concepts, scientific guidelines, and feasible mathematical sections. The unique optical characteristics of some common polymers (PEO, PMMA, PVA, and CS) and polymer composites are briefly reviewed. This review article establishes the fact that metal complexes are excellent over ceramic filler or nano-particles to improve optical absorption and decrease the optical band gap. An inspection of the fundamentals of light-matter interaction, ranging from classical (Drude-Lorentz model) to quantum methods for studying electron transition was exhibited. Furthermore, the applications of Tauc’s model and optical dielectric loss parameters to estimate the optical energy band gap of polymer composites are explained. Other fundamental optical parameters, such as absorption coefficient, optical dielectric constant, and refractive index are also explored. Finally, the Wemple-DiDomenico (WD) model is applied to investigate; the refractive index, optical dielectric constant, and optical spectra moments. The correlations between the optical dielectric function and several parameters such as ε∞, τ, N/m*, µopt, ρopt, ωp, and Eg are derived. Various models based on refractive index and absorption coefficient are discussed in detail to estimate crucial optical parameters.

Justice as a Meta Value of Corrective Justice in Providing Restitution for Unjust Enrichment: A Study on Rules, Norms, Principles, and Foundation

The legal foundation is one of the most important sources of law that has been emphasized in several legal theories. However, concepts regarding legal foundation are still heavily debated and intertwined with other legal principles, legal values, legal norms, legal theorems, and legal rules. Foundation, principles, and norms are general concepts discussed in the law field as a separate point of discussion in the study of law, especially in legal theory.This showcases that the knowledge regarding concepts and the standing of different principles, values, norms, and rules are important in studying a particular field of law. However, in practice, most legal scholars and professors in the field of law are still unaware of such concepts that often overlap with one another. Generally, foundations are meta values from principles, principles are the meta values of norms, and norms are meta values of a rule. In comparison, values are the equivalent of principles and fundamental values. A theorem is the equivalent of a norm, which is embodied in a rule, and the rule itself is the most concrete implementation of a principle, which may be in the form of a written or unwritten rule. This paper aims to explore the relationship between justice, corrective justice, restitution, and unjust enrichment. It will discuss how fundamental values, principles, and norms serve as meta-values in achieving justice. Additionally, it will examine the role of corrective justice in providing restitution for cases of unjust enrichment.

SOCRATES THE EUTRAPELOS: XENOPHON AND ARISTOTLE ON ETHICAL VIRTUE

AbstractThe social virtues are not discussed thematically in the Socratic writings of Plato and Xenophon, but they are on display everywhere. Taking Aristotle's accounts of these virtues as a touchstone, this paper explores the portrait of Socrates as a model of good humour in Xenophon's Symposium. While Xenophon is addressing the same issues as Aristotle, and shares some of his red lines, his conception of the ideal humourist and of virtue in general differs from Aristotle's not only in detail but also in general conception. While he never actually violates the rules Aristotle sets down for eutrapelia, Xenophon's Socrates strives not to avoid opposites but to combine them. It is the careful combining of the spoudaion and the geloion that redeems Xenophon's otherwise outrageous portrait of Socratic humour. This suggests a broader paradigm in which virtuous behaviour is a combination of opposites rather than a middle path.

A Comprehensive Review of Feature Selection and Feature Selection Stability in Machine Learning

Feature selection is a dimension reduction technique used to select features that are relevant to machine learning tasks. Reducing the dataset size by eliminating redundant and irrelevant features plays a pivotal role in increasing the performance of machine learning algorithms, speeding up the learning process, and building simple models. The apparent need for feature selection has aroused considerable interest amongst researchers and has caused feature selection to find a wide range of application domains including text mining, pattern recognition, cybersecurity, bioinformatics, and big data. As a result, over the years, a substantial amount of literature has been published on feature selection and a wide variety of feature selection methods have been proposed. The quality of feature selection algorithms is measured not only by evaluating the quality of the models built using the features they select, or by the clustering tendencies of the features they select, but also by their stability. Therefore, this study focused on feature selection and feature selection stability. In the pages that follow, general concepts and methods of feature selection, feature selection stability, stability measures, and reasons and solutions for instability are discussed.

The presence of custom as a legal source from “country law” to modern civil law

Custom has been one of the most important formal sources of law in the legal history of many societies. It refers to the rules of conduct and practices that have been developed and followed by a community over time, without being codified in written laws. However, the importance of custom in legal systems has changed over time, and it no longer occupies the same central place in many jurisdictions today. The customs and traditions of a society play a significant role in determining the norms and rules that are adopted as part of positive law. The study of custom can help shape not only specific legal norms but also the general legal concepts and principles that guide a community. Each society has its own traditions and customs that influence the form and content of its positive law. The study of custom can therefore help to identify the distinctive features of a national or cultural legal system. Understanding and analysing a community's customs, customs and traditions are crucial to revealing the roots and values of its legal system, thus contributing to a better understanding of positive law and its national specificity.

Ukraine’s labor market after a year and a half of full-scale war: non-standard employment and digitalization

The article describes the results of a study of the prevalence of non-standard employment in Ukraine and the relationship between non-standard employment and digitalization in Ukraine. The COVID-19 pandemic and the full-scale invasion of Russia on February 24, 2022, have radically affected the labor market and the spread of non-standard employment. A year and a half after the start of the full-scale war, the share of the unemployed has decreased, and some researchers and specialists have already begun to talk about "personnel hunger" in certain areas and industries. However, despite the activation of the labor market, the work of only 30% of Ukrainians can be identified as standard employment. Moreover, there is de facto no return to the standard employment format. Another factor contributing to the spread of non-standard forms of employment is digitalization. Digitalization is often used as a general all-encompassing concept but based on information about the use of digital devices and technologies, three categories can be distinguished, corresponding to three stages of technological development - computerization, Internetization, and digitalization. At the same time, digitization can be defined as the creation of information and analytical platforms that have analytical and predictive functions. The highest level of computerization and Internetization is observed among Ukrainians whose employment can be characterized as non-standard. The highest level of computerization, Internetization, and digitalization are among sole proprietors, respondents who can work remotely and have a flexible schedule. With a fairly high level of use of digital devices and technologies (62% of surveyed Ukrainians use a laptop, tablet or smartphone at work), this level is still lower than the European average. The further spread of Internetization and digitization (information and analytical solutions and platforms) can become one of the drivers of non-standard employment, which, given its magnitude, should be, as A. Kolot notes, completely and irreversibly transformed into a ordinary, traditional social and labor reality.

Schooling Behavior of Fish: General Ideas, Terms and Concepts, Prevalence, Applied Aspects

Schooling Behavior of Fish: General Ideas, Terms and Concepts, Prevalence, Applied Aspects

AN OPINION: WHAT AN ECOLOGICAL SYSTEM IS IT?

Many controversial debates (including conferences, symposia and of of the same) are generated by misunderstanding of the concepts or, often, by associating wrong terms to the same concept. The sustainability science or the ecologic theory (more exactly, the theory on the ecological systems) is an (intellectual) crucial pillar to handle the current and future challenges regarding the non-anthropic and artefactual environment. The paper aims to put a (whatever small) brick to clarify the grounding concept of the ecological system, in order to prevent its inflationary and un-rigorous use in research and public policy. The basic contributions are: (a) identifying the sufficiency predicates to logically define the concept of ecological system, (b) the suggestion to approach the issue from a mix evolutionary perspective based on Lamarckian-Darwinian theories; (c) some opinions regarding the scientific utility of using such a clear, on logical bases, concept of ecological system (given the general concept of system).