General Committee Research Articles

Patient*innen gestalten Forschung in der Palliativmedizin mit

BackgroundPatient and public participation in health research is of increasing social importance. The participation of citizens (patients, their next or interested parties) is not yet structurally anchored in Germany. This manuscript aims to present and to discuss first experiences with patient and public involvement in two palliative care centers. MethodsIn two centers, a general patient and public involvement committee (Erlangen) and a project-associated patient and public involvement group (Munich) were founded. Strategies for recruitment of potential members (public lectures, personal contact, information on the website, leaflets) were developed and applied. Sociodemographic data and motivations were assessed using survey and personal communication. 18 months after foundation citizens were asked to give feedback on participation during personal meetings. ResultsThe 20 members of the PPI committee (14 female) are between 52 and 86 years old in Erlangen. The PPI group in Munich has 7 members (5 female). Motivations to contribute are, for example, gratefulness for the care of a relative or the wish to share occupational competencies for a good purpose. Voluntary participation took place by consulting the research teams. Consultation was, among others, performed in joint sessions with brainstorming, moderated group discussions, piloting and commenting interview guides, texts or website content. Participation improved the quality of study material and data assessment instruments. Citizens appreciated that they were able to gain new information and meet people from different fields. They partly wished there was a more detailed preparation and debriefing after joint meetings. The research teams did not quantify the considerable staff and time expenses. DiscussionThe recruitment strategies used have proved successful, and the experiences so far indicate a positive impact of PPI on research in the field of palliative care. Research is needed to evaluate the resources required and the effect of PPI in palliative care. On a structural level, discussion of PPI as one specification of voluntary engagement in palliative care, centralized provision of general information on PPI in palliative care and the possibilities of exchange between PPI groups and researchers of different facilities, should take place. ConclusionThere is a need for networking and exchange among researchers and citizens of different project groups with experience in PPI. An institutionalized provision of expertise would pave the way for PPI in palliative research.

A Longitudinal Study of Gender Parity Trends of General Membership and Leadership in the Neurocritical Care Society between 2002 and 2019.

Several studies in critical care and neurology demonstrate women under-representation in professional societies; representation trends within the Neurocritical Care Society (NCS) are unknown. We examined longitudinal gender parity trends in membership and leadership within NCS. A retrospective study of NCS membership and leadership rosters was conducted. To determine gender, self-reported binary gender was extracted. For individuals without recorded gender, a systematic Web-based search to identify usage of gender-specific pronouns in publicly available biographies was performed. According to previously published methods, available photographs were utilized to record presumed gender identification in the absence of available pronoun descriptors. We analyzed available data longitudinally from 2002 to 2019 and performed descriptive statistical and linear regression analyses. In overall membership, the proportion of women members demonstrated an average 11% increase between 2005 and 2018 (95% confidence interval (CI) - 8.1 to 30.1, p = 0.08). The proportion of women Board of Directors (BOD) members increased significantly over time to 50% in 2019. There was an increase in women Officers from 0% in the first 3years (2002-2004) to 40% in 2019, with two women Presidents out of 17 from 2002 to 2019. For available Executive Committee rosters, there was a statistically significant nearly 3% increase per year (95% CI 1.5-4; p = 0.0007) in the proportion of women members. Rosters for Committee members and chairpersons were also incomplete, but in an analysis of the available data, there was a statistically significant increase of 5% per year analyzed (95% CI 0.5-9.7; p = 0.04) in the proportion of women Committee members. We also found a statistically significant 4.3% increase per year analyzed (95% CI 2.4-6.1; p = 0.003) in the proportion of women Committee chairpersons. This is the first study of longitudinal gender parity trends within neurocritical care. We report that from 2002 to 2019, the NCS has undergone a significant increase in women representation in general membership, committee membership, and leadership positions.

Publication of the society’s sensitive personal data in the legitimate site of the general election committee

It is highly important to protect the society’s sensitive personal data. The reason is that many personal data are published by the government institution without paying attention to the prevailing regulations. In this current study, the search for the data in the form of hyperlink with its contents in the legitimate site of the General Election Committees was conducted with the assistance of Crawling Web. The obtained contents were preprocessed using the Preprocessing Text, which were then weighted using the TF-IDF method before they were classified using the Naїve Bayes method. After that, an analysis on the types of the published sensitive personal and the extent of the publication based on the area groups was conducted. Out of 6,700 instances of the personal data which were analyzed, 6.430 were published. The personal data which were published were full name, place and date of birth, religion, marital status, ID Number of the government civil servants, identity card number, number of the tax payer, account number, mobile number, e-mail, address, position, and face photo. The level of publication based on the total data found was as follows: 11.45% in the Central General Election Committee, 21.60% in the eastern area, 17.01% in the central area and 49.94% in the eastern area. The accuracy of the Naїve Bayes method averaged 96.99%. Prior to publication, the General Election Committee is recommended to respect someone’s personal data as privacy and the data which would be published should obtain approval and an easily-contacted contact person.

ICPEAC Committees

List of Executive Committee, General Committee, Local Organizing Committee are available in the pdf.

Syphilis in The Early Years of Turkish Republic: An Example of Bolu Sanjak in Yearbooks Between 1916 and 1925

OBJECTIVE: Syphilis is one of the most important epidemics seen in Ottoman lands along with world geography. The disease of syphilis, whose history dates back Ages in archaeological findings, began to pass in the late fifteenth century in the texts. This disease is mentioned in Ottoman texts at the beginning of the sixteenth century. Although syphilis is a previously known disease, it has been recorded to cause serious epidemics in our country in the mid-nineteenth century. As with other epidemics, the Ottoman State also engaged in an important fight against syphilis. Syphilis has been recorded as causing serious damage in Kastamonu and Bolu, along with Istanbul. In our study, the struggle against syphilis in Bolu and its vicinity in the last period of the Ottoman Empire will be demonstrated. MATERIALS and METHODS: In our study, within the framework of yearbooks which the first one in Bolu was published in 1916 and the second in 1925, we will discuss the struggle of syphilis with other epidemics. RESULTS: Bolu health administration, Bolu syphilis Hospital, which will later become the hometown hospital, mobile syphilis doctors, Bolu syphilis General Inspection Committee and drugs distributed with free examinations are the most important tools of this fight. In particular, the number of examinations and patients show the importance of the subject. CONCLUSION: Although there were years of war and famine, it is understood that diseases that closely concern the vast masses were effectively fought. When viewed from historical aspect, the Bolu yearbooks is remarkable for showing the struggle tools and determination of the struggle, although the statistics given are likely to be incomplete.

Preface

The 31st International Conference on Photonic, Electronic and Atomic Collisions (XXXI ICPEAC) was held in the region of Normandy, France, starting with the tutorials at the University of Caen Normandie on July 23, 2019, and followed by the main conference on July 24-30, 2019 at the Deauville International Conference Centre. Held biannually, ICPEAC is one of the largest conferences on the atomic and molecular physics calendar, and covers the recent progress in photonic, electronic, and atomic collisions with matter. With a history dating back to 1958, the ICPEAC has its second coming to France, the first of which being the 1977 edition in Paris. The organization of ICPEAC 2019, the tutorials, and some of the satellite meetings involved 15 French institutes belonging to CNRS and various universities or institutions, and located all over the country. With the selection of France as the ICPEAC XXXI venue the local organizers began their preparations six years ahead in anticipation of the event.The conference brought together 615 participants from 43 countries with 32% of young researchers (PhD students or doctors who defended their PhD less than 4 years ago) and 28% of female scientists.ICPEAC XXXI aroused the submission of 808 abstracts among which 41% were submitted by young scientists. In April 2019, the ICPEAC General Committee has reviewed 761 Regular s submitted before 10 March 2019 and has selected “hot topics” as Special Reports. The Local Organizing Committee has examined 47 post-deadline abstracts submitted before 15 June, 2019. The Scientific Conference Program included 749 abstracts that were scheduled for presentation in one of the five poster sessions organized according to 18 different topics representing the main fields of ICPEAC 2019. The full poster list is published in the Conference Handbook available on line and was distributed in printed form to the participants. Among these abstracts, 469 are presented in issues 6-23 of this volume of the Journal of Physics Conference Series.In addition, five plenary lectures by Joachim Burgdörfer (Institute of Theoretical Physics, TU-Wien, Austria), Klaus Bartschat (Drake University, USA), Christoph Bostedt (Paul Scherrer Institute & Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Switzerland), Astrid Bergeat (Institut des Sciences Moléculaires, University of Bordeaux, France), and Hidetoshi Katori (RIKEN & University of Tokyo, Japan) have been presented along with 62 progress reports and 28 special reports. Detailed write-ups of some of the invited lectures and reports are presented in issues 1-5 of this volume, constituting a tangible record of the meeting.Preceding the main conference, three distinguished scientists, Gordon Drake (University of Windsor, Canada), Anne L’Huillier (Lund Attosecond Science Center, LTH, Sweden) and Thomas Stöhlker (Helmholtz Institute Jena, Germany) gave tutorial lectures specifically designed for students and early-career researchers.During the conference, the 2019 IUPAP Young Scientist Prize was awarded to Andreas Mooser (Max-Planck Institute for Nuclear Physics & CERN) and Christian Smorra (CERN). The Sheldon Datz Prize for an Outstanding Young Scientist attending ICPEAC was awarded to Vincent Lemelin (Department of Nuclear Medicine and Radiobiology, Sherbrooke University, Canada).The Local Organizing Committee would like to express its gratitude to the “Société Française de Physique”, the International Union for Pure and Applied Physics (IUPAP), the European Physical Society, the City of Deauville, the Normandy Region, the University of Caen Normandie and all the conference sponsors for their financial aid which made the event possible, offered the tutorials to all the young scientists, and supported 45% of them to attend the main conference.Finally, the Local Organizing Committee would like to thank all the ICPEAC participants for their support and contributions to the conference.The Editors,For the proceedings of the ICPEAC XXXI papers:Lorenzo Ugo Ancarani, LPCT, CNRS-Université de LorraineChristian Bordas, ILM, CNRS-Université de LyonFranck Lépine, ILM, CNRS-Université de LyonDominique Vernhet, INSP, CNRS-Sorbonne UniversitéFor the proceedings of the ICPEAC XXXI abstracts:Henri Bachau, CELIA, CNRS-Université de BordeauxRichard Brédy, ILM, CNRS-Université de LyonOlivier Dulieu, LAC, CNRS-Université Paris-SaclayFrancis Penent, LCPMR, CNRS-Sorbonne UniversitéDominique Vernhet, INSP, CNRS-Sorbonne Université

An overview of ethical review committees in Japan: examining the certification applications of ethical review committees.

ABSTRACTThe survey involves examining the applications from 142 institutions that have consented to make available all certification applications from 2015 and 2016 to a research project for building a certification system for an ethics committee run by the Agency for Medical Research and Development. The number of certified institutions is 20 (14.1%). In the applications from uncertified institutions, there are cases in which requirements of ethics guidelines are unmet, and there is insufficient information provided on regulation and procedure.An analysis of the committee members who can contribute as members of the general public (general public committee members) has indicated that the number of committee members who do not belong to an institution in which an ethics committee is instituted (external committee members) is 41 (95.7%) among the certified institutions and 224 (84.5%) among the uncertified institutions. The proportion of general public committee members drawn internally from institutions tends to be higher among uncertified institutions.While a separate committee examined conflicts of interest in research in 19 certified institutions (95.0%), such conflicts were found in 41 uncertified institutions (33.9%) by the ethics committee.The survey confirms that the challenge lies in increasing the number of external committee members and in further improving the system to manage conflicts of interest, and the education and training regime.

Report of the Nomenclature Committee for Vascular Plants: 70

SummaryThe following five generic names are recommended for conservation: Goodenia with a conserved type, Microlepia against Scyphofilix, Orostachys with a conserved type, Salpichroa against Nectouxia, and Saxofridericia with that spelling. Conservation of Scilla with a conserved type and conservation of Podostemum with that spelling were not considered to be necessary but would be recommended if the General Committee disagreed. The following two generic names are recommended for rejection: Allosorus and Kadalia. The following 12 species names are recommended for conservation: Alyssum hyperboreum with a conserved type, Amaryllis atamasco with that spelling, Asplenium richardii with a conserved type, Avena sterilis with a conserved type, Blackwellia planiflora, Campyloneurum densifolium against Polypodium ccallahuala, Carum persicum against Sium cyminosma, Conoria cuspa against Aspidosperma bicolor, Mammillaria magnifica Franc.G. Buchenau against M. magnifica Sencke, Maxillaria galeata against Acropera loddigesii, Sempervivum tectorum with a conserved type, and Thalictrum delavayi against T. thibeticum. The following four species names are not recommended for conservation: Agave dasylirioides against A. dealbata, Aloe horombensis against A. subacutissima, Lacis riedelii against L. fucoides, and Triticum palaeocolchicum against T. karamyschevii. The following two species names are recommended for rejection: Salvinia adnata and Stapelia cochinchinensis. It is not recommended that the conserved authorship of Theaceae be changed. It is recommended that Briquetastrum and Briquetiastrum, and Mimosa inga and M. ynga, be treated as homonyms. It is recommended that Rauiella and Rauhiella, and Pollia and Polia, should not be treated as homonyms.

Got Milk? Design and Implementation of a Lactation Support Program for Surgeons

Got Milk? Design and Implementation of a Lactation Support Program for Surgeons

The consensus of integrative diagnosis and treatment of acute pancreatitis-2017.

Acute pancreatitis (AP) is one of the most common acute abdominal diseases. The digestive disease committee, Chinese Association of Integrative Medicine, released Integrated traditional Chinese and Western medicine for diagnosis and treatment of acute pancreatitis in 2010.1 Since then, further studies and great progress have been made by domestic and foreign counterparts from the perspective of both Chinese and Western medicine in AP, including the classification, fluid resuscitation, organ function maintenance, surgery intervention, enteral nutrition (EN), and syndrome differentiation and treatment. It is necessary to update the consensus on diagnosis and treatment of integrated Chinese and Western medicine to meet clinical needs. Therefore, the 2012 Revision of the Atlanta Classification Standard (RAC) by the International AP Consensus,2 the 2013 the Management of Acute Pancreatitis by the American College of Gastroenterology,3, 4 the 2014 Guidelines for diagnosis and treatment of the acute pancreatitis guide (2014) by the Chinese medical association branch,5 the 2014 Guidelines on Integrative Medicine for Severe Acute Pancreatitis by the General Surgery Committee of the Chinese Society of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine,6 and Traditional Chinese Medicine Consensus on the Diagnosis and Treatment for Acute Pancreatitis by the Spleen and Stomach committee of China Association of Traditional Chinese Medicine7, 8 were taken into account for the revision of the consensus published in 2010. The digestive specialists in Chinese and Western medicine had a discussion on traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) types, syndrome differentiation, the main points of integrative medicine, and so on. According to the Delphi method, Consensus of Integrative Diagnosis and Treatment of Acute Pancreatitis (the 2017 revision) has been passed after three rounds votes. (The voting options are as follows: (a) totally agree; (b) agree, but with some reservations; (c) agree, but with larger reservations; (d) disagree, but reserved; and (e) absolutely disagree. If more than two out of three choose (a), or over 85% choose (a)+(b), the consensus will be passed.) The final validation was carried out by the core expert group in Taizhou, Jiangsu on June 9, 2017. The full text is as follows.

Report of the General Committee: 21

SummaryDecisions of the General Committee are reported on: (1) translations of the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants, and (2) appointment of the members of the post‐Shenzhen Special‐purpose Committees.

Connecticut Labor History in the Classroom

In May 2015, the Connecticut General Assembly passed Public Act No. 15 – 17, encouraging local school districts to teach the history of the American labor movement. This was the culmination of years of advocacy by teachers, union activists, and supportive legislators. Spearheaded by Steve Kass, a retired teacher, member of the American Federation of Teachers (AFT), and vice-president of the Greater New Haven Labor History Association (GNHLHA), this effort followed naturally from GNHLHA activities on the local level to document union history. As Kass testified before the General Assembly Education Committee, “The purpose of this legislation is to get labor’s untold story told,” citing a recent national poll finding that 54 percent of adults know “little” or “not much” about unions in the United States. Also, for the past several years, AFT Connecticut Secretary-Treasurer Ed Leavy testified in support of similar legislation at the state capitol. “Life as we know it today would be impossible without the contribution of organized labor,” Leavy told the legislature’s Education Committee in February 2015. “The men and women who struggled against deplorable working conditions, bias, and abuse deserved the right to be remembered,” he said.The key to this success was persistence in submitting the legislation each year and building allies over the years. “It took five legislative sessions, five years starting in 2010 and ending in June 2015,” noted Kass. The final version of the legislation needed to satisfy Republican legislators who wanted a “balanced perspective,” so the title of the bill was amended to “An Act Concerning a Labor and Free Market Capitalism Curriculum.” The added language called for “the history and economics of free market capitalism and entrepreneurialism, and the role of labor and capitalism in the development of the American and world economies.” This was an easy concession for labor historians, as recent scholarship has emphasized that the history of labor cannot be told without attention to the history of capitalism. This legislation added this subject to the list of other recommended topics, including the Holocaust and genocide education, the Irish Great Famine, African American history, Puerto Rican history, and Native American history.This act is not binding on school districts, but it does require the Connecticut State Department of Education (CSDE) to provide teaching materials on these topics. Kass assembled a committee of labor historians and teachers to produce the materials. I wrote a short summary of the history of the Connecticut working class and the labor movement, and other committee members provided labor history materials for the CSDE. Steve Thornton, retired union organizer and compiler of Hartford local history through his website “The Shoeleather History Project,” delivered other Connecticut materials, while Professor Troy Rondinone of Southern Connecticut State University provided input. Stephen Armstrong, Social Studies Consultant for CSDE, prepared these materials for posting on the CSDE website. Together, the three presented teacher workshops on the topic at the Spring 2018 Connecticut Council on Social Studies conference. It is an ongoing project to inform teachers about labor history topics and suggest ways to embed those topics in the standard US history survey classes they teach.A key goal of the CSDE Social Studies curriculum is to use Connecticut examples of national history to allow students to appreciate where they live. Crucial to this effort is the ongoing work of historians to gather materials on local events. GNHLHA has been a local pioneer in this endeavor, aided in the beginning by Yale University’s David Montgomery and his crew of graduate students. It created and maintained a local archive of labor records curated by Joan Cavanagh, carried out oral-history projects, and mounted traveling exhibitions on New Haven garment workers and on the Winchester Repeating Arms Company factory. The Winchester exhibit is an excellent example of public history, telling the story of one employer and one factory and its interaction with the African American Newhallville neighborhood in the mid-twentieth century. See the Greater New Haven History Association’s website.LAWCHA itself is aiding these efforts on the national level, with its committee Teaching Labor’s Story, chaired by Professor Emerita Nikki Mandell, University of Wisconsin-Whitewater. See its website, which includes a link to Professor Rosemary Feurer’s “Labor History Links,” including a comprehensive labor history chronology, bibliographies, and other teacher resources. LAWCHA urges everyone to use these resources and contribute to them, if possible.

Simplified Tax Procedures in the New Tax Ordinance Act in Poland

The purpose of this article is to indicate the need to simplify typical tax procedures but also to explain how it could be done. The discussed issues are based on proposed provisions provided in the draft of the New Tax Ordinance Act prepared by the General Tax Code Codification Committee. Efforts should be made to increase the efficiency of tax proceedings, which means, among others, the elimination of the overly extensive and formalized procedure for assessment of low tax amounts. At present, for example, proceedings regarding million zlotys tax amounts are carried out on identical terms as in the case of taxes amounting to several dozen PLN. The proposed new law will speed up the handling of many matters, but will also reduce the costs incurred in meeting all the existing procedural requirements. In addition, there should be no proceedings undertaken regarding tax amounts that are lower than the costs of obtaining them. The procedures for serving documents to taxpayers should be also simplified. Currently, they are very expensive. Additionally, they are often ineffective, which leads to the loss of significant tax revenues by the state. In addition, the process of granting individual tax reliefs should be simplified, especially in the context of local taxes. It should be enabled municipalities to independently decide on these entitlements and streamline the procedure for their granting.

Sociology and Jurisprudence

The article published in 1906 deals with a qualitative difference between law and labor, which relates to this law, since the latter belongs to science, and science is not included in the content of the law. In general, Eugen Ehrlich raises the question of the relationship of legal science and legal norm. Erlich explains the contradiction between a clear legal rule and a rule in real life, in particular, on the example of family law, typical of Bukovina, but contrary to the general Austrian Central Committee (on the relationship between parents and the child living with them and at the same time works somewhere) The essence of the case, according to Eugen Ehrlich, is that law arise in a dual function – as an organizational form, and as a norm for resolution, that is, the norm under which judgments are made. The leading idea of differentiation is based on the thesis that the precondition of any solution is a clash of interests, struggle; and the dominant real-life relationships rarely come out of the struggle in the same form in which they entered this struggle. Therefore, along with the organizational rules that arise in the peaceful coexistence of people, there must be rules for resolution that gain their significance in the event of conflicts, with the first norms being part of the latter. In general, Erlich states that jurisprudence is primarily a practical discipline. It teaches the practical application of law. While the development of jurisprudence in legal science, its transition from practical discipline to the field of sociology is fully consistent with the process in other scientific fields, and is one that is becoming more and more understandable day by day. Keywords: law; norm for resolution; organizational norm; legal norm; sociology of law; judicial decision; jurisprudence. https://doi.org/10.31861/ehrlichsjournal2018.02.078

The Secession Issue and Territorial Autonomy in Spain: Bicameralism Revisited

Abstract The Spanish Constitution defines the Senate as 'Chamber of territorial representation'. But in the Senate the provinces are represented, not the Autonomous Communities. The Senate is a Chamber of ‘sober second thought’, subordinated to the lower House, whose will prevails in the event of discrepancy. It lacks specific powers with regard to territorial autonomy; in spite of this, there has been an attempt to assign it relevance in this sphere by creating a General Committee on Autonomous Communities. By way of exception the Senate is exclusively responsible for the decision to authorize the Government to apply measures of ’federal coercion'. This constitutional provision was first activated in October 2017, in the context of the secessionist process in Catalonia, as a result of the repeated noncompliance by the authorities of the resolutions of the Constitutional Court (CC), which concluded with the Unilateral Declaration of Independence (UDI) by Parliament at the same time as the adoption of the measures of federal coercion. The Senate demonstrated that even in a case in which it has the reserved competence, as in the authorization of the adoption of measures of federal coercion, it lacks the capacity to be a federal Chamber.

Some outcomes of the Nomenclature Section of the XIXth International Botanical Congress

Background: A Nomenclature Section meeting to amend the International Code of Nomenclaturefor algae, fungi and plants is held every six years, a week before the International Botanical Congress.Objectives: To report on some of the outcomes of the Nomenclature Section of the XIXthInternational Botanical Congress that was held in Shenzhen, China, in July 2017.Method: Outcomes that are especially relevant to South African botanists and mycologists aresummarised from published Nomenclature and General Committee reports, as well as thepublished report of congress action.Results: This short note summarises and highlights some of the decisions taken at theNomenclature Section in China, especially those that are important for South African botanistsand mycologists.

La Comisión General de las Comunidades Autónomas y la reforma del Senado

La Comisión General de las Comunidades Autónomas se establece en la reforma del Reglamento del Senado de 1994, con la idea de ensayar la reforma de un futuro Senado en el que se potencie su carácter de Cámara territorial. No obstante, la tendencia a una actividad muy reducida en los trabajos de esta Comisión durante los años de su existencia, ha evidenciado la desconfianza en esta vía para llevar a cabo el control parlamentario al Gobierno en cuestiones territoriales, que se siguen reconduciendo preferentemente a las Comisiones específicas competentes por razón de la materia.

Михайло Грушевський і товариство “Учительська громада” у Львові

During the period of activity in Lviv M. Hrushevskyi persecuted educational and scientific development goal of the all-Ukrainian scale. Scientific contacts of an educator in Lviv began in 1892, where he later became a member of the Shevchenko Scientific Society and ultimately united his efforts with this city. Educational activities of M. Hrushevskyi in Galicia was mainly carried out within the activities of numerous scientific and educational institutions, which the scientist founded, headed or contributed. That’s how the leader becomes the first chairman of the “Teacher’s Community” Society in Lviv. Chaired by M. Hrushevskyi numerous educational decisions were taken at the meetings of the “Teacher’s Community” and published in established own publishing body “Our School”. Among them: founding of the Teachers workshop of the Lviv, establishment of the Ukrainianist Commission, creation of courses for private gymnasiums for the Rusyns Pedagogical Society in Yavoriv and Rogatyn, founding of general regional committee for private schooling etc. By applying such decisions “Teachers’ Community” opposed the elimination of multilingual teaching in Galician schools, organized its activities for the Ukrainianization of schooling and the support of Ukrainian textbooks. Ukrainian “Teacher’s Community” with the head M. Hrushevskyi carried out active educational and cultural activities. Chairing the “Teachers’ Community”, M. Hrushevskyi managed to impose the society as a sphere of educational influence, which covered the most remote corners of Galicia, initiating the process of solving problems in the educational sphere, by organizing schools, private gymnasiums, training of teachers’ groups to unite Ukrainian people in the single nation. M. Hrushevskyi participation in this initiative created conditions and organized the main educational efforts around the struggle for Ukrainian schooling during almost four decades. Key words: M. Hrushevskyi, “Teacher’s community”, “Our school”, national school, educator, chairman.

Improvement of system of corporate management organs by forming shadow board

The article determines that the current existing system of corporate management organs of ajoint-stock company needs improvement in the direction of preparation of labour reserve. The expediency of forming labour reserve by board of directors in the joint-stock company is considered by the improvement of the system of corporate management organs and forming in its composition an alternative organ called a shadow board. The article determines that the activity of board of directors is carried out on the basis of conservative strategy, which consists of a careful conduct at the acceptance of administrative decisions. It is set that the activity of bord of directors is conservative from dependence on shareholders who appoint them. The paper proves the efficiency of combination of conservative strategy of making decision suggested by the board of directors with the aggressive strategy of the alternative organ, which must be the prototype of board of directors, but it must operate within the limits of aggressive strategy. It is proved that the synergy of conservative and aggressive strategy of forming suggestions by the board of directors of the joint-stock company with the use of additional working organ (shadow board) will bring an effect. The effect from such synergy is the upgrading of making decisions by the board of directors. The place of shadow board in the system of corporate management organs is outlined. The analogy of shadow board’s activity similar to the activity of board of directors of the joint-stock company is shown. The features of co-operation of board of directors and shadow board are marked. The features of forming committees as a part of a shadow board and a general committee with a board of directors are outlined. The article deals with the key role of the shadow board in the preparation of skilled reserve of board of directors of the joint-stock company and in providing more aggressive strategy for making decisions. The paper outlines the process of forming board of directors’s labour reserve with the use of the shadow board on the basis of six stages: raising the task; the determination of organizational moments by forming the shadow board; forming high-quality composition of the shadow board; candidates’s practical activity as a part of the shadow board; the estimation of activity efficiency (of utility) aof participant of the shadow board for the board of directors; inferencing about future possibility of shadow board’s participant work in composition the board of directors in the context of skilled reserve.

Nomenclatural notes on Macaronesian Micromeria (Lamiaceae)

Recently, the authors presented a proposal to conserve the names Micromeria varia Bentham (1834: 374) with a conserved type and M. hyssopifolia Webb & Berthelot (1844: 72) against Thymus ericifolius Roth (1800: 50) (Puppo et al. 2014a) to avoid disruption of current usage of these two well established names. This proposal, however, was not recommended by the Nomenclature Committee (Applequist 2016) and subsequently turned down by the General Committee (Wilson 2017). While regretting this decision, we are prepared to accept the taxonomic and nomenclatural implications.