General Combiners For Grain Yield Research Articles

Combining Ability of Agronomic and Yield Traits in Rice Genotypes

Combining Ability of Agronomic and Yield Traits in Rice Genotypes The demand for rice production in Kenya is high while production has remained far below consumption demand for quite a number of years. Growing of poorly adapted rice varieties with undesirable traits is one of the major factors limiting production. The objectives of this study were to determine the performance and combining ability of rice cultivars for both agronomic and yield related traits. Seven genotypes were crossed in a North Carolina II mating design to generate the F1 hybrids. The 12 F2 seeds, 7 parents and 1 check variety were planted at KALRO-Mwea following a randomized complete block design replicated three times. Analysis of combining ability was done using SAS (Version 9.3) software. Rice genotypes were significantly different for all the agronomic and yield traits except chlorophyll content, filled grains and thousand grain weight. The mean square GCA (m) were significantly different for all traits except chlorophyll content while for GCA (f) except productive tillers, panicles per plant and thousand grain weight. Specific Combining Ability showed significant differences for all traits measured. The heritability results indicated that these traits were governed by nonadditive genes. The parents, Komboka, Mwur 4 and Nerica 4 were good general combiners for grain yield, filled grains and had shorter duration to flowering. These parents could be used in a hybridization program to introgress yield traits into adapted low yielding lines. The best specific combiners were hybrids generated from a cross between Mwur 4 and Nerica 4 and Komboka and Nerica 4. These hybrids could be exploited for heterosis breeding.

Combining ability analysis and gene action studies in pearl millet [Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R Br.

The experiment was conducted with 50 hybrids which were developed through Line x Tester mating design using five male sterile lines and ten restorers as parental material along with two standard check hybrids, viz., Pratibha-1666 and Shradha. . The parents, hybrids and two standard checks were evaluated during kharif 2012 season for ten characters. Significant differences were observed for all the ten characters studied. Among females, 732A was found best general combiner for grain yield and had significant GCA effects for days to 50% flowering, days to maturity, 1000-grain weight and plant height while, in male parent, PT 4801 was the best general combiner followed by PT 4108 and PT4563 for grain yield per plant. The cross ICMA 88004 x PT 4639 was the best specific combiner for grain yield per plant followed by ICMA 91222 x PT 4520 and ICMA 99222 x PT 4801. They produced significant and desirable SCA effects for most of the traits studied, indicating potential for exploiting hybrid vigour in breeding programme.

Studies on combining ability and heterosis in rice (Oryza sativa L.)

Combining ability analysis was carried out in rice involving seven lines, four testers and 28 cross combinations. The combining ability variances revealed that SCA was greater than GCA indicating the preponderance of non-additive gene action for all the traits viz., days to 50 per cent flowering, plant height, number of productive tillers per plant, panicle length, number of grains per panicle, hundred grain weight, grain yield per plant, kernel length, kernel breadth and kernel L/B ratio. From standard heterosis, hybrids viz., STBN 4/ADT 45, STBN 3/ADT 45 and ADT 43/PMK 3 recorded significant standard heterosis for most of the traits. Among the parents ADT 43, STBN 3, STBN 4 among lines and ADT 45 among testers were good general combiners for grain yield per plant and other component traits. Among hybrids, STBN 3 x ATD 45, STBN 4 x ADT 45 and ADT 43 x PY 3 recorded significant and positive sca effects for grain yield per plant which indicated the involvement of additive type of epistasis for grain yield and other characters.

English

A study was carried out to study the combining ability effects of diallel cross hybrids for grain yield, agronomic traits and reaction to grey leaf spot (GLS). Forty five experimental diallel cross hybrids made from ten quality protein maize (QPM) inbred lines with varying level of resistance to GLS were evaluated along with three checks at Bako and Jima Research Centers during 2014/2015 cropping season. Analysis of variance showed significant variation (P≤0.05) among genotypes and between environments. This depicted the existence of genetic variation among genotypes in all studied traits. Mean squares characterized by general and specific combining ability effects were significant for the most traits and this suggested that both additive and non-additive gene actions have the contribution in the expression of the traits. However, the ratio of General combining ability (GCA) to specific combining ability (SCA) sum of squares were greater than unity, this revealed that there was preponderance of additive gene action in the expression of all the traits under study. Among inbred lines studied P6 and P10 had a desirable GCA effects for grain yield whereas P1, P4 and P10 were the best general combiners for GLS resistance. Furthermore, P10 was identified as good general combiner for grain yield as well as GLS is therefore recommended to be used in breeding programs with a purpose of developing both high yielder as well as GLS disease resistant genotypes. Crosses, P2×P8 and P4×P6 showed the most desirable performances and SCA effects for grain yield. Grain yield showed positive correlation between ear per plant, plant and ear height, and ear position whereas negative correlation were observed with GLS, days to anthesis, days to silking, plant aspect and ear aspect traits. The information which is generated in this study could be helpful to develop high yielding maize varieties with good agronomic traits as well as GLS resistance. Key words: Agronomic traits, diallel, general combining ability, gray leaf spot, quality protein maize, specific combining ability.

Combining Ability and Gene Action of Tropical Maize (Zea mays L.) Inbred Lines under Low and High Nitrogen Conditions

This study was conducted to determine combining ability and gene action in elite maize inbred lines under low and high soil nitrogen conditions for hybrid breeding. Forty two tropical inbred lines (three testers and 39 lines) were crossed using line × tester mating design. The resulting 117 F1 hybrids, along with 4 hybrids used as checks, were evaluated using an 11 × 11 lattice design with two replications for grain yield and yield related traits during the 2012 and 2013 cropping seasons at two sites (Mbalmayo and Nkolbisson). Results revealed predominant additive gene effect under high soil nitrogen (N) conditions. Non-additive gene effect influenced grain yield under low soil and thus could be exploited for hybrid development. Under high N conditions inbred lines CLYN246, J16-1, CLWN201, TL-11-A-1642-5, CLQRCWQ26 and 1368 were good general combiners. Lines CML 343, ATP S6 20-Y-1, CLWN201, 1368, ATP S9 30 Y-1 and CLQRCWQ26 were good general combiners for grain yield under low N. They could be used to develop low N tolerant varieties. Different single cross hybrid combinations were identified for high grain yields under both low and high N conditions. The selected lines and single cross hybrids are a useful source of valuable genetic material for future maize hybrid breeding or direct production under low N.

Estimation of combining ability for yield and yield component traits in upland rice (Oryza Sativa L.) of Uttarakhand hills

Combining ability for grain yield and its component characters in rainfed upland rice (Oryza sativa L.) were studied during Kharif 2014 using half diallel involving ten parents viz., VL Dhan 221, Vivek Dhan 154, VL 30240, VL 7620, VL 30560, VL 8116, VL 8549, VL 8724, VL 8732 and Sukradhan1. Both general combining ability (gca) and specific combining ability (sca) variances were found to be highly significant for the characters viz., plant height (gca=85.42; sca=23.12), days to 50% flowering (gca=101.61; sca=42.61), days to maturity (gca=90.37; sca=37.73), tillers per plant (gca=4.63; sca=1.38), panicle per plant (gca=2.36; sca=0.90),kernel length (gca=28.88; sca=23.61), kernel width (gca=1.64; sca=1.92),1000 grain weight (gca=3.60; sca=4.91), grain yield per plot (gca=8.57; sca=3.03), fertile grains per panicle (gca=690.67; sca=300.95) and grains per panicle (gca=1050.58; sca=437.75) indicating the importance of additive and non-additive gene actions in the expression of these traits. However, predominance of non-additive gene action was recorded for all the characters. Parents VL Dhan 221, VL 7620, VL 30560, Sukradhan 1 were good general combiners for grain yield and related characters. VL Dhan 221 and Vivek Dhan 154 were good general combiners for plant height and earliness. On the basis of specific combining ability effects, cross combinations Vivek Dhan 154 x VL 8549, VL 7620 x VL 30560, VL 8549 x VL 8732, VL 30560 x VL 8116 and VL 30240 x VL 8116 were the best specific combiner for grain yield per plot and other associated characters viz., plant height, days to 50% flowering, days to maturity, kernel length and kernal width.

Combining ability analysis for grain yield and its contributing traits in maize (Zea mays L.) over environments

Combining ability analysis for grain yield and its contributing traits in maize was performed with 15 inbred line and 3 tester parents and the resulting 45 hybrids using line x tester cross analysis in three environments during kharif and rabi 2014. The results of combining ability analysis over the environments revealed significant mean squares due to general and specific combining ability indicating that both additive and non-additive gene actions were important in the inheritance of characters studied. The parents L2 (EIQ -132), L4(EIQ-134), L5(EIQ-135), L6(EIQ-136), L8(EIQ-138), and L14(EIQ-144) and L15 (EIQ-145) were good general combiners for grain yield and majority of traits over the environments. Hence, these parents can be used in crossing and further exploited for improvement of traits in the population. Six inbred lines viz., L1(EIQ-131), L2(EIQ -132), L3(EIQ-133), L6(EIQ-136), L8(EIQ-138) and L14(EIQ-144) were identified good general combiner for maturity related traits. Whereas the crosses L7 x T2 (EIQ-137 x EIQ-102), L13 x T3 (EIQ-143 x EIQ-103), L10 x T1 (EIQ-140 x EIQ-101), L1 x T1(EIQ-131 x EIQ-101) and L11 x T3 (EIQ-141 x EIQ-103) were identified as potential ones for yield and yield components based on high sca effects along with high per se performance. These hybrids may be exploited for commercial cultivation by testing them over locations and years for their yield stability.

Analyses of Combining Ability and Genotype‐By‐Environment Interaction of Quality Protein Maize Inbred Lines Adapted to Tropical‐Highlands

Production of quality protein maize (Zea mays L., QPM) is an economic and sustainable approach that can help to alleviate protein deficiency in developing countries. However, QPM cultivars with high grain yield and wide adaptation to the tropical‐highland subhumid maize agroecologies are yet to be developed and released for farmers. The objectives of this study were, therefore, to determine the magnitude of heterosis and combining ability of elite QPM inbred lines and to establish the genotype‐by‐environment interaction (GEI) of experimental hybrids for cultivar development and recommendation. Twelve parent half‐diallel crosses were produced, and 66 experimental hybrids were developed. The hybrids and two commercial hybrid checks were evaluated under the rainfed conditions of six tropical highland environments using an α lattice (0, 1) design during 2012 and 2013. Significant GEI was observed both in per se performances and genetic analyses. Inbred lines such as KIT32, FS60 and 142–1‐EQ were good general combiners for grain yield. Inbred line FS60 exhibited good general combining ability for reduced days to anthesis and desirable plant and ear height. Inbred line FS60 is genetically complementary to KIT32 and 142–1‐EQ and is useful for QPM hybrid cultivar development. The best hybrids identified through both combining ability and GEI analyses were KIT32 × 142–1‐EQ and 142–1‐EQ × CML144, yielding 10.3 Mg ha−1 and 9.6 Mg ha−1, respectively, across variable environments. These hybrids could be used as potential QPM single‐cross testers for three‐way hybrid cultivar development targeting tropical‐highland agroecologies.

Study of combining ability for yield and its components traits in bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

The genotypes PBW502, WCW98-48, Selection-1, HUW234, PBW435, PBW590, DBW17 were found to be good general combiners for yield, while genotypesUP2338, HD2967, WCW98-19, UP2425, HUW516, PBW435, PBW226 for ash content and DBW17, WCW 98-48, PBW435 were common good general combiner for grain yield per plant with low phenol colour reaction (Light Brown). These parents may be incorporated in cross breeding programme like pedigree method. The crosses HUW234 x PBW343, PBW435 x PBW343, HUW635 x PBW590, HD2733 x PBW226, HUW213 x PBW590, PBW373 x PBW343, WCW98-48 x PBW590 which showed good sca effects for yield, ash content and low reaction of phenol on the grains, may be exploited for better yield, chapatti quality and involving in multiple cross breeding programme for obtaining transgressive segregants and broad genetic base population in wheat for improvement in yield.

Gene action studies over different environments in sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench

ABSTRACT : An experiment was conducted to estimate the combining ability using three females [Cytoplasmic-Genetic Male Sterile (CGMS) Lines], 18 males (testers) and their 54hybrids developed through line x tester mating design in three diverse seasons (environments). Result of analysis of variance for means revealed significant differences for all the twelve characters. Combining ability analysis over environments revealed importance of both additive and nonadditive components. Close agreement between GCA and per se performance of parents was observed for most of the characters studied. Combination having high per se performance also had high SCA effects and involved at least one good general combining parent. The female parents 28A and 86A and among male parents, KR 125, KR 191, KR 196, PMSC-43, GJ 38, GSF 5 and CSV 21F were good general combiners for grain yield and its component traits. While considering the SCA effects and per se value, 10 hybrids were best for grain yield and component characters. All these hybrids were combination of parents having either good x good or good x poor GCA for grain yield.

Combining ability studies for grain yield and its components in pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum [L.] R. Br.)

Sixty hybrids of Pearl millet were produced by crossing six male sterile lines with ten diverse inbred lines were studied for combining ability effects. The analysis of variance revealed significant difference between par­ents for all the characters studied. The estimates of combining ability variances suggested the importance of both additive and non-additive gene action in the control of most of the characters.The mean degree of dominance (σ 2 D / σ 2 A ) 0.5 was found greater than unity for characters viz ., productive tillers per plant, grain yield per plant, 1000 grain weight and earhead length, indicating the over dominance.The CGMS line JMSA-9904 was found as good general combiners for days to 50 % flowering, days to maturity and earhead length. The CGMS lines ICMA-98444 and ICMA-20041 were found to be good general combiner for productive tillers per plant and earhead girth but poor combiners for days to 50 % flowering. ICMA-97111 was average combiners for all the charcters. Three parents viz. , J-2340, J-2507 and J-2490 were good general combiner for grain yield. Among the sixty hybrids, 14 hybrids showed the best performance with significantly positive sca effect for grain yield. The cross ICMA-97111 x 236SB had significant and positive sca effects for grain yield per plant, earhead girth and days to maturity.

Combining ability studies for grain yield other agronomic traits in maize (Zea mays L.)

The present study was aimed to investigate combining ability among twelve elite maize inbred lines in a complete diallel mating design for twelve yield and yield contributing traits. Twelve parents along with their 132 F 1 ’s including reciprocals were planted in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The analysis of variance indicated significant differences among parents for most of the traits studied except for ear diameter. Variance due to GCA and SCA were highly significant for the traits studied indicating importance of both additive and non-additive types of gene action. Preponderance of additive gene action was observed for most of the traits studied except for the grain yield plant -1 , number of kernel rows ear -1 , number of kernels row -1 and ear length which showed preponderance of non-additive gene action. Parent P10 was the best general combiner for grain yield followed by P9 and P1. Parent P9 was also found to be best general combiner for the all traits studied including grain yield. Parent P10 was also found to be best general combiner for early maturity, number of kernel rows ear -1 and 100 kernels weight. For the trait early maturity parent found to be best general combiners were P10, P3 and Parent P7. Total 79 cross combinations were possessing significant desirable SCA effects for grain yield. The top cross combinations possessing significant desirable SCA effects for grain yield were P2 x P6, P7 x P8, P3 x P7 and P7 x P9 which may be used for obtaining high yielding hybrids in maize.

Assessment of combining ability for yield and micronutrients in pearl millet

Present experiment was conducted with five male sterile lines (female parents) and nine testers (male parents) of pearl millet in line x tester fashion. Both GCA and SCA variances were highly significant for all characters. The predictability ratio of GCA and SCA revealed preponderance of non-additive genetic variance for all the characters. The parents like J-2340, J-2555 and J-2552 were identified as good general combiners for grain yield per plant and some other components. Majority of their crosses had also displayed significant and desirable sca effects, coupled with high per se performance for grain yield per plant. The hybrids viz., JMSA 1 20141 x 81-SB-14, ICMA 4 10444 x J-2555 and JMSA 5 20142 x 150-SB-14 were recorded the significant sca effect in desirable direction for grain yield and some other important characters. Thus, these hybrids can be commercially exploited through heterosis breeding programme after testing in multi-locational trial to work out its stability and diseases screening trials to find out its resistance capacity against major pearl millet diseases in order to achieve hybrids with high grain yield in pearl millet.

Heterosis and Combining Ability for Grain Yield and Yield Component Traits of Maize in Eastern Ethiopia

Combining ability analysis for grain yield and yield component traits in maize were carried out in 8×8 diallel cross. The analysis of variance showed there is highly significant variation between the genotypes for all the traits considered. Year of testing was significant only for days to maturity and grain yield per hectare. The highest percentage of heterosis for grain over the standard varieties (BH 660) was observed by the cross L1 x L4 (29.3%) followed by crosses L1 x L5 (28.3%), L3 x L5 (21.7%) and L1 x L7 (20.8%). Mid-parent heterosis for days to maturity ranged from -2.5 to -23.9%, whereas that of better parent heterosis ranged from 0 to -13% indicating that the hybrids tend to be earlier in maturity than the parents. The mean squares due to GCA for days to maturity, ear diameter, member of kernels per row, 1000 kernel weight and grain yield were significant, indicating the importance of additive genetic variance in controlling these traits. The mean squares due to SCA were also significant for days to maturity, ear length, member of kernels per row and 1000 kernel weight indicating the importance of non-additive genetic variance in controlling these traits. The inbred lines L1, L3, and L4 were good general combiners for grain yield.

COMBINING ABILITY FOR YIELD AND SOME AGRONOMIC TRAITS AMONG TEN YELLOW MAIZE (ZEA MAYS L.) INBRED LINES

ten advanced yellow maize inbred lines were topcrossed to two inbred lines testers at Giza Agricultural Research Station in 2013. Resulting 20 topcrosses a long with two standarad check hybrids were evaluated for grain yield and some agronomic traits at three locations, i.e., Sakha, Mallawy and Ismaelia Agricultural Research stations during 2014 growing season. Analysis of variance indicated significant mean squares due to crosses for days to 50 % silking, plant and ear heights and grain yield. The Inbred lines; GZ-656, GZ-658, GZ-661 and GZ-662 were high general combiners for grain yield. Among the crosses, four test crosses (GZ-654x078, GZ-656x078, GZ-660x021 and GZ- 661x078) were found to possess positive significant SCA effects mean while better mean performance for grain yield. Negative and significant SCA effects were also observed in two crosses (GZ- 654x021 and CML-121x078) for number of days to 50 % silking.

COMBINING ABILITY ANALYSIS FOR DIFFERENT YIELD COMPONENTS IN MAIZE (Zea mays L.) INBRED LINES

The present study was carried out to determine the combining ability of yield and yield components by crossing six diverse maize inbred lines in a half diallel mating design. Fifteen F1 progenies along with their six parents were planted in randomized complete block design with three replications. GCA to SCA ratios were less than one for plant height, cob diameter, cob length and number of kernels row/cob indicating a preponderance of additive over non additive gene action. The crosses P1×P2, P3×P5 and P5×P6 were exhibited significant and positive SCA effects for yield and cob diameter, number of row/cob and number of grains/cob of yield contributing characters. The parents P1 (IL4), P3 (IL18)and P5 (IL23 were good general combiner for grain yield and yield attributing characters. It can be concluded that these parental lines can be desirable parents for hybrids as well as for inclusion in breeding program, since they may contribute favorable alleles in the synthesis of new varieties.

COMBINING ABILITY AND HETEROSIS STUDIES USING DIFFERENT CMS SOURCES IN HYBRID RICE BREEDING

this investigation was carried out during 2013 and 2014 rice growing seasons at the Experimental Farm of Agriculture Research Station, Sakha, Kafr El-Sheikh, Egypt, to study the magnitude of genotypic variation, the magnitude of both general and specific combining abilities (GCA & SCA) and their interaction with the two years as two different environmental conditions, estimation of the genetic parameters and broad and narrow senses heritability and the potentiality of heterosis expression for agronomic and yield and its components characters. Hybrids with a yield advantage of > 1.5t/ha over the highest yielding check variety Giza 178R were considered as promising. Among 12 hybrid combinations tested, six were most promising with mean performance of grain yield ranging from 11.62 t/ha for large stigma A/Giza 182R to 12.99 t/ha for G46A/Giza 178R. The yield over the best local inbred check, Giza 178 ranged from 1.10 to 2.47 ton ha-1. Among the four cytoplasmic male sterile (CMS) lines, G46A and IR 58025A were the best general combiners for grain yield. The restorer, Giza 178R was the best general combiner among testers for grain yield and most studied characters.

Analysis of combining ability in white seeded genotypes of maize (Zea mays L.)

The present investigation consisted of 45 hybrids alongwith 18 parents and four checks viz., Arawali Makka-1, Mahi Kanchan, Navjot and PEHM-2 a total 67 entries was conduted during Kharif 2002 in Randomised Block Design having three replications. The data were recorded on fourteen traits to study general and specific combining ability effects. In general inbred lines L 1 , L 3 , L 11 and L 15 were considered good general combiner for yield and yield contributing traits as well as for quality traits. Among the testers, the tester T 2 was considered good general combiner for maturity traits, plant type traits, harvest index and starch content. Majority of the hybrids exhibited significant positive values for yield and yield contributing traits as well as quality traits. Thereby, indicating that for these traits the genes with positive effects were dominent. The variance due to lines was of greater magnitude than that of testers for most of the traits. The ratio of 6 2 sca/6 2 gca indicated prependerance of non-additive variance for most of the traits. Parental lines L 1 , L 3 , L 11 and L 15 were found to be good general combiners for grain yield per plant as well as for other traits. Hybrid L 12 x T 1 exhibited maximum significant positive sca effects for grain yield per plant. While the hybrid L 2 x T 1 exhibited highest estimates of significant positive sca effects for starch content. In general, there is a close association between sca effects, relative heterosis and per se performance for grain yield per plant was observed among the best hybrid identified on the basis of sca effects.

التحليل الوراثي لصفة الغلة و مكوناتها و بعض الصفات المورفوفيزيولوجية في هجن فردية و عكسية من الذرة الصفراء = Genetic Analysis for Yield and Its Components and Some Morpho-Physiological Traits in Single and Reciprocal Crosses of Maize Zea Mays L.

Complete diallel mating design experiment with reciprocal crosses was used to determine combining abilitiy and maternal effects of six maize inbred lines and their hybrid combinations with R.C.B.D. in three replications for grain yield, silking date, plant and ear height, shelling percentage, physiological maturity, ear length, ear diameter, during 2009-2010 season, at the Researches Center of Hama (G.C.S.A.R.). Crosses, general (GCA) and specific (SCA) combining ability mean squares were significant for all traits, while reciprocal crosses mean squares were non-significant for all traits except silking date and physiological maturity. Also, the maternal mean squares were non-significant for all traits except physiological maturity. The ratios σ2GCA/σ2SCA were detected for all traits and showed that non-additive gene action was more important than additive gene action in controlling of most traits except ear height and ear length. GCA effects showed that the lines P5 (IL.359-06) and P2 (IL.358-06) were good general combiners for grain yield. Also, SCA effects showed that five hybrids were the best F1 crosses combinations such as (IL.259-06 × IL.358-06) for grain yield. The results of means compared showed that the cross (IL.358-06 × IL.359-06) (13.478 Ton/h) and it's reciprocal cross (IL.359-06 × IL.358-06) (13.223 Ton/h) were the best hybrids compared with the two check varieties (Basel-1 and Ghota-82).

Inheritance of yield and quality component under two environments in barley (Hordeum vulgareL.)

Studies on combining ability effects were executed through line x tester analysis under normal and saline sodic soil conditions. The results indicated the predominance of non-additive gene action for all the traits. The desirable lines, viz. NDB-1245, NDB-1445, NDB-3, NDB-1276, NDB-1302, K-762, K-880, HUB-202, BH-910, RD-2035, RD-2640, PL-820, PL-826, BCU-546, RD-2552 and four tester's, viz. NDB-1173, Azad, Lakhan, and NDB-943 were chosen for experiment. It was observed that the entries NDB-1245, NDB-1445 and RD-2552 were proved to be good general combiners for grain yield and quality component characters. The crosses namely, NDB-1302 x Aazd, RD-2035 x NDB-1173, RD-2640 x NDB-1173, K-762 x Azad and NDB-3 x NDB-1173 in normal soil and BCU-546 x NDB-1173, NDB-1302 x Azad, NDB-3 x NDB-1173, K-880 x NDB-943 and RD-2035 x NDB-1173 in saline sodic soil while NDB-1302 x Azad, RD-2035 x NDB-1173 and NDB-3 x NDB-1173 in both environments exhibited highest SCA effects for grain yield and a few quality traits, showing their desirability to offer transgressive segregants in succeeding generations.