General Appearance Research Articles

Utilization and Evaluation of Rice Bran and Rice Bran Wax as a Tablet Lubricant.

The rice bran and rice bran wax of the KJ CMU107 rice strain were investigated as potential tablet lubricants in a directly compressed tablet formulation. Stabilized full-fatted rice bran (sFFRB), stabilized defatted rice bran (sDFRB), and rice bran wax (RBW) extracted and purified from crude rice bran oil (cRBO) were tested. Two commercial lubricants, including magnesium stearate (MGS) and hydrogenated cottonseed oil (HVO), were employed as the standards in the formulated mixtures, which contained spray-dried rice starch (SDRS) as a diluent. The tableting was carried out for each formulation, and the obtained tablets were physically and mechanically evaluated. Among the parameters investigated were the general appearance, ejection force, weight variation, hardness, friability, and disintegration time. The powder flow was also determined for each formulation. The results showed that the tablet ejection forces for all the lubricated formulations (58-259 N) were significantly lower than that of the non-lubricated control formulation (349 N). The use of sFFRB as a lubricant at 0.5-2.0% w/w could lower the ejection force up to 78%, but the hardness reduced so drastically that the formulations failed the friability test due to the chipping of the tablets' edges. Moreover, sDFRB performed significantly better as the use at 0.5-1.0% w/w in the formulation helped to lower the ejection forces by up to 80% while maintaining the changes in the tablet hardness within 10%. RBW functioned effectively as a tablet lubricant at a concentration of 0.5% w/w, yielding tablets with good strength comparable to standard HVO lubricant while helping to reduce the ejection force by 82%. In formulations with good lubrication, i.e., friability < 1%, the powder flow was improved, and the tablet disintegration times were within the same range as the control and HVO formulations. In conclusion, sDFRB displayed a lubricant property at concentrations between 0.5 and 1.0% w/w, with slightly negative effects on the tablet hardness. RBW from KJ CMU107 rice was an effective tablet lubricant at 0.5% w/w, with no effect on tablet hardness. Both materials can be further developed for use as commercial lubricants in direct compression.

The automatic identification and tracking of coronal flux ropes

Context. Constructing the relevant magnetic field lines from active region modelling data is crucial to understanding the underlying instability mechanisms that trigger the corresponding eruptions. Aims. We present a magnetic flux rope (FR) extraction tool for solar coronal magnetic field modelling data that builds upon a recent methodology. The newly developed method is then compared against its previous iteration. Furthermore, we apply the scheme to magnetic field simulations of active regions AR12473 (similar to our previous study) and AR11176. We compare the method to its predecessor and study the 3D movement of the newly extracted FRs up to heights of 200 and 300 Mm, respectively. Methods.The extraction method is based on the twist parameter Tw and a variety of mathematical morphology (MM) algorithms, including the opening transform and the morphological gradient. We highlight the differences between the methods by investigating the circularity of the FRs in the plane we extract from. The simulations for the active regions are carried out with a time-dependent data-driven magnetofrictional model (TMFM). We investigate the FR trajectories by tracking their apex throughout the full simulation time span. Results. Comparing the newly developed method to the previous extraction scheme, we demonstrate that this upgrade provides the user with more tools and less a priori assumptions about the FR shape, which in turn leads to a more accurate set of field lines. Despite some differences, both the newly extracted FR of AR12473 and the FR derived with the old iteration of the method show a similar general appearance, confirming that the two methods indeed extract the same structure. The methods differ the most in their emergence and formation stages, where the newly extracted FR deviates significantly from a perfectly circular cross-section (which was the basic assumption of the initial method). The propagation analysis yields that the erupting FR from AR12473 indeed shows stronger dynamics than the AR11176 FR and a significant deflection during its ascent through the domain. The modelling results are also verified with observations: AR12473 is dynamic and eruptive, while AR11176 only features an eruption outside of our simulation time window. Conclusions. We implemented a FR extraction method, incorporating mathematical morphology algorithms for 3D solar magnetic field simulations of active region FRs. This scheme was applied to AR12473 and AR11176. We find that the clearly eruptive FR of AR12473 experiences significant deflection during its rise. The AR11176 FR appears more stable, though there is still a notable deflection. This confirms that at these low coronal heights, FRs undergo significant changes in the direction of their propagation even for less dynamic cases.

Hubungan Karakteristik dengan Status Gizi Lanjut Usia di Pekon Parerejo Kecamatan Gadingrejo Kabupaten Pringsewu

The problem of malnutrition in the elderly is easily seen through general appearance. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between characteristics and nutritional status of the elderly in Pekon Parerejo, Gadingrejo District, Pringsewu Regency. This research method uses analytic quantitative research using a cross-sectional approach. The population in this study were 65 elderly people with a sample size of 50 respondents selected by purposive sampling. Data analysis using chi square test and gamma test. The results showed that nutritional status was thin 24 (48.0%) respondents, very thin 7 (14.0%) respondents and obese 4 (8.0%) respondents. Female gender was 33 (66.6%) respondents and male 17 (34.0%) respondents. The age of respondents was 45-55 years (52.0%) and 56-59 years (48.0%), while the education level of respondents was elementary school (84.6%), junior high school (10.0%) and high school (6%). The results showed that the nutritional status of thin 24 (48.0%) respondents, very thin 7 (14.0%) respondents and obese 4 (8.0%) respondents. Female gender was 33 (66.6%) respondents and male 17 (34.0%) respondents. The age of respondents was 45-55 years (52.0%) and 56-59 years (48.0%), while the education level of respondents was elementary school (84.6%), junior high school (10.0%) and high school (6%). The results of statistical analysis showed there was no relationship between age and nutritional status, p-value = 0.125 (p-value &gt;α = 0.05), there was a significant relationship between gender and nutritional status, p-value = 0.001 (p-value &lt;α = 0.05), and there was no relationship between education level and nutritional status, p-value = 0.151 (p-value &gt;α = 0.05).

Necrotizing Fascitis of the Neck: Rare Case Report

Introduction: necrotizing fasciitis corresponds to a bacterial infection of soft tissues, characterized by diffuse and rapidly progressive necrosis of the subcutaneous cellular tissue and musculoaponeurotic system, accompanied by marked systemic septic involvement. Clinical case: the case of a 63-year-old patient, former smoker, pack year 10, clinical picture of approximately 4 days is presented, characterized by generalized facial edema without improvement with pharmacological treatment, accompanied by unquantified thermal increases, intense pain. neck, general condition assessment and appearance of signs of phlogosis and ampullary lesions in zone 3 and 4 of the right neck. The diagnosis of necrotizing fasciitis of the neck with no apparent cause was established. A necrectomy was performed and the patient was admitted. Discussion: in this particular case, the unusual location of necrotizing fasciitis in the anterior region of the neck is striking; it generally occurs in people with diabetes mellitus and immunocompromised people and in this case it occurs without apparent cause. Conclusion: necrotizing fasciitis of the anterior region of the neck without apparent cause, rare infection, rapidly progressive and difficult to diagnose in the early stage.

A Case of Myiasis Caused by Cordylobia anthropophaga (Diptera: Calliphoridae) in an Italian Traveler Returning from Senegal.

Myiases are infestations of human and animal tissues by fly larvae. These conditions are widespread in tropical countries and travelers in those areas are at risk of becoming infested. Although Cordylobia anthropophaga (Blanchard & Berenger-Feraud, 1872) is one of the most common myiasis-causing species, few high-quality images and molecular sequences are available for this fly. We present a case of C. anthropophaga infestation in an Italian patient returning from Senegal, with the aim of increasing both visual and molecular data for this species. After removal, the larva was determined following standardized morphological keys and photographed under a digital microscope. Molecular characterization of the Cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) was performed using universal primers. The general appearance, the structural organization of the cephalic region, of the cephaloskeleton, and of the posterior tracheal spiracles suggested that the causative agent of the myiasis was a third instar larva of C. anthropophaga. The morphological data are further supported by the molecular data: the COI sequence showed high levels of identity with the already published verified COI sequences of C. anthropophaga. We provide high-quality morphological and molecular data useful for the identification of larvae of C. anthropophaga. We highlight that myiasis might be common in Senegal and better data about its prevalence in travelers and in the endemic countries are needed to understand the burden of this condition.

Determination of the features of integrated design of civil long-range aircraft with transonic truss-braced wing at the preliminary design stage

The object of research is a civil mainline aircraft with a transonic truss-braced wing. The problem of designing an aircraft of this scheme at the preliminary design stage is being solved in the work. The results of the work include the concept of designing aircraft with a transonic truss-braced wing, the main advantages of such a scheme, the process of determining the geometric parameters of the truss-braced, features of the preliminary design of an aircraft with an extremely high aspect ratio truss-braced wing, possible approaches to the arrangement of units and their mutual arrangement. The results are explained by the difference in the design model (the cantilever beam is replaced by a beam on two supports) in mass analysis and the increased wing aspect ratio in aerodynamic calculation. The final data are based on a statistical study to determine the basic geometric parameters of assemblies of modern mainline passenger aircraft, synthesis of parameters of analog aircraft. For example, an aircraft capable of carrying 250 passengers over a distance of 13.000 km is considered. In the design process, values of aspect ratio, taper ratio, wing area, vertical tail and horizontal tail area ratio, and fuselage dimensions are accepted. Drawings of the general appearance of the aircraft have been developed and, based on it, a master geometry of the theoretical contour has been constructed. Graphs of first-order polar and maximum lift-to-drag ratio have been plotted, the reduction of aerodynamic drag in percentage terms has been determined, and the increase in aerodynamic lift-to-drag ratio in percentage terms for an aircraft with an extremely high aspect ratio truss-braced wing compared to similar characteristics of an aircraft with a conventional non-braced wing has been calculated. The approximate mass savings when using a truss-braced wing on the aircraft are determined in percentage terms. The expediency of using wings of greater aspect ratio, than modern aircraft currently have, has been justified. The expediency of using a brace for the aircraft with an extremely high aspect ratio wing has been justified. The obtained results can be used in practice in the process of developing the preliminary design of an aircraft with a truss-braced wing or in the modifications of existing aircraft to increase their fuel efficiency or increase the durability of wing elements due to reduced loads acting on them.

Rehabilitation for Marfan Syndrome

Abstract: Marfan syndrome is a spectrum of disorders caused by a heritable genetic defect of connective tissue that has an autosomal dominant mode of transmission. The defect itself has been isolated to the FBN1 gene on chromosome 15, which codes for the connective tissue protein fibrillin. Abnormalities in this protein cause a myriad of distinct clinical problems, of which the musculoskeletal, cardiac, and ocular system problems predominate. The skeleton of patients with Marfan syndrome typically displays multiple deformities. Mitral valve prolapses that requires valve replacement can occur as well. Given the variable expressivity of Marfan Syndrome, no single sign is pathognomonic; the diagnosis is made on clinical grounds on the basis of typical abnormalities. We reported a boy, 12 years old, referred from surgeon with diagnosis pectus carinatum pro brace. Chest protusion appeared since age 6, getting bigger without any complaint but cosmetic. Other complaints on feet which looked flat, sometimes ankle sore after long distance running or futsal. He was the first child and no family history had a condition like him. His hobby was playing futsal, and daily activities were independent without assistive devices. General appearance and vital signs were normal, cardiorespiratory assessment was normal, BMI on percentile 10-25, arm span to height ratio 1.09, lens subluxation of left eye, lens dislocation of right eye, poor standing balance, inadequate toe off, thoracic hyperkyphotic, positive wrist sign, true leg length discrepancy of 1 cm (left&gt;right), bilateral ankle ROM limitation, rigid flat feet suspected bilateral vertical talus, left hallux valgus, Marfan syndrome score 9, and normal echocardiography. In this patient, we gave semi rigid thoraco-lumbo-sacral orthosis (TLSO) with 3 points pressure system and rigid bar on protution area (custom molded). resistance exercise (F: 3x/week, I: moderate fatigue, Borg scale 13-15/20, T: 8-15 reps/ set, 2-3 set/ session, T: major muscle group upper and lower extremities aerobic exercise (F: 3x/week, I: moderate to vigorous, borg scale 13-15/20, T: ≥60 min/session, @5-10 min warming up and cooling down (stretching), T: sport (swimming, running, cycling). The patient was referred to a surgeon for a brace. In conclusion, this case report highlights the multidisciplinary management of patients with Marfan syndrome. Keywords: Marfan syndrome; typical abnormalities; multiple deformities

Real-Time Reporting of Complications in Hospitalized Surgical Patients by Surgical Team Members Using a Smartphone Application

The surgical morbidity and mortality (M&M) conference is a vital part of a resident's surgical education, but methods to collect and store M&M data are often rudimentary and unreliable. The authors propose a Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA)-compliant, electronic health record (EHR)-connected application and database to report and store complication data. The app is linked to the patient's EHR, and as a result, basic data on each surgical case-including diagnosis, surgery type, and surgeon-are automatically uploaded to the app. In addition, all data are stored in a secure SQL database-with communications between the app and the database end-to-end encrypted for HIPAA compliance. The full surgical team has access to the app, democratizing complications reporting and allowing for reporting in both the inpatient and outpatient settings. This complication information can then be automatically pulled from the app with a premade presentation for the M&M conference. The data can also be accessed by a Power BI dashboard, allowing for easy quality improvement analyses. When implemented, the app improved data collection for the M&M conference while providing a database for institutional quality improvement use. The authors also identified additional utility of the app, including ensuring appropriate revenue capture. The general appearance of the app and the dashboard can be found in the article. The app developed in this project significantly improves on more common methods for M&M conference complication reporting-transforming M&M data into a valuable resource for resident education and quality improvement.

Natural Solutions for Dandruff and Hair Fall: Formulation and Evaluation of Herbal Hair Oil

Herbal hair oils have been widely used for nourishment and protection of hair and also to treat a variety of hair-related problems to promote healthy hair. The use of chemical medicine may not always bring the desired results as it has negative side effects. Using herbal products, the photochemical and bioactive ingredients work together to achieve the desired results. An unique herbal hair oil formulation is presented in this study that is enhanced with natural extracts such coconut oil, sesame seeds, black seeds, hibiscus flowers, fenugreek seeds, curry leaves, and onion. The objective of this research is to maximize the combined benefits of these botanical elements in order to hydrate the scalp, stimulate hair follicles, and enhance the general appearance of hair. Since the coconut oil serves as a carrier base, the active ingredients are more easily absorbed into the scalp. Extracts from black and sesame seeds are used because they are rich in important fatty acids, vitamins, and minerals, which are believed to promote hair growth and lessen hair loss. Hibiscus helps to revitalize the hair, add luster, and delay the onset of premature greying thanks to its natural antioxidants and amino acids. The present work was aimed to formulate herbal hair oil that seeks to address a variety of hair problems such as thinning hair, dryness, dandruff, and dullness. The formulated herbal hair oil was evaluated at various parameters such as organoleptic properties, viscosity, saponification value, pH were determined. For people looking to improve their hair health and maintain shiny, strong, and lovely hair, this research may offer a natural and secure response.

Effect of storage temperature on the bacterial flora and sensory quality of vacuum packaged smoked catfish (&lt;i&gt;Clarias anguillaris&lt;/i&gt;)

This study evaluated the effect of two storage temperatures on the bacterial flora and sensory quality of vacuum packaged smoked catfish (Clarias anguillaris). The catfish was hot smoked using a traditional kiln, with mangrove wood as the source of heat. Total bacterial count (TBC) and sensory parameters (colour, smell. dryness and general appearance) were determined during storage at ambient (28 ± 2°C) and refrigeration (4°C) temperatures for 0-8 weeks. Bacteria were enumerated, isolated and identified using standard methods. Vacuum packaged smoked catfish stored at 4°C (VPCR) had the lowest TBC which increased from 3.23 – 3.58 log10 cfu/g within 2 weeks of storage and stabilized at 3.44 log10 cfu/g for 4 – 8 weeks. The TBC of the vacuum packaged smoked catfish stored at ambient temperature (28 ± 2°C) ranged from 3.32 – 6.88 log10 cfu/g within 6 weeks of storage. The bacteria isolated from fresh catfish belonged to nine genera, namely, Bacillus, Chryseobacterium, Escherichia, Lysinibacillus, Proteus, Pseudomonas, Staphylococcus, Streptococcus and Vibrio. Only Bacillus and Proteus species were isolated from freshly smoked catfish. Isolates from vacuum packaged samples were Bacillus, Lactobacillus, Proteus and Staphylococcus. Molecular characterization of three isolates from fresh catfish revealed that the species were Chryseobacterium aquifridigense, Lysinibacillus mycoides and Vibrio parahaemolyticus. The sensory scores for sample VPCR stored for 8 weeks did not differ significantly (P ≥ 0.05) from freshly smoked catfish, except for the colour. Non-packaged and vacuum packaged smoked catfish samples were of good quality during storage at ambient temperature for 4 weeks, and 4 – 6 weeks, respectively.

Mucocutaneous Manifestations of Recreational Drug Use.

Recreational drug use is increasingly common in the dermatology patient population and is often associated with both general and specific mucocutaneous manifestations. Signs of substance use disorder may include changes to general appearance, skin, and mucosal findings associated with particular routes of drug administration (injection, insufflation, or inhalation) or findings specific to a particular drug. In this review article, we provide an overview of the mucocutaneous manifestations of illicit drug use including cocaine, methamphetamine, heroin, hallucinogens, marijuana, and common adulterants to facilitate the identification and improved care of these patients with the goal being to connect this patient population with appropriate resources for treatment.

Socioeconomic status in life course is associated with dental appearance dissatisfaction.

The present study aimed to investigate the prevalence of dissatisfaction with dental appearance among 24-year-old Brazilian adults and the associated factors in life course. A subsample (n = 720) of the 1982 Pelotas Birth Cohort in southern Brazil was investigated at the ages of 15 and 24 years using clinical (caries and periodontal) examinations and interviews. The outcome was dissatisfaction with dental appearance at the age of 24 years. Covariate variables included socioeconomic factors, oral health, and dissatisfaction with general appearance collected during different periods of life. Poisson regression models with robust variance were applied. The prevalence of dissatisfaction with dental appearance was 43.5% (95%CI: 39.8-47.1). Individuals with downward income mobility (PR = 1.22, 95%CI: 1.07-1.79) and those always poor (PR = 1.21, 95%CI: 1.00-1.57) presented a higher prevalence of dissatisfaction with their dental appearance even after oral health variables and dissatisfaction with general appearance were controlled for. Moderate/severe malocclusion at 15 years (PR = 1.34, 95%CI: 1.13-1.59), highest experience of untreated dental caries at 24 years (PR = 1.82, 95%CI: 1.46-2.27), and dental pain experience at 24 years (PR = 1.29, 95%CI: 1.22-1.75) were associated with the outcome. Also, the prevalence of dissatisfaction with dental appearance was 20% higher (PR = 1.20, 95%CI: 1.01-1.43) among those dissatisfied with their general appearance. Our findings demonstrated a high prevalence of dissatisfaction with dental appearance among young adults. Lifetime economic disadvantage and dental problems (malocclusion at 15 years, untreated dental caries at 24 years, and dental pain at 24 years) were associated with dissatisfaction with dental appearance among young adults.

Replacing Formalin with Phenoxetol as an Immersion Medium in a Human Cadaveric Storage Facility – A Feasibility Study

Abstract Background and Objectives: Formaldehyde is a well-known preservative commonly used to preserve anatomical specimens. However, due to concerns regarding its detrimental effects, phenoxetol has been explored for its role as an immersion agent. Hence, we aim to understand the properties of phenoxetol-based solution when used as an immersion medium for preserving gross anatomy specimens. Materials and Methods: Two sets of specimens were procured from the cadavers embalmed in formalin and one set of specimens was immersed in formalin-based solution and the other set in 1% phenoxetol. Any sloughing, degradation, or presence of mold in the specimen was recorded over 3 years. Microbial cultures were taken from the tissues as well as the immersion solutions. Qualitative feedback regarding the experience of working with the fluids was obtained from the personnel involved in handling the specimens. These specimens were displayed at the end of 3 years to the teaching faculty and the parameters such as the general appearance, consistency to touch, state of degradation, and the ability to differentiate specific structures on the specimen were elicited and statistically analyzed. Results: The parameters such as tissue preservation, haptic and visual properties, and the differentiability of the structures in the specimens were preserved adequately with phenoxetol. Microbial assay from the tissues and the fluid showed no growth. There was no significant negative feedback against its use from the staff handling the specimens. Conclusion: 1% phenoxetol is a good alternative form of immersion medium for anatomical specimens with less toxicity and better environmental impact.

Potentials of electron microscopic examination in the diagnosis of genetically determined disorders related to morphology and motility of human spermatozoa

Despite infertility is known as a serious medical and social issue, commercial panels for the determination of genetically caused disorders of morphology and motility of spermatozoa are not available in the territory of the Eurasian Economic Union. Electron microscopic examination of spermatozoa (EMIS) represents a promising method that allows to visualize and analyze structural anomalies in spermatozoa at a level which is not accessible by other methods. The study included transmission electron microscopy (TEM) of spermatozoa. Native sperm was diluted and fixed with 2.5% glutaraldehyde. Ultrathin sections were obtained on an UltraCut III microtome. Analysis was performed at magnifications of x4000, x25000. Spermatozoa were analyzed on a JEM-1011 electron microscope at different magnifications to identify the general appearance, axonemal anomalies, chromatin of the nucleus, and mitochondria. EMIS serves as a tool for detailed analysis of the morphology of spermatozoa in patients with asthenozoospermia (AZS) and teratozoospermia (TZS), and their combination. The obtained data provide a basis for more accurate diagnosis and personalized treatment approaches, contributing to increased effectiveness in overcoming infertility.

JWST Imaging of Edge-on Protoplanetary Disks. II. Appearance of Edge-on Disks with a Tilted Inner Region: Case Study of IRAS04302+2247

We present James Webb Space Telescope imaging from 2 to 21 μm of the edge-on protoplanetary disk around the embedded young star IRAS04302+2247. The structure of the source shows two reflection nebulae separated by a dark lane. The source extent is dominated by the extended filamentary envelope at ∼4.4 μm and shorter wavelengths, transitioning at 7.7 μm and longer wavelengths to more compact lobes of scattered light from the disk itself. The dark lane thickness does not vary significantly with wavelength, which we interpret as an indication for intermediate-sized (∼10 μm) grains in the upper layers of the disk. Intriguingly, we find that the brightest nebula of IRAS40302 switches side between 12.8 and 21 μm. We explore the effect of a tilted inner region on the general appearance of edge-on disks. We find that radiative transfer models of a disk including a tilted inner region can reproduce an inversion in the brightest nebula. In addition, for specific orientations, the model predicts strong lateral asymmetries, which can occur for more than half possible viewing azimuths. A large number of edge-on protoplanetary disks observed in scattered light show such lateral asymmetries (15/20), which suggests that a large fraction of protoplanetary disks might host a tilted inner region. Stellar spots may also induce lateral asymmetries, which are expected to vary over a significantly shorter timescale. Variability studies of edge-on disks would allow us to test the dominant scenario for the origin of these asymmetries.

In Vivo Genotoxicity Evaluation of a No-Pain Pharmacopuncture Extract Using the Micronucleus Test.

We aimed to evaluate the genotoxicity of a recently developed no-pain pharmacopuncture (NPP) targeting muscle relaxation and analgesia using the micronucleus test. To evaluate the potential of NPP extracts to induce micronuclei in rat bone marrow cells, a micronucleus test was performed using male Sprague-Dawley rats. The test substance NPP was administered intramuscularly at concentrations of 0.25, 0.5, and 1 mL/animal. Saline was used as the negative control and cyclophosphamide as the positive control. No NPP treatment-related deaths or abnormal changes in general appearance were observed at any dose level during the experimental period. No statistically significant differences in body weight were observed in any of the NPP dose groups compared to the saline negative control group. NPP did not cause a significant increase in the incidence of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes (PCEs) and PCEs or in the ratio of PCE-to-total erythrocytes. The NPP extract did not exhibit genotoxic in Sprague-Dawley rat bone marrow cells under the conditions of this study. Further toxicity studies of the NPP extract are required.

VISUAL MERCHANDISE'S MARKETING COMMUNICATION AND ITS EFFECT ON CONSUMER PURCHASE BEHAVIOUR IN THE RETAIL SECTOR IN PUNE

VISUAL MERCHANDISE'S MARKETING COMMUNICATION AND ITS EFFECT ON CONSUMER PURCHASE BEHAVIOUR IN THE RETAIL SECTOR IN PUNE

General Appearance of Sects İn the Qajar Period and Efforts to İntegrate Sufism with Modernism

Tasavvuf tarihi araştırmalarında Kaçar dönemi, özellikle Şiî düşüncenin tasavvuf üzerinde etkisini araştırmak için önemli bir kaynaktır. İrfan gibi müteradif kavrama dönüştürülen tasavvuf, bu dönemde Sünnî tarikatlarca savunulurken Şiî tarikatların dönüşüm ve değişim faaliyetlerine kaynaklık etmiştir. Başta Kadîriyye ve Nakşibendiyye tarîkatları olmak üzere Sünnî tasavvufu koruma çabasına giren tarîkatlar, faaliyetleri kısıtlansa da bulundukları sınırlı bölgelerde halkın teveccühüne mazhar olmuşlardır. Modenleşme ve bağımsızlık hareketlerinin yaşandığı XIX. ve XX. yy. da Kaçarlar, Sünnî tarîkatların sınırda bulunmasından ve Osmanlı Devleti’nin halifelik gücünden çekinerek kısa süreli anlaşmalar yapmışsa da sindirme ve baskı politikasını devam ettirmişlerdir. Şiî tarîkatlar için müsamahakâr bir tavır sergileyen Kaçarlar; toplumun modernleşmesi için Sâfî Ali Şâhiyye’nin desteğini alarak güç kazanmak istemiştir. Sâfî Ali Şâh ve halifesi Zahirüddevle Ali Hân Kaçar, tasavvufu modernizmle bütünleştirmek için çeşitli faaliyetlerde bulunmuşlardır. Özellikle Zahirüddevle’nin Encümen-i Uhuvvet Cemiyetini kurarak kardeşlik ile eşitlik anlayışına dayanan tasavvufî anlayışı ortaya koyması ve mürîdlerinin şehirli entelektüellerden oluşması devrimlerin yapılmasını kolaylaştırmıştır. Zahirüddevle; melâmîlik-fütüvvet, mürşid-mürîd gibi tasavvufî kavramları çağının ihtiyacına göre ele almış ve gelenek ile modernizmi bütünleştirmenin çabası içerisinde olmuştur. Bu çalışma, Kaçar döneminin tasavvuf algısını ortaya koymayı ve Şiî tarîkat Sâfî Ali Şâhiyye’nin tasavvufu modernizmle bütünleştirmeye dayalı faaliyetlerini ele almayı amaçlamaktadır. Özellikle Şiî kaynaklara başvurularak yapılan bu çalışma, bir devrin tasavvufî düşüncesinin panaromasını sunmayı hedeflemektedir. Makalenin önemi ise bu alanla ilgili yapılan çalışmanın az olmasıdır.

A comparative study on paper recycling wastewater treatment using microwave irradiation and centrifuge technology

In this study, the effect of MW irradiation on wastewater obtained from recycling office papers was evaluated. Wastewater samples were centrifuged in the MW oven for periods between 1.0 minutes and 15.0 minutes after MW irradiation. The effect of a centrifuge on the general appearance of wastewater samples was determined. There was no significant pH change depending on treatment conditions. MW irradiation affects electrical conductivity (EC) and Total Dissolved Solids (TDS). It was found to be in the range of 177 ppm for the sample (A1) centrifuged only for 1.0 min and 241 ppm for the MW irradiated and 15.0 min. It is significant to note that all wastewater samples were either centrifuged only (group A) or MW irradiated and then centrifuged (group B) and showed lower ORP values than the control. The highest ORP value of 309 mV was found in the control, but the lowest value of 251 mV was found for the MW irradiated sample (B1) centrifuged for 1.0 minutes. The lowest turbidity values were seen in control and MW irradiated samples with the longest centrifugation (15.0 min). 28 NTU was measured for samples centrifuged only (A15) at 15.0 min conditions and 10 NTU (B15) for MW irradiated and subsequently centrifuged samples. The highest turbidity reduction of 143 NTU was found in a sample under 1.0 min centrifugation. There is a positive relationship between turbidity reduction and centrifuge time, but paper recycling wastewater MW treatments further reduce the effects of turbidity values with less centrifuge time.

Effects of pre-weaning supplementation with fennel seed powder in two terms on growth performance, health status, and blood metabolites of Holstein dairy calves

This study investigated the effects of fennel seed powder (FSP) supplementation in liquid feed on growth performance, health, and blood parameters of preweaning dairy calves. In a 2 × 2 factorial design, 56 one-day-old female Holstein calves (n = 14/treatment) received liquid diet [colostrum (4.5 kg/d for the first 2 d), waste milk (6 kg/d from d 3 to 43, 5 kg/d from d 44 to 45, 4 kg/d from d 46 to 47, 3 kg/d from d 48 to 49)] supplemented with either of 3 or 6 g FSP (FSP3 or FSP6) in two terms (T: 25 or 50 d). Biometric and health traits were recorded daily, and blood metabolites were analyzed at d 25 and 50. The experiment was conducted under mild heat stress. The FSP6 group showed significant increase in starter dry matter intake (g/d and % of BW), starter crude protein (g/d), starter ether extract (g/d), starter ME (Mcal/d), total dry matter intake (g/d and % of BW), and total crude protein intake (g/d) during the last ten days of the experiment. The FSP6 group also had a significantly higher average daily gain (g/d), overall body weight (d 1–51), final weight (d 51), and total hip width compared with the FSP3 group. Feed conversion was higher in the FSP6–25 T or − 50 T groups than in the FSP3–25 T (but not −50 T) group. Calves receiving 3 g of FSP had a higher likelihood of experiencing elevated rectal temperature [≥ 39.4 ºC, odds ratio (OR) = 1.583 and confidence interval (CI) = 1.25 to 2.00], poor general appearance [(1 = normal and alert; 2 = ears drooped; 3 = head and ears drooped, dull eyes, slightly lethargic; 4 = head and ears drooped, dull eyes, lethargic; and 5 = severely lethargic); ≥ 2, OR = 1.47 and CI = 1.14 to 1.91)], and diarrhea [(1 = normal; 2 = soft to loose; 3 = loose to watery; 4 = watery, mucous, slightly bloody; and 5 = watery, mucous, and bloody); ≥ 3 (OR = 1.36 and CI = 1.04 to 1.76)] compared to those in the FSP6 group. Conversely, calves in the FSP6 group had fewer days of increased rectal temperature (4.75 vs. 7.11 d), poor general appearance (3.93 vs. 5.75 d), and diarrhea (3.85 vs. 5.11 d) than those in the FSP3 group. In addition, serum levels of alanine transferase (15.90 vs. 16.98 U/L for FSP6 vs. FSP3) and malondialdehyde (1.24 vs. 1.43 nmol/mL for FSP6 vs. FSP3) were significantly lower in the FSP6 group than in the FSP3 group. In addition, longer feeding of FSP was more effective than shorter feeding in lowering both traits. A triglyceride-lowering effect was observed in the FSP3 group compared with the FSP6 group (27.45 vs. 30.90 mg/dL). Overall, supplementation of liquid feed with 6 g FSP for 25 or 50 d improved growth performance in dairy calves.