Genus Frankliniella Research Articles

Chromosome-level genome assembly of the flower thrips Frankliniella intonsa

As an economically important insect pest, the flower thrips Frankliniella intonsa (Trybom) causes great damage to host plants by directly feeding and indirectly transmitting various pathogenic viruses. The lack of a well-assembled genomic resource has hindered our understanding of the genetic basis and evolution of F. intonsa. In this study, we used Oxford Nanopore Technology (ONT) long reads and High-through chromosome conformation capture (Hi-C) linked reads to construct a high-quality reference genome assembly of F. intonsa, with a total size of 225.5 Mb and a contig N50 of 3.37 Mb. By performing the Hi-C analysis, we anchored 91.68% of the contigs into 15 pseudochromosomes. Genomic annotation uncovered 17,581 protein-coding genes and identified 20.09% of the sequences as repeat elements. BUSCO analysis estimated over 98% of genome completeness. Our study is at the first time to report the chromosome-scale genome for the species of the genus Frankliniella. It provides a valuable genomic resource for further biological research and pest management of the thrips.

Thysanoptera diversity associated with Mexican lemon (Citrus aurantifolia Christm.)

Objective: To calculate the monthly relative abundance of Thysanoptera species, according to the Margalef, Simpson and Shannon-Wiener diversity indices. Design / Methodology / Approach: The work was carried out in three geographic units with conventional management, during January-December, 2019 in the Reserva de la Biosfera Zicuirán-Infiernillo (Biosphere Reserve), Michoacán, Mexico. In each unit, 10 trees were selected through simple random sampling. Thrips counts were performed on ten shoots per tree every 15 d, for a total of 7200 shoots in the three geographic units. Thysanoptera individuals were placed in entomological jars. The variables were: number of thrips collected per shoot in sampled tree and geographic unit (orchard). To estimate the specific richness and structure of species, the program "calculation of diversity indices DIVERS" was used. Results: In the three geographical units studied, the recorded presence of Thysanoptera accounted for 12 to 17 species. For Nueva Italia 12 recorded species, two were permanent (16.66%), five abundant (41.66%), one scarce (8.3%) and four rare (33.33%). In Zicuirán, three species were permanent (17.64%), six abundant (35.29%), two scarce (11.76%) and six rare (35.29%). In Los Hoyos, four species were permanent (26.66%), four abundant (26.66%) and seven rare (46.66%). The abundance of species was represented by the genus Frankliniella and the species Scolothrips sexmaculatus and Scirtothrips citri. The highest species richness and abundance was found from January to May. In October and November, the value of the calculated indices was zero, which shows less richness and abundance of individuals. The best species uniformity was recorded during January and December, which meant a more stable and homogeneous relation. Study limitations/Implications. Pest resurgence, presence of Candidatus Liberibacter spp. and its vector Diaphorina citri. Findings / Conclusions: in Nueva Italia, 12 species were taxonomically determined; in Los Hoyos 15, and in Zicuirán 17 species, which are reported for the first time in the state of Michoacán, Mexico. At the geographic unit "Los Hoyos" diversity was higher, uniform and stable.

Frankliniella species from China, with nomenclatural changes and illustrated key (Thysanoptera, Thripidae).

Species of the genus Frankliniella are almost all originally from the New World. Although eleven species in this genus have been listed from China before, only seven species here are recognised. The records of F. pallida and F. tritici from China are rejected as inadequately supported, F. hainanensis is a new synonym of F. schultzei, and F. zizaniophila is now considered a member of the genus Iridothrips. An identification key for the seven species is provided here, two of them are widespread across the Palearctic (F. intonsa and F. tenuicornis), one is presumably Oriental (F. lilivora), and four are introduced from the Americas (F. occidentalis, F. schultzei, F. cephalica and F. williamsi).

Flower thrips, Frankliniella tritici (Fitch) (Insecta: Thysanoptera: Thripidae)

The flower thrips, Frankliniella tritici (Fitch) (Figure 1), is one of the most abundant species of flower thrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) in the eastern United States (Reitz 2008). The official common name established by the Entomological Society of America for this species is flower thrips, although the name flower thrips is often applied generically to the numerous species in the genus Frankliniella that inhabit flowers. For this reason, it is frequently referred to as the eastern flower thrips, presumably for its distribution in the eastern United States.
 Several species in the genus Frankliniella are considered economic pests and cause damage to a wide variety of crops through feeding and oviposition (Childers 1997). Several species are able to vector orthotospoviruses (or tospoviruses), including Tomato spotted wilt virus. However, Frankliniella tritici is not a vector of Tomato spotted wilt virus and is considered a pest of secondary importance (de Assis Filho 2005).
 Frankliniella tritici may, however, be confused with other similar Frankliniella species in Florida such as Frankliniella bispinosa and Frankliniella occidentalis which are capable vectors of Tomato spotted wilt virus (Riley et al. 2011).
 This document is also available on the Featured Creatures website at http://entnemdept.ifas.ufl.edu/creatures/.
 https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/in1236

Species diversity of thrips (Thysanoptera) in selected avocado orchards from Mexico based on morphology and molecular data

Avocado is one of the most important crops in the world, and Mexico is the largest producer of this fruit. Several insect pests affect its production, and thrips are amongst the most important. A key step in the design of control methods is accurate species identification. Despite this, formal reports on species diversity of thrips in Mexico are very scarce. Morphological identification can sometimes be time-consuming and inconclusive. Therefore, we explored the species diversity of thrips in Mexican avocado orchards (Michoacan state) based on partial sequences of the mitochondrial gene cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI). Forty-four specimens were analysed, which represented approximately 8% of all individuals collected from five localities distributed in three Municipalities. All specimens were analysed using the COI marker, and specimens within the genera Frankliniella were also analysed using a marker within the D2 domain of the 28S (28SD2) nuclear ribosomal DNA. Molecular identifications were confirmed using morphological taxonomy. Overall, six genera were found (Neohydatothrips, Scirtothrips, Frankliniella, Arorathrips, Caliothrips and Leptothrips). All genera contained only one species, except Frankliniella, for which there were six species. Data from the two molecular markers suggest the existence of cryptic species within Mexican F. occidentalis populations.

Diversidad de tisanópteros en crisantemo [dendranthema grandiflorum

Con el objetivo de estimar la diversidad de especies de tisanópteros asociados al cultivo de crisantemo [Dendranthema grandiflorum (Ramat.) Kitamura] var. Harman en cuatro localidades en el municipio de Texcoco, Estado de México, se realizaron recolectas quincenales de larvas y adultos, en los periodos de marzo a junio y agosto a noviembre de 2011. Los individuos recolectados se sometieron a técnicas de aclaración y montaje para su identificación. Se identificaron 17 especies de trips, incluidas en los géneros Frankliniella con 13 especies; Neohydatothrips, Anaphothrips, Chrirothrips y Leptothrips con una especie cada uno. Las especies más abundantes fueron F. occidentalis y F. brunnescens (88.6%). La diversidad y abundancia de tisanópteros fue similar en las cuatro localidades estudiadas. Se discute la relevancia ecológica de nuestros hallazgos.

PCR-RFLP method to distinguish Frankliniella occidentalis, Frankliniella intonsa, Frankliniella pallida and Frankliniella tenuicornis

Abstract Thrips from the genus Frankliniella (Thysanoptera, Thripidae) are phytophagous on crops and wild plants. Some of them cause slight economic damage, however, others including F. occidentalis and F. intonsa are responsible for considerable losses in crop production. Moreover, they constitute a double threat for host plants by not only feeding on them but also vectoring viruses, some of which are on the quarantined list of the European Plant Protection Organization. The rapid detection and differentiation between more and less harmful Frankliniella species is, therefore, important in order to combat the pests at the time of their appearance. In this study, we have undertaken to develop a method of detecting F. occidentalis, F. intonsa, F. pallida, and F. tenuicornis. The protocol is based on PCR amplification of ITS1 rDNA fragments of these insects using universal primers pair giving products of slightly distinct length for studied insects. Restriction enzymes digestion which is easy to interpret, allows for visible differentiation of all these Frankliniella species. The method was shown to be species-specific and sensitive. Even single specimens in either the larvae or adult stage could be distinguished.

Reestablecimiento de los géneros <i>Frankliniella, Exophtalmothrips </i>y <i>Bolbothrips</i> (Thysanoptera: Thripidae)

Four new species are described in Frankliniella genus Frankliniella marinae sp. n., moundi sp. n., sandovalensis sp. n. and orlandoi sp. n. The later synonyrns of Frankliniella (Exophtalmothrips and Bolbothríps) are discussed upon phylogenetical criteria, these criteria support the redescription of these genera because they are independent evolutionary lineages. The three genera are.redescribed and resurrected Exophtalmothrips and Bolbothrips folIowing the actual phylogenetics of the generic group. The genus Exophtalmothrips was a little genus with only three species, sorne studies on Mexico fauna, and the analysis of the species of Frankliniella frorn Costa Rica described in the last years increase the number of species for this genus. Bolbothrips is considered a rnonospecific genus with the single species aztecus misidentified as Frankliníella aztecus by sorne writers.

The mitochondrial genome of Frankliniella intonsa: Insights into the evolution of mitochondrial genomes at lower taxonomic levels in Thysanoptera

Thrips is an ideal group for studying the evolution of mitochondrial (mt) genomes in the genus and family due to independent rearrangements within this order. The complete sequence of the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) of the flower thrips Frankliniella intonsa has been completed and annotated in this study. The circular genome is 15,215bp in length with an A+T content of 75.9% and contains the typical 37 genes and it has triplicate putative control regions. Nucleotide composition is A+T biased, and the majority of the protein-coding genes present opposite CG skew which is reflected by the nucleotide composition, codon and amino acid usage. Although the known thrips have massive gene rearrangements, it showed no reversal of strand asymmetry. Gene rearrangements have been found in the lower taxonomic levels of thrips. Three tRNA genes were translocated in the genus Frankliniella and eight tRNA genes in the family Thripidae. Although the gene arrangements of mt genomes of all three thrips species differ massively from the ancestral insect, they are all very similar to each other, indicating that there was a large rearrangement somewhere before the most recent common ancestor of these three species and very little genomic evolution or rearrangements after then. The extremely similar sequences among the CRs suggest that they are ongoing concerted evolution. Analyses of the up and downstream sequence of CRs reveal that the CR2 is actually the ancestral CR. The three CRs are in the same spot in each of the three thrips mt genomes which have the identical inverted genes. These characteristics might be obtained from the most recent common ancestor of this three thrips. Above observations suggest that the mt genomes of the three thrips keep a single massive rearrangement from the common ancestor and have low evolutionary rates among them.

Injuries caused by frankliniella spp. (thysanoptera: thripidae) on seedless grapes

Thrips of the genus Frankliniella cause significant reduction on grape production. Little is known about its decision making approach in integrated pest management and information on thrips injuries to the vine is scarce, hindering the control of this pest. This study aimed to determine the species of thrips and injuries that cause damage to berries in seedless grapes clusters. The trial was conducted in an area cultivated with Vitis vinifera L., variety Thompson Seedless, using a randomized block design with five treatments and four replications. The treatments consisted of artificial infestation (zero, two, four and eight thrips per inflorescence), and treatment determined by the monitoring system of the grower. Each replication consisted of three plants with 10 inflorescences, which were artificially infested with thrips and covered with nonwoven fabric bags. During the cluster thinning, pre-harvest cleaning and harvest, the numbers of injuried berries and the berries with injuries were evaluated. The thrips species identified were: Frankliniella schultzei (Trybom), Frankliniella brevicaulis Hood, Frankliniella gemina Bagnall, Frankliniella gardeniae Moulton, and Frankliniella sp. A positive and significant correlation was observed between the number of injuries per fruit and the level of thrips infestation, obtained by the equation y = 2.55 + 48.54x (F= 59.98; P= 0.0001; r²= 0.51). The results suggest that the presence of a whitish halo around a small scar on fruit is associated with the presence of adult Frankliniella spp.

Variation within and betweenFrankliniellaThrips Species in Host Plant Utilization

Anthophilous flower thrips in the genus Frankliniella (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) exploit ephemeral plant resources and therefore must be capable of successfully locating appropriate hosts on a repeated basis, yet little is known of interspecific and intraspecific variation in responses to host plant type and nutritional quality. Field trials were conducted over two seasons to determine if the abundance of males and females of three common Frankliniella species, F. occidentalis (Pergande), F. tritici (Fitch) and F. bispinosa (Morgan), their larvae, and a key predator, Orius insidiosus (Say) (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae) were affected by host plant type and plant nutritional quality. Two host plants, pepper, Capsicum annuum L. (Solanales: Solanaceae) and tomato, Solanum lycopersicum L. that vary in suitability for these species were examined, and their nutritional quality was manipulated by applying three levels of nitrogen fertilization (101 kg/ha, 202 kg/ha, 404 kg/ha). F. occidentalis females were more abundant in pepper than in tomato, but males did not show a differential response. Both sexes of F. tritici and F. bispinosa were more abundant in tomato than in pepper. Larval thrips were more abundant in pepper than in tomato. Likewise, O. insidiosus females and nymphs were more abundant in pepper than in tomato. Only F. occidentalis females showed a distinct response to nitrogen fertilization, with abundance increasing with fertilization. These results show that host plant utilization patterns vary among Frankliniella spp. and should not be generalized from results of the intensively studied F. occidentalis. Given the different pest status of these species and their differential abundance in pepper and tomato, it is critical that scouting programs include species identifications for proper management.

Molecular markers of two sympatric species of the genus Frankliniella (Thysanoptera: Thripidae)

The genus Frankliniella is comprised of ubiquitous polyphagous insects that inflict losses on vegetable, fruit and ornamental crops. It is known that 5 species of this genus transmit tospoviruses to a wide variety of plant species. Two of these species, F. occidentalis and F. intonsa, occur sympatrically in Korea. These species cannot be easily identified based on morphological characters during their early larval stages. To solve this difficulty, molecular markers were developed in this study. PCR-RFLP (polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism) marker, Dde I, was identified at a polymorphic site in mitochondrial cytochrome b region. Although the identified sequences were highly similar to other known cytochrome b sequences, there was some variation between these two species. In addition, another marker was developed using PCR-RAPD (rapid amplified polymorphic DNA bands). PCR using the RAPD marker developed here resulted in the production of different product patterns by these two species, which could be used to determine if the samples were contaminated.

The phylogeny of thrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) based on partial sequences of cytochrome oxidase I, 28S ribosomal DNA and elongation factor-1 α and the association with vector competence of tospoviruses

The phylogenetic relationships among 16 species including 10 thrips vector species of tospoviruses were analysed using partial sequences of three genes: mitochondrial COI, nuclear 28S ribosomal DNA and the elongation factor-1a (EF-1a) in order to reveal the influence of lineage among thrips vector species on the vector competence of tospoviruses. The phylogenetic trees of thrips suggested that distinct clades were formed between the genera Frankliniella and Thrips including vector species at least in combined nuclear DNA data, although COI data showed a similar result despite low bootstrap value in the root of Thrips clade. Scirtothrips had an ambiguous phylogenetic position in this study. Vector and non-vector species were found within the same clade in the genus Thrips. Compared with the phylogenetic tree of thrips, the virus phylogeny inferred from the nucleocapsid (N) protein sequence were likely to correspond to the phylogeny of thrips, genera Frankliniella, Thrips and Scirtothrips, respectively, and also to the primary host plants under natural conditions. These results suggested that the vector competence of thrips for tospoviruses might be influenced by the lineages of thrips vectors as well as host plants.

Chrysanthemum stem necrosis tospovirus

<i>Chrysanthemum stem necrosis tospovirus</i>

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Frankliniella cephalica (Crawford), a neotropic species, is newly recorded from flowers of Bidens pilosa L. and Ipomoea batatas (L.) in Ryukyu Is., Southwest Japan. Previously, only four species of the genus Frankliniella Karny have been reported in Japan. F. cephalica can be easily distinguished from other members of this genus in Japan by an antennal segment II produced dorsally with two stout setae and a pedicel of segment III with a pronounced sharp-edged subbasal ring.

Distinct efficiencies of Impatiens necrotic spot virus transmission by five thrips vector species (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) of tospoviruses in Japan

Five thrips species known as vectors of tospoviruses in Japan, Frankliniella occidentalis, F. intonsa, Thrips setosus, T. palmi and T. tabaci, were studied for their transmission competence of Impatiens necrotic spot virus (INSV). The competence was examined for adults that acquired the virus as newly hatched larvae using a petunia leaf disk assay. No members of the genus Thrips transmitted the virus; the INSV-N protein was not detected in them by DAS-ELISA. On the other hand, two species of the genus Frankliniella were confirmed as vectors of INSV. Both sexes of F. occidentalis transmitted the virus efficiently (males: 80.5%, females: 78.7%). In F. intonsa, however, the transmission efficiency was relatively low and differed between the sexes (males: 18.3%, females: 3.7%). Most F. occidentalis adults showing ELISA-positive values transmitted INSV; however, only one third of ELISA-positive F. intonsa adults did so. The amounts of the INSV-N protein in ELISA-positive and transmitting adults were larger in F. occidentalis than in F. intonsa by sex. These results show that the transmission of INSV may be characteristic of the genus Frankliniella, and that F. occidentalis is probably the primary vector of INSV in Japan.

New Neotropical Species of the Genus Frankliniella Karny (Insecta: Thysanoptera: Thripidae)

Four new species of the genus Frankliniella Karny are described, two from Chile, F. rahakana sp. n. and F. otites sp. n.; one from Costa Rica, F. senckenbergiana sp. n. and one from Argentina, F. amigoi sp. n. F. rahakana sp. n. belongs to the ‘intonsa group’ and the other three to the ‘minuta group’ of Frankliniella.

Seasonal Abundance of Flower-Inhabiting Frankliniella Species (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) on Wild Plant Species

Flowers of 37 wild plant species located in North Florida were sampled at periodic intervals for selected thrips (Thysanoptera) species. Samples were collected from wooded areas adjacent to two tomato production fields over an 18-mo period beginning March 1989. Of the 2,583 thrips specimens collected, 78% were adults. Adult counts peaked in May at both sites during 1989 and 1990. The genus Frankliniella accounted for 87% of the adult thrips collected. The most common species collected was F. tritici (Fitch) followed by F. bispinosa (Morgan), F. occidentalis (Pergande), and F. fusca (Hinds). Species composition varied by sampled month. Frankliniella tritici was the most abundant species in March, May, and August; F. bispinosa in June and July; and F. occidentalis in February and April. The distribution of thrips that vector tomato spotted wilt virus was similar to that of non vectors in Rowers of wild hosts. Thrips were detected on 31 of the 37 wild plant species surveyed with 61% of all thrips collected inhabiting six plant species. Frankliniella occidentalis and F. tritici used a major proportion of the available wild plant species earlier in the season than F. bispinosa and F. fusca. All Frankliniella species exhibited a wide host range in April and May.

Thrips of the Frankliniella minuta group (Insecta: Thysanoptera) in Costa Rican Asteraceae flowers

Six new species of the genus Frankliniella minuta group are described, al! from Costa Rican Asteraceae, and mainly from high altitudes: Frankliniella kiesteri, Fr. hansoni, Fr. vargasi, Fr. cotobrusensis, Fr. zurqui and Fr. montanosa. A diagnosis of the genus is given and the minuta group is redefined; according lo the new definition Frankliniella diversa and Frankliniella bagnalliana are included in this species group. A key to eleven species for 11 species is presented

FICHES INFORMATIVES OEPP SUR LES ORGANISMES DE QUARANTAINE EPPO DATA SHEETS ON QUARANTINE ORGANISMS

EPPO BulletinVolume 19, Issue 4 p. 725-731 Free Access FICHES INFORMATIVES OEPP SUR LES ORGANISMES DE QUARANTAINE EPPO DATA SHEETS ON QUARANTINE ORGANISMS Frankliniella occidentalis (Perg.) First published: December 1989 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2338.1989.tb01169.xCitations: 5AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat Bibliography Bryan, D.E. & Smith, R.F. (1956) The Frankliniella occidentalis complex in California University of California. Publications in Entomology 10, 359– 410. Lublinkhof, J. & Foster, D. E. (1977) Development and reproductive capacity of Frankliniella occidentalis reared at three temperatures. Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society 50, 313– 316. Mantel, W. P. (1989) Bibliography of the western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis. IOBC/WPRS Bulletin (in press). Moulton, D. (1948) The genus Frankliniella, with keys for the determination of species. Review of Entomology 10, 55– 114. Citing Literature Volume19, Issue4December 1989Pages 725-731 ReferencesRelatedInformation