GPX1 Gene Expression Research Articles

Protective effects of resveratrol on the expression of catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and superoxide dismutase genes in the ovary and their activity in the serum of rats exposed to lead acetate: An experimental study

Background: Lead (Pb) could be toxic to the female reproductive system, and resveratrol (Res) may overcome this toxicity. Objective: To investigate the Res impact on the catalase (Cat), glutathione peroxidase (Gpx), and superoxide dismutase (Sod) gene expression in the ovary and on the Cat and Gpx enzyme activity in the serum of rats exposed to lead acetate. Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, 33 female Wistar rats (8–10 wk, 180–200 gr) were divided into 6 groups: a control group (normal saline), a Res group (40 mg/kg), and a Pb group (lead acetate 30 mg/kg). 3 additional groups received lead acetate (30 mg/kg) with Res at 20, 40, and 80 mg/kg for 21 days. Gene expression of Cat, Gpx, and Sod was measured via qPCR, and serum Cat and Gpx activity was assessed using standard methods. Bioinformatics tools were used to evaluate Res effects on gene and protein function. Results: Lead acetate significantly downregulates Cat, Gpx, and Sod gene expression, but Res significantly upregulates gene expression, especially at doses of 40 mg/kg for Cat, 20 mg/kg and 40 mg/kg for Gpx, and 80 mg/kg for Sod. Cat and Gpx enzyme activity increased and decreased in the lead acetate group, respectively. However, Res in all doses decreased only the Cat enzyme activity. Bioinformatics analysis indicates that Res can interact with the promoter regions and cavities of all 3 enzymes. Conclusion: Pb can dysregulate the expression and activity of the studied enzymes. However, the impact of Res is influenced by the dose, with 40 mg/kg frequently being the most effective.

Potential benefits of advanced chelate-based trace minerals in improving bone mineralization, antioxidant status, immunity, and gene expression modulation in heat-stressed broilers.

Organic sources of trace minerals (TM) in broiler diets are more bioavailable and stable than inorganic sources, making them particularly beneficial during challenging periods such as heat stress (HS) conditions. A 42-d study investigated the effects of using advanced chelate technology-based TM (ACTM) or adding varying amounts of ACTM to broiler diets during HS conditions. The study involved 672 male broiler chickens in 7 treatment groups, including a thermoneutral control (TNC) group and six HS treatments. There were 8 replicate pens per treatment and 12 birds per replicate. The six HS treatments included birds exposed to a cyclic HS environment (34°C) for 8 h and were as follows: HSC, which consisted of the same basal diet with the recommended ITM levels; ACTM50 and ACTM100, which replaced the basal diet with 50% and 100% ACTM instead of ITM; ITM+ACTM12.5 and ITM+ACTM25, which involved adding extra ACTM to the ITM basal diet at 12.5% and 25%, respectively; and ITM125, which used 125% of the recommended levels of ITM in the basal diet. Compared with the HSC treatment, the TNC, ACTM100, and ITM+ACTM25 treatments resulted in increased (P < 0.05) body weight; tibia weight; tibia ash, phosphorus, iron, and manganese contents; secondary antibody titers; and serum TAC and SOD values but decreased (P < 0.05) serum MDA concentrations and the expression levels of the hepatic genes IL-1β, IL-6, and INF-γ. The TNC and ACTM100 groups also showed greater (P < 0.05) feed efficiency, tibia length, tibia zinc content, and hepatic SOD1 expression but exhibited reduced (P < 0.05) hepatic NF-kB expression. Significant increases (P < 0.05) in primary anti-NDV titers, serum GPx1 activity, and Nrf2 and GPx1 gene expression levels were also detected in the ACTM100, ITM+ACTM12.5, and ITM+ACTM25 groups. In conclusion, the findings suggest that replacing ITM with ACTM or adding ACTM to ITM diets, especially at a 25% higher dose, can effectively protect broilers from heat stress by promoting growth, reducing inflammation, and increasing the expression of antioxidant proteins.

Increased susceptibility of human limbal aniridia fibroblasts to oxidative stress

Aniridia-associated keratopathy originates from a haploinsufficiency of the transcription factor PAX6 (PAX6+/−). In the corneal epithelium of PAX6+/− mice, a significant increase in oxidized proteins was observed, accompanied by impaired compensation for elevated oxidative stress (OS). The extent to which limbal fibroblast cells (LFCs) are affected by an increased susceptibility to OS in cases of congenital aniridia (AN) has not been determined, yet. Our aim was to examine the impact of OS on antioxidant enzyme expression in normal and AN-LFCs. Following isolation and culture of primary LFCs (n = 8) and AN-LFCs (n = 8), cells were treated with cobalt chloride for 48 h to chemically induce hypoxic conditions and OS. Subsequently, HIF-1α/-2α, PHD1/2, Nrf2, CAT, SOD1, PRDX6, and GPX1 gene expression was examined by qPCR. SOD1, PRDX6, and GPX1 protein levels were assessed from the cell lysate by Western blot. The induction of hypoxia led to reduced HIF-1α gene expression in both fibroblast groups (p≤0.008), while the decrease in PHD1 was limited to AN-LFCs (p = 0.0007). On the other hand, under hypoxic conditions, PHD2 showed higher mRNA expression in AN-LFCs compared to normal LFCs (p = 0.013). As a result of OS, the mRNA levels of Nrf2 (p<0.0001) and the antioxidant enzymes CAT (p = 0.005), SOD1 (p = 0.005), GPX1 (p = 0.002) decreased in AN-LFCs. This was accompanied by an increased protein expression of SOD1 (p = 0.019) and PRDX6 (p=0.0009). In the normal LFC group, the induced extent of OS had no impact on the gene (p≥0.151) and protein expression (p ≥ 0.629) of antioxidant enzymes, except for the GPX1 mRNA level (p = 0.027). AN-LFCs exhibit higher susceptibility to OS than normal LFCs. Therefore, in AN-LFCs, there are sustained alterations in gene and protein expression of antioxidative enzymes even after 48 h of CoCl2 treatment.

Effects of GABA on Oxidative Stress and Metabolism in High-Glucose Cultured Mongolian Sheep Kidney Cells.

The Mongolian sheep, emblematic of the Inner Mongolian grasslands, is renowned for its exceptional stress resistance and adaptability to harsh environments, drawing considerable attention. Recent research has unveiled the novel role of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in combating oxidative stress. This investigation examined how GABA impacts renal-cortex and medulla cells from Mongolian sheep exposed to high-glucose stress conditions, utilizing gene expression analysis and non-targeted metabolomics. Elevated glucose levels significantly reduced the viability of Mongolian sheep renal cells and increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels. Conversely, the introduction of GABA notably enhanced cell viability, reduced ROS production, and stimulated the expression of antioxidant genes (e.g., Gpx, SOD, CAT) in the renal cortex. In the renal medulla, CAT expression increased, while Gpx gene expression showed mixed responses. Metabolomics analysis indicated that high-glucose exposure altered various metabolites, whereas GABA alleviated the metabolic stress induced by high glucose through modulating glycolysis and the tricarboxylic acid cycle. In Mongolian sheep renal cells, GABA effectively mitigated oxidative damage triggered by high-glucose stress by upregulating antioxidant genes and regulating metabolic pathways, revealing insights into its potential mechanism for adapting to extreme environments. This finding offers a fresh perspective on understanding the stress resilience of Mongolian sheep and may provide valuable insights for research across diverse disciplines.

Evaluation of Terminalia arjuna Bark Powder Supplementation on Isoprenaline-Induced Oxidative Stress and Inflammation in the Heart of Long Evans Rats, Understanding the Molecular Mechanism of This Old Medicinal Plant

Article Evaluation of Terminalia arjuna Bark Powder Supplementation on Isoprenaline-Induced Oxidative Stress and Inflammation in the Heart of Long Evans Rats, Understanding the Molecular Mechanism of This Old Medicinal Plant Mirza Alimullah 1, Nafiur Rahman 1, Puspa Sornaker 1, Kazi Akramuddaula 2, Sumaia Sarif 1, Shahnaz Siddiqua 3, Kaniz Fatima Mitu 1, Ishrat Jahan 1, Ferdous Khan 1, Nusrat Subhan 1 and Md. Ashraful Alam 1,* 1 Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North South University, Dhaka 1229, Bangladesh 2 Pharmacy Discipline, Khulna University, Khulna 9208, Bangladesh 3 Department of Pharmacy, East West University, Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh * Correspondence: ashraful.alam@northsouth.edu or sonaliagun@yahoo.com Received: 27 July 2024; Revised: 28 August 2024; Accepted: 28 August 2024; Published: 5 September 2024 Abstract: This study was conducted to determine the effect of Terminalia arjuna bark powder supplementation on the oxidative stress of the cardiovascular system. Isoprenaline (ISO) was administered to the rats to develop the cardiac hypertrophy and myocardial infarction (MI). Terminalia arjuna bark powder was mixed with the food powder and provided for two weeks. At the end of the experiment, all rats were sacrificed and tissue samples were collected. ISO administration in rats increased the oxidative stress markers such as malondialdehyde (MDA), nitric oxide (NO), advanced oxidation protein product (APOP), and myeloperoxidase (MPO) in plasma and heart. Terminalia arjuna bark powder lowered the MDA, NO, and AOPP concentration level in ISO administered rats. Additionally, Terminalia arjuna restored the antioxidant enzymes (catalase and SOD) activities. Gene expression of antioxidant enzymes and inflammatory markers in the heart were studied. Terminalia arjuna restored Nrf-2, HO-1, HO-2, catalase, SOD, and GPx gene expression in the heart of ISO administered rats. ISO induced increased transcription levels of inflammatory genes such as IL-1, IL-6, TNF-α, TGF-β, iNOS, and NF-κB, which were decreased by Terminalia arjuna bark powder. Histopathology was checked and hematoxylin and eosin and Sirius red staining were performed on heart sections. ISO administration resulted in mononuclear cells infiltration and collagen deposition in the heart which were lowered by Terminalia arjuna bark powder. In conclusion, this study suggests that the Terminalia arjuna bark powder alleviated the oxidative stress by restoring the antioxidant genes and prevented the increase in inflammatory markers in the heart of ISO administered rats.

Impact of a biostimulant enriched in betalain degradation products on ROS signaling, proline accumulation, and phytohormone homeostasis

This study investigates the potential of a biostimulant derived from Selenicereus undatus peel waste and enriched in betalain degradation products (BDP), to influence Arabidopsis thaliana seedling development. Notably, lower BDP concentrations enhanced seedling development, while higher dosages exhibited adverse effects. Assessment of mitochondrial activity in both seeds and purified organelles showed that the tested biostimulant did not affect mitochondrial activity or integrity, highlighting its independence from mitochondrial performance. Mechanistically, BDP-enriched biostimulant modulated ROS-signaling, diminishing H2O2 by regulating the enzymatic activity and gene expression of SOD, CAT, GPX, and GR. Particularly, analyzing their different isoform via qRT-PCR, the primary cellular compartment where detoxification occurred were identified. Furthermore, biostimulant was able to influence proline-accumulation, altering both the expression of metabolism (PC5S, P5CR and OAT) and catabolism (PDH and P5CDH) related genes. Finally, the BDP-enriched biostimulant altered phytohormone levels, mainly affecting ABA/ABA-glu, tZea/tZea-rib, and tZea/IAA. Concerning GAs, the increase in GA4 and GA7 suggested an involvement of GA13ox, a hypothesis encouraged by qRT-PCR analysis. In summary, this study underscores the potential of BDP-based biostimulant as sustainable promoters of plant growth, influencing critical regulatory pathways during germination. Further research is necessary to explore their extensive applications in agricultural practices.

Effects of gestational hypothyroidism on mouse brain development: Gabaergic systems and oxidative stress

Hormonal imbalance during pregnancy is a risk factor for neuropsychiatric impairment in the offspring. It has been suggested that hypothyroidism leads to dysfunction of cortical GABAergic interneurons and inhibitory system development that in turn underlies impairment of the central nervous system. Here we investigated how gestational hypothyroidism affected offspring GABAergic system development as well as redox regulation parameters, because of previous links identified between the two. Experimental Gestational Hypothyroidism (EGH) was induced in CD-1 mice with 0.02% methimazole (MMI) in drinking water from embryonic day 9 (E9) until tissue collection at embryonic day 14 (E14) or E18. We examined GABAergic cell distribution and inhibitory system development gene expression as well as redox relevant gene expression and direct measures across all embryos regardless of sex. Intrauterine restriction of maternal thyroid hormones significantly impacted both of these outcomes in brain, as well as altering redox regulation in the placenta. GAD67+ neuronal migration was reduced, accompanied by a disruption in gene expression influencing GABAergic cell migration and cortical inhibitory neural system development. EGH also altered embryonic brain gene expression of Gpx1, Nfe2l2, Cat levels in the dorsal E14 brains. Additionally, EGH resulted in elevated TBARS, Gpx1 and Nfe2l2 in the ventral E18 brains. Furthermore, EGH downregulated placental Gpx1 gene expression at E14 and increased protein oxidation at E18. These findings support the hypothesis that sufficient maternal thyroid hormone supply to the fetus influences central nervous system development, including processes of GABAergic system development and redox equilibrium.

Selenium biomarkers and miR‐7‐5p in overweight/obese women

IntroductionChronic low-grade inflammation and oxidative stress are pivotal contributors to the metabolic complications associated with obesity. Selenoprotein P (SELENOP) and glutathione peroxidase 1 (GPx1) are selenoproteins involved in the reduction of reactive oxygen species and pro-inflammatory cytokines levels. Nutritional epigenomics revealed the interaction of microRNAs and nutrients with an important impact on metabolic pathways involved in obesity. However, the knowledge regarding the influence of microRNA on selenium biomarkers and its impact on metabolic pathways related to obesity remains scarce. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate the association of plasma miR‐7‐5p expression with selenium and inflammatory biomarkers in women with overweight/obesity. Material and methodsAnthropometric evaluations were performed and blood samples were collected for the analysis of fasting glucose, insulin, inflammatory and selenium biomarkers, and miR-7–5p expression in 54 women with overweight/obesity. Gene expression of SELENOP and GPX1 were evaluated in peripheral mononuclear blood cells. ResultsThis study observed a negative correlation between SELENOP levels and miR-7–5p (rho = −0.350; p = 0.018). Additionally, it was observed that body fat (OR = 0.737; p = 0.011), age (OR = 1.214; p = 0.007), and miR‐7‐5p (OR = 0.990; p = 0.015) emerged as significant predictors of SELENOP levels. ConclusionsIn conclusion, we observed a significant inverse association between miR‐7‐5p expression and SELENOP concentration in overweight/obese women, suggesting that age and percentage of body fat are also associated. Trial registration numberBrazilian Registry of Clinical Trials (ReBEC) number RBR-2nfy5q

Comparison of the effects of copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO-NPs) and copper (II) sulfate on oxidative stress parameters in rainbow trout hatchlings (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

Nanoparticles of copper oxide, released uncontrollably into the environment, pose a threat to living organisms. One of the mechanisms of their toxicity is the induction of oxidative stress, contributing to the disruption of antioxidant mechanisms. The aim of the present study was to assess the degree and toxic dose of copper oxide nanoparticle (CuO-NPs) associated with the induction of oxidative stress and compare them to the toxicity of copper sulfate (VI) (CuSO4) by measuring the expression of genes encoding some key enzymes involved in protection against oxidative stress: glutathione peroxidase (gpx), cytochrome P450 (cyp1a), heat shock protein (hsp70) and superoxide dismutase (sod). Hatchlings of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) were used as biological material. The test individuals were exposed for 2 hours to CuO-NPs and CuSO4 in the concentration range of 4–256 mg dm−3. Individuals exposed to all concentrations of CuO-NPs showed an increase in the expression of gpx, cyp1a and hsp70 genes, and a decrease in sod gene expression, while the hatchlings exposed to CuSO4 exhibited an increase in the expression of all genes. The expression of hsp70 and sod genes in the hatchlings exposed to CuSO4 was higher than in the CuO-NP treatment, while the expression levels of gpx and cyp1a were similar. Based on the obtained results, potentially higher toxicity of CuSO4 was observed in the hatchlings of Oncorhynchus mykiss. However, the elevated expression of gpx, cyp1a and hsp70 after the exposure to CuO-NPs, indicates toxicity via oxidative stress. The decrease (sod in hatchlings exposed to CuO-NPs) or increase of gene expression was not dose-dependent. The presented study confirms a need for further research regarding the toxicity of metal nanoparticles to aquatic organisms and the necessity for monitoring the release of CuO-NPs into the aquatic environment.

Molecular Characterization and Response of GPX Gene Expression of Strawberry Irrigated with Two Types of Water and Spraying with Glutathione and Vitamin B12

Molecular Characterization and Response of GPX Gene Expression of Strawberry Irrigated with Two Types of Water and Spraying with Glutathione and Vitamin B12

Biochemical and molecular evaluation of oxidative stress and mitochondrial damage in fruit fly exposed to carmoisine.

In today's world, appearance is an important factor in almost all areas of our lives. Therefore, it has become common to use dyes to color foods to make them look appetizing and visually appealing. However, food additives have negative effects on biochemical processes in cells at both high and low doses. This study investigated the effect of carmoisine, a commonly used food coloring, on oxidative stress and damage parameters in Drosophila melanogaster in terms of both enzymatic and gene expression. The change in mitochondrial DNA copy number (mtDNA-CN), a marker of oxidative stress, was also examined. When the data obtained were analyzed, it was observed that carmoisine caused a significant decrease in GSH levels depending on the increase in dose. SOD, CAT, GPx, and AChE enzyme activities and gene expression levels were also found to be significantly decreased. All groups also showed a significant decrease in mtDNA-CN. The effect of carmoisine on Drosophila melanogaster morphology was also investigated in our study. However, no significant change was observed in terms of morphological development in any group. When all the findings were evaluated together, it was observed that carmoisin triggered oxidative stress and these effects became more risky at high doses. Therefore, we believe that the consumer should be made more aware of the side effects of azo dyes in food and that the type and concentration of each substance added to food should be specified.

OfLCYB positively regulates drought and heat tolerance by modulating ROS scavenging in Osmanthus fragrans

Osmanthus fragrans is an important tree in Asia, widely used in gardening and landscaping. As the global climate changes, the tree's growth and development are significantly affected by drought and heat stresses. Lycopene β-cyclase (LCYB) is a pivotal enzyme in the carotenoid pathway and plays an important role in abiotic stress responses. However, the function of the OfLCYB gene in the regulation of drought and heat tolerance is still unclear. In O. fragrans, OfLCYB expression was significantly induced by drought and heat treatments, and OfLCYB localized in the chloroplasts. Meanwhile, GUS staining of OfLCYB promoter showed that its promoter activity was dramatically activated by drought and heat treatments. Functional analysis showed that OfLCYB overexpression significantly improved the drought and heat tolerance of yeast cells, O. fragrans calli, and Arabidopsis. And the decrease of H2O2 concentration was found in the OfLCYB-overexpressing O. fragrans calli and Arabidopsis leaves. Furthermore, RNA-seq was performed and revealed that ROS scavenging-related genes were upregulated in the OfLCYB-overexpressing O. fragrans calli, especially the expression of APX, CAT, GPX, and PRX genes were significantly induced by drought and heat stresses. Therefore, we speculated that the OfLCYB gene contributes to the improvement of drought and heat tolerance by reducing the H2O2 accumulation through activating the expression of reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging-related genes in O. fragrans. Our results provide valuable insights into the role of the OfLCYB gene in the regulation of abiotic stress tolerance, with implications for future molecular breeding of ornamental plants.

In ovo feeding of α-ketoglutaric acid improves hepatic antioxidant-gene expression, plasma antioxidant activities and decreases body temperature without affecting broiler body weight under cyclic heat stress

The broiler industry is adversely affected by the rise in global temperature. This study investigated the effects of in ovo feeding of α-ketoglutaric acid (AKG) on growth performance, organ weight, plasma metabolite, plasma oxidative stress, rectal temperature (RT), and hepatic mRNA expression of antioxidant-related genes in Arbor Acres broilers subjected to cyclic heat stress (HS). Three hundred fifty fertile eggs during incubation were divided into 5 groups according to AKG concentrations and temperature conditions. After dissolving AKG in distilled water at 0, 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5, 0% AKG was in ovo administered to 2 of the 5 groups whereas the remaining 3 groups received 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5%, respectively. From d 29 to 34 of age, 4 groups of birds received heat stress (HS) at 31°C ± 1°C for 6 h per day while the other group was kept at room temperature (21°C ± 1°C; NT). So, the 5 treatment groups were: 1) 0AKG-NT, where chicks hatched from eggs receiving 0% AKG were reared under thermoneutral conditions. 2) 0AKG-HS, where chicks hatched from eggs receiving 0% AKG were reared under cyclic HS conditions. 3) 0.5AKG-HS, where chicks hatched from eggs receiving 0.5% AKG were reared under cyclic HS conditions. 4) 1.0AKG-HS, where chicks hatched from eggs receiving 1.0% AKG were reared under cyclic HS conditions. 5) 1.5AKG-HS, where chicks hatched from eggs receiving 1.5% AKG were reared under cyclic HS conditions. HS significantly reduced body weight change (ΔBW %) and average daily gain (ADG) without affecting average daily feed intake (ADFI). Feed conversion ratio (FCR) was significantly increased (P = 0.003) in all HS-treated groups. A significant linear decrease in the final RT (P = 0.005) and a change in RT (P = 0.003) were detected with increasing AKG concentration. Total antioxidant capacity (P = 0.029) and antioxidant balance (P = 0.001) in plasma increased linearly with increasing AKG concentration whereas malondialdehyde concentrations were linearly decreased (P = 0.001). Hepatic gene expression of CAT (P = 0.026) and GPX1 (P = 0.001) were dose-dependently upregulated while nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase (NOX)1, NOX4, and heat shock protein (HSP)70 were linearly downregulated (P < 0.05). Hence, in ovo injection of AKG was effective in mitigating HS-induced oxidative stress without attenuating the adverse effects on broiler growth.

Promising effects of 1,8 Cineole to control Giardia lamblia infection: Targeting the inflammation, oxidative stress, and infectivity

Reportedly, synthetic drugs such as metronidazole, furazolidone, tinidazole, and quinacrine are used for the treatment of giardiasis but are associated with adverse effects. In this study, we aimed to investigate the in vitro and in vivo effects of eucalyptol (ECT, 1,8 cineole) alone and in combination with metronidazole (MNZ) on Giardia lamblia. The effects of ECT on cell viability, plasma membrane permeability, and gene expression levels of adenylate cyclase (AK) and extracellular signal kinases 1 and 2 (ERK1 and ERK2) in trophozoites of G. lamblia were assessed. In vivo, the effects of ECT alone and in combination with MNZ were assessed on mice infected with G. lamblia. In addition, the gene expression of inflammatory genes (e.g., TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-10) and antioxidant genes (catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1), glutathione peroxidase 2 (GPX2)) was determined by real-time PCR. The IC50 values of ECT, MNZ, and ECT+MNZ on trophozoites were 30.2 µg/mL, 21.6 µg/mL, and 8.5 µg/mL, respectively. The estimated Fractional inhibitory concentration index (FICI) values for ECT and MNZ were 0.28 and 0.39, respectively. The application of ECT on G. lamblia trophozoites resulted in a dose-dependent increase in plasma membrane permeability, particularly at concentrations of ½ IC50 and IC50 (P < 0.05). The treatment of infected mice with various doses of ECT, mainly in combination with MNZ for 7 days, resulted in a significant decrease (P < 0.001) in the average number and viability of cysts. ECT, especially when combined with MNZ, caused a significant (P < 0.001) reduction in the expression of TNF-α and IL-6 genes, and an increase (P < 0.05) in the expression of IL-10 genes. ECT alone and mainly in combination with MNZ leads to a significant (P < 0.001) increase in the gene expression of CAT, SOD, and GPX genes. These findings demonstrate that the use of ECT in these doses, even for 14 days, does not have any toxic effects on the function of vital liver and kidney tissues. The study findings confirmed the promising effects of ECT against G. lamblia infection both in vitro and in vivo. Considering the possible mechanisms, ECT increases plasma membrane permeability and reduces the expression levels of infectivity-related genes. In addition, ECT suppresses inflammation and oxidative stress, controlling giardiasis in mice. More studies are needed to clarify these findings.

Loading Levi Lactobacillus brevis into chitosan-coated alginate microcapsules and their effect on the testicular tissue redox system in roosters of hen's broiler breeders

Microencapsulation protects lactic acid bacteria against adverse conditions of environment and gastrointestinal tract and increases their survival. This study was conducted with three treatments, namely control, alginate-L. brevis (AL-LAB), and alginate-chitosan-L. brevis (AL-CHI-LAB). The results showed that the zeta-potential for microcapsules fixed by AL-CHI–LAB and AL–LAB were -16.5 and -17.2 mV, respectively. The SEM images showed cubic and non-aggregated structures for three types of microcapsules. The significantly highest survival rate for the AL-CHI-LAB observed in the GIT simulated conditions (59/50 %), and the significantly highest survival rate for the AL-LAB at the in vivo conditions of the GIT (50 %). To investigate SOD and GPX gene expression levels in roosters' testicular tissues, L. brevis was fed (106 CFU/g) to thirty-two roosters aged about 60 weeks for two months. The GPX gene expression level in the testicular tissue was higher in the AL-CHI-LAB (6.57) than other treatments and it was not significantly different from the AL-LAB (4.09). The SOD gene expression was not significantly different among treatments. The results indicated that AL-CHI-LAB could improve the antioxidant capacity of testicular tissues by increasing the GPX gene expression, thereby improving aging-related reproductive performance.

Curcumin mitigates acrylamide-induced ovarian antioxidant disruption and apoptosis in female Balb/c mice: A comprehensive study on gene and protein expressions.

Curcumin is known for its antioxidant properties. This study aimed to investigate the impact of curcumin on acrylamide (ACR)-induced alterations in the first-line antioxidant defense of ovarian tissue. Female Balb/c mice were divided into control, ACR (50 mg/kg), ACR/CUR100 (received Acr + curcumin100 mg/kg), and ACR/CUR200 (Acr + curcumin 200 mg/kg) groups, and received oral treatments for 35 days. Evaluation of antioxidant enzyme expression (Sod, Cat, Gpx genes), pro-apoptotic gene expressions (Bax, Caspase 3), and anti-apoptotic gene expression (Bcl2l1) at mRNA and protein levels was done. Percentage of apoptotic cells using Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay was performed. The model group (ACR) showed decreased mRNA expression of Sod, Cat, and Gpx genes compared with the control group. Treatment with two different doses of curcumin (CUR100 and CUR200) significantly increased Sod, Cat, and Gpx gene expression, with CUR200 demonstrating significant recovery. SOD, CAT, and GPX protein levels were similar to mRNA expression trends, significantly increased with curcumin administration. Acrylamide exposure significantly increased Bax and Caspase 3 expression and decreased Bcl2l1 gene expression leading to a notable rise in apoptosis in ACR group as compared to the control group. Conversely, curcumin administration, significantly reduced Bax and Caspase 3 expressions, with an increase in Bcl2l1expression, though not statistically significant. TUNEL assay revealed a substantial decrease in apoptosis in curcumin-received groups. In our study, ACR exposure adversely affected ovarian antioxidant defense thereby leading to increased pro-apoptotic markers. Notably, curcumin treatment effectively mitigated these effects, restored antioxidant potential, and reduced acrylamide-induced toxicity in female mouse ovaries.

Kisspeptin-10 Improves Testicular Redox Status but Does Not Alter the Unfolded Protein Response (UPR) That Is Downregulated by Hypothyroidism in a Rat Model.

Hypothyroidism compromises the testicular redox status and is associated with reduced sperm quality and infertility in men. In this regard, studies have demonstrated the antioxidant potential of kisspeptin in reproductive and metabolic diseases. In this study, we evaluate the effects of kisspeptin-10 (Kp10) on the testicular redox, as well as mediators of the unfolded protein response (UPR) in adult rats with hypothyroidism. Adult male Wistar rats were randomly separated into the Control (n = 15), Hypo (n = 13) and Hypo + Kp10 (n = 14) groups, and hypothyroidism was induced with 6-propyl-2-thiouracil (PTU) for three months. In the last month, half of the hypothyroid animals received Kp10. Testis samples were collected for enzymatic, immunohistochemical and/or gene evaluation of mediators of oxidative stress (TBARs, lipid hydroperoxides (LOOH), ROS, peroxynitrite, SOD, CAT and GPX), endoplasmic reticulum stress (GRP78, ATF6, PERK, CHOP, HO-1 and sXBP1) and antiapoptocytes (BCL-2). Hypothyroidism increased apoptosis index, TBARS and LOOH concentrations, and reduced testicular gene expression of Sod1, Sod2 and Gpx1, as well as the expression of Grp78, Atf6, Ho1 and Chop. Treatment with Kp10, in turn, reduced testicular apoptosis and the production of peroxynitrite, while increased SOD1 and GPX ½ expression, and enzymatic activity of CAT, but did not affect the lower expression of UPR mediators caused by hypothyroidism. This study demonstrated that hypothyroidism causes oxidative stress and dysregulated the UPR pathway in rat testes and that, although Kp10 does not influence the low expression of UPR mediators, it improves the testicular redox status, configuring it as an important antioxidant factor in situations of thyroid dysfunction.

Administration of Red Macroalgae (Galaxaura oblongata) in the Diet of the Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) Improved Immunity and Hepatic Gene Expression

This study is designed to evaluate the effects of dietary red macroalgae (Galaxaura oblongata) on growth performance, serum, and skin mucus immunological and antioxidant responses in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). For this, rainbow trout were fed diets containing different levels of G. oblongata (0 (ctrl), 0.5 (G1), and 1 (G2) %) for 8 weeks. Following the feeding trial, there were no significant differences in growth performance between the experimental treatments (p &gt; 0.05). Total immunoglobulin (Ig) content and lysozyme (LYZ) activity in serum were increased in fish fed G. oblongata (p &lt; 0.05), with the highest value at (0.5%). Regardless of the inclusion level, mucus total Ig levels were significantly increased in the G. oblongata groups (p &lt; 0.05), and mucus LYZ activity was not changed (p &gt; 0.05). All groups fed G. oblongata showed higher serum catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activities than the control group (p &lt; 0.05). However, skin mucus SOD activity increased more in the group fed 1% of G. oblongata than the other groups (p &lt; 0.05). Additionally, the skin mucus GPx activity showed higher values in the group fed 0.5 and 1% G. oblongata than in the control (p &lt; 0.05). No significant differences were recognized between the experimental treatments in terms of CAT activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration (p &gt; 0.05). G. oblongata up-regulated gpx gene expression with the maximum value at the group fed 1% G. oblongata (p &lt; 0.05). Additionally, interleukin 6 (il-6) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (tnf-α) gene expressions were significantly up-regulated in fish fed 1% compared with the control and 0.5% groups. Based on the results, 0.5–1% G. oblongata can be used in the fish diet and enhance immunity without causing impairment in growth.

Biochemical and molecular assessment of oxidative stress in fruit fly exposed to azo dye Brilliant Black PN.

Azo dyes are widely used in the food industry to prevent color loss during processing and storage of products. This study aimed to investigate the effect of a diazo dye Brilliant Black PN (E151) on oxidative stress-related parameters in fruit flies (Drosophila melanogaster) at biochemical and molecular levels. Third instar larvae were transferred to a medium containing the dye at different doses (1, 2.5, and 5mg/mL). Gene expression and activity of superoxide dismutase, catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPX), and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) enzymes were determined in the heads of adult flies obtained from these larvae. In addition, the glutathione (GSH) and malondialdehyde levels were measured using spectrophotometric analysis. Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) copy number was also detected by real-time PCR. The results showed that treatment with 5mg/mL of the dye caused a decrease in both gene expression and enzyme activity of CAT and GPx. Moreover, the same dose of dye treatment decreased AChE activity, GSH level, and mtDNA copy number. As a result, Brilliant Black PN dye can trigger toxicity by altering the level and activity of oxidative stress-related biomarkers in a dose-dependent manner. Therefore, more comprehensive studies are needed to elucidate the side effect mechanism and toxicity of this dye.

Stress-Related Gene Expression in Liver Tissues from Laying Hens Housed in Conventional Cage and Cage-Free Systems in the Tropics.

Global egg production is mainly based on cage systems, which have been associated with negative effects on the welfare of birds. Stress factors in restrictive production systems can lead to changes in gene transcription and protein synthesis, ultimately impacting the quality of poultry products. The liver serves various metabolic functions, such as glycogen storage, and plays a crucial role in animals' adaptation to environmental changes. Consequently, both internal and external conditions can influence liver functions. The aim of this study was to evaluate the gene expression of AGP, CRP, NOX4, SOD1, CAT, GPX1, SREBF1, and FXR in the liver of laying hens under two different production systems. Liver tissues from Hy-Line Brown hens housed in conventional cage and cage-free egg production systems at 60 and 80 weeks of production were used. mRNA transcript levels were determined by qPCR using the relative quantification method and ACTB as the reference gene. AGP, SOD1, and SREBF1 gene expressions were significantly higher in the conventional cage group at the 60 weeks of production. Furthermore, the mRNA levels of transcripts related to oxidative stress and lipid metabolism were higher in the group of laying hens housed in conventional cages compared to those in cage-free systems. These results suggest differential gene expression of genes related to oxidative stress in liver tissues from hens housed in conventional cages compared to cage-free systems. The conditions of the egg production system can impact the gene expression of oxidative stress and lipid synthesis genes, potentially leading to changes in the metabolism and performance of hens, including egg quality.