Gender Behavior Research Articles

When the context withholds girls from gender a‐typical conduct: Schools' gender role culture and disruptive school behaviour of boys and girls

AbstractOn average, boys display more disruptive school behaviour than girls. This study looks at this behaviour in the first place as gendered behaviour, investigating whether boys' and girls' disruptive behaviour is associated with their schools' student and teacher gender role culture. Multilevel analyses (HLM7) of representative Flemish data of 2706 male and 2436 female 8th grade students in resp. 57 and 49 secondary schools, and 1247 teachers gathered at the end of school‐year 2013/14, revealed that a more traditional student gender role culture is associated with less disruptive school behaviour in girls. As for boys, the positive association between traditional student gender role culture and disruptive school behaviour disappears when accounting for their individual gender role attitudes, which are significantly more traditional than those of girls. More traditional gender role attitudes coincide with more disruptive behaviour in boys and girls. Moreover, boys displaying less disruptive behaviour report a higher felt pressure for gender conformity. No impact is found of the homogeneity of teachers' gender role attitudes. The findings demonstrate that disruptive school behaviour can be looked at as gendered behaviour and can be tackled, at least partly, by discouraging gender stereotypical beliefs in students.

Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion: Sex and Gender and Intersectionality With Race and Ethnicity in Psoriatic Disease.

Sex (biological attributes associated with being male or female) and gender (sociocultural-driven traits and behaviors related to being a man or a woman) are emerging as important determinants of disease course and response to therapy in patients with psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis (PsA). Although psoriatic disease (PsD) is equally prevalent in men and women, the condition affects them in different and unique ways, giving rise to sex- and gender-related differences in clinical presentation, including baseline disease activity, disease course, and response to treatment. Better understanding of the roles sex and gender play in the development and evolution of PsD has the potential to improve patient care. The Group for Research and Assessment of Psoriasis and Psoriatic Arthritis (GRAPPA) continues its effort to highlight issues related to diversity, equity, and inclusion in people with PsD by dedicating a session during the annual meeting to sex and gender and their intersectionality with race and ethnicity in individuals with PsA.

The Relationship Between Gender and Health Lifestyle Behaviors

Sağlık ve hastalık konuları ile ilgili akla ilk olarak tıp ve biyoloji gibi alanlar gelmektedir. Ancak sağlıkla hastalığın toplumsal ve kültürel bağlamları da bulunmaktadır. Günümüzde sağlıklı olmak bireyler ve toplumlar açısından son derece önemlidir. Bireyler sağlıklı yaşam biçimi davranışları sergileyerek sağlıklarını geliştirebilmekte ve koruyabilmektedirler. Sağlıklı yaşam biçimi davranışlarının sergilenmesinde etkisi olan faktörlerden biri toplumsal cinsiyettir. Bir başka deyişle cinsiyet ile sağlıklı yaşam biçimi davranışlarından olan sağlık sorumluluğu, fiziksel aktivite, beslenme, kişilerarası ilişkiler ve stres yönetimi arasında bir ilişki söz konusudur. Bu ilişki toplumsal ve kültürel faktörlere dayalı olarak açıklanabilmektedir. Bu çalışmada amaç toplumsal cinsiyet ile sağlıklı yaşam biçimi davranışları arasındaki ilişkiyi ortaya koymaktır. Bu bağlamda Karaman’ın altı (6) mahallesinin dahil edildiği örnekleme “Sağlıklı Yaşam Biçimi Davranışları II” ölçeği uygulanmıştır. Çalışmaya %51,4 oranla 241 erkek ve %48,6 oranla 228 kadın dahil olmuştur. Sağlıklı yaşam biçimi davranışları ile cinsiyet arasındaki ilişkiyi gösteren t-testi sonuçlarına göre kadınların sağlık sorumluluğu, beslenme ve kişiler arası ilişkiler alt boyutu puanları erkeklere göre anlamlı düzeyde yüksek bulunmuştur. Ancak sağlıklı yaşam biçimi davranışlarının diğer iki alt boyutu olan fiziksel aktivite ve stres yönetimi ile cinsiyet arasında anlamlı bir ilişki ortaya çıkmamıştır. Çalışmada toplumsal cinsiyet ile sağlıklı yaşam biçimi davranışları arasındaki ilişki, araştırmanın bulgularından yola çıkılarak, konu ile ilgili yapılan diğer çalışmaların sonuçlarından da faydalanılarak sosyolojik ve kültürel bağlamda değerlendirilerek çeşitli önerilerde bulunulmuştur.

Survey of Premium Versus Large Manufactured Cigars Use in U.S. Consumers.

An Internet questionnaire was used to determine smoking behavior, purchasing behavior, and risk perceptions among exclusive or nearly exclusive current users of either large manufactured (LMC) or premium cigars (PC). Respondents (n = 250) were recruited from a nationally representative market research panel. An a priori designation of PC users was adapted from criteria in published literature and the recent National Academy of Science report. Examination of responses revealed a (n = 19) disagreement between cigar users' self-classifications and the a priori classification. After eliminating ineligible respondents 188 participants were classified as PC (n = 92; 55 male) or LMC (n = 96; 49 male) users. There were no significant differences in age or gender between groups. Respondents were all over 21 years old. The largest age groups were 30-39 years and 60-69 years. PC users were significantly more likely to have higher annual incomes and to buy cigars online or through tobacco specialty shops, whereas LMC users purchased from convenience stores. Most participants had used other combustible tobacco products (88%) but few had used ENDS (24%) or oral tobacco (7.5%). There was no significant difference in the frequency of smoke inhalation or perceptions of risk for health. There was marked uncertainty in self-characterization of cigar type; our sample had higher female representation than expected (n = 84, 45%), and inhalation was frequently endorsed in both groups (52%, overall). The results support the need for standardized classifications and suggest current trends may indicate shifts in gender and use behavior but provide no evidence supporting less restrictive regulation of PC. An Internet questionnaire was used to determine smoking behavior, purchasing behavior, and risk perceptions among current users of LMC or PC. There was uncertainty about cigar classification even in this sample of regular users. Our results demonstrated more than expected inhalation of cigar smoke, considerable use by females, and under appreciation of health risks. No results supported less restrictive regulations for premium cigars.

ANALYSIS OF DIGITAL TERRESTRIAL TELEVISION TECHNOLOGY ACCEPTANCE USING THE UTAUT2 MODEL

Indonesia is currently in a transition period from analog to digital television broadcasting. This paper investigates the factors that influence public acceptance of digital terrestrial television (DTT) technology in Indonesia using the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology 2 (UTAUT2) model. A survey of users was conducted to collect data on the factors of performance expectancy, effort expectancy, social influence, facilitating conditions, hedonic motivation, price value, and habit. The results of the study showed that Age, Habit, Hedonic Motivation, Gender, Facilitation Condition, Salary, Behavioral Intention and Use Behaviour are having an effect to people use Terrestial Television for their activity with fun, enjoyable and use for long term.

The Effects of Social Determinants and Resilience on the Mental Health of Chilean Adolescents.

The aim of this research was to evaluate the effects of social determinants (i.e., gender, educational vulnerability, and socioeconomic status) and resilience on the mental health of Chilean adolescents in pre-, during, and post-COVID-19 pandemic contexts. The study included a group of 684 students, ranging in age from 12 to 18 years, who were attending educational institutions in the city of Arica. The Child and Adolescent Assessment System (SENA) was used to measure mental health problems, the Brief Resilience Scale for Children and Youth (CYRM-12) was used to measure resilience, and the Vulnerability Index of Educational Institutions was used to measure educational vulnerability. The results suggest increases in depressive, anxious, and social anxiety symptomatologies over time (wave by year, 2018, 2020, and 2021). In addition, multiple linear regression models showed predictive effects of the COVID-19 pandemic, gender, vulnerability index, socioeconomic status, and resilient behaviors on mental health problems. The worsening of mental health indicators over time requires the greater coordination and integration of mental health experts in the most vulnerable educational centers.

Cancer survivors' health behaviors and outcomes: a population-based study of sexual and gender minorities.

Most case-control studies compare cancer survivors with general population controls without considering sexual orientation or gender identity. This case-control analysis compared health risk behaviors and health outcomes among sexual and gender minority cancer survivors to those of matched sexual and gender minority participants without cancer (controls). Using data from the 2014-2021 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, a population-based sample of 4507 cancer survivors who self-identified as transgender, gay men, bisexual men, lesbian women, or bisexual women were 1:1 propensity score matched, using age at survey, race and ethnicity, marital status, education, access to health care, and US census region. Within each sexual and gender minority group, behaviors and outcomes were compared between survivors and participants without cancer, and survivors' odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals calculated. Gay male survivors had higher odds of depression, poor mental health, limited usual activities, difficulty concentrating, and fair or poor health. Few differences were observed between bisexual male survivors and participants without cancer. Compared with controls, lesbian female survivors had greater odds of overweight-obese status, depression, poor physical health, and fair or poor health. Bisexual female survivors had the highest rates of current smoking, depression, poor mental health, and difficulty concentrating across all sexual and gender minority groups. Statistically significantly different from transgender controls, transgender survivors had greater odds of heavy alcohol use, physical inactivity, and fair or poor health. This analysis revealed an urgent need to address the high prevalence of engaging in multiple health risk behaviors and not following guidelines to avoid second cancers, additional adverse outcomes, and cancer recurrences among sexual and gender minority cancer survivors.

Mary Robinson’s Walsingham: Self-Monsterization, Gender Nonconformity, and Sexual (Dis)orientation

This essay argues that Mary Robinson’s subversion of gender in her Gothic novel Walsingham (1797) is more radical than critics have suggested. I offer a trans reading of Walsingham that focuses on the evolution of Sir Sidney Aubrey’s nonnormative gender identity and behavior. Along with emphasizing transformation and embodiment, trans theory disrupts essentializing categories such as male, female, heterosexual, gay, and lesbian. It thus provides a useful lens through which to examine Walsingham, in which Sidney and the title character transition from one identity to another. I examine the transgender Sidney’s conception of themself as a monster and the eponymous protagonist’s psychosexual development: throughout the novel, both characters see themselves as metamorphic, not-quite-human subjectivities driven by self-destructive passions. The novel’s conclusion presents a scenario in which gender transition occurs rapidly, a trans person finds acceptance, and the conflicted male protagonist immediately falls in love with them.

Is Oppositional Behaviour in European Union Affairs Gendered? Evidence from Plenary Debates and Committee Deliberations in Four Legislatures

AbstractIs oppositional behaviour in legislatures gendered? Despite a growing literature on gender and legislative behaviour, there is a conspicuous absence of research on differences between female and male members of parliament (MPs) when it comes to one of the key aspects of parliamentary debates: the voicing of opposition. This article connects the literature on gender and legislative behaviour with opposition scholarship. We examine the role of gender for oppositional behaviour in four legislatures with a focus on debates concerning European Union affairs. Our results show that female MPs generally are equally likely to express opposition as their male colleagues. This result, however, is conditioned by government status. Whilst there is no significant difference between the proportion of opposition expressed by female and male MPs from opposition parties, we find that male MPs representing government parties express more than twice as much opposition as their female colleagues.

Preference of musculoskeletal pain treatment in middle-aged and elderly chinese people: a machine learning analysis of the China health and retirement longitudinal study

BackgroundMusculoskeletal pain is a major cause of physical disability, associated with huge socioeconomic burden. Patient preference for treatment is an important factor contributing to the choice of treatment strategies. However, effective measurements for evaluating the ongoing management of musculoskeletal pain are lacking. To help improve clinical decision making, it’s important to estimate the current state of musculoskeletal pain management and analyze the contribution of patient treatment preference.MethodsA nationally representative sample for the Chinese population was derived from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS). Information on the patients’ demographic characteristics, socioeconomic status, other health-related behavior, as well as history on musculoskeletal pain and treatment data were obtained. The data was used to estimate the status of musculoskeletal pain treatment in China in the year 2018. Univariate analysis and multivariate analysis were used to find the effect factors of treatment preference. XGBoost model and Shapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) method were performed to analyze the contribution of each variable to different treatment preferences.ResultsAmong 18,814 respondents, 10,346 respondents suffered from musculoskeletal pain. Approximately 50% of musculoskeletal pain patients preferred modern medicine, while about 20% chose traditional Chinese medicine and another 15% chose acupuncture or massage therapy. Differing preferences for musculoskeletal pain treatment was related to the respondents’ gender, age, place of residence, education level, insurance status, and health-related behavior such as smoking and drinking. Compared with upper or lower limb pain, neck pain and lower back pain were more likely to make respondents choose massage therapy (P < 0.05). A greater number of pain sites was associated with an increasing preference for respondents to seek medical care for musculoskeletal pain (P < 0.05), while different pain sites did not affect treatment preference.ConclusionFactors including gender, age, socioeconomic status, and health-related behavior may have potential effects on people’ s choice of treatment for musculoskeletal pain. The information derived from this study may be useful for helping to inform clinical decisions for orthopedic surgeons when devising treatment strategies for musculoskeletal pain.

Diffusion of Gender Norms: Evidence from Stalin’s Ethnic Deportations

Abstract We study horizontal between-group cultural transmission using Stalin’s ethnic deportations as a historical experiment. Over 2 million Soviet citizens, mostly Germans and Chechens, were forcibly relocated from the western to eastern parts of the USSR during WWII solely based on ethnicity. As a result, the native population of the deportation destinations was exogenously exposed to groups with drastically different gender norms and behavior. We combine historical and contemporary data to document that present-day gender equality in labor force participation, business leadership, and fertility as well as pro-gender-equality attitudes are higher among local native population of deportation destinations with a larger presence of Protestant compared to Muslim deportees. The effects are stronger for culturally closer groups and when adopting deportee norms is less costly. The results cannot be explained by selection, vertical cultural transmission, or deportee impact on the local economy. The evidence strongly suggests that gender norms diffused horizontally from deportees to the local population through imitation and learning.

Exploration into the Influencing Factors for the Intention of the Public to Vaccinate against Infectious Diseases Based on the Theory of Planned Behavior-Example of the COVID-19 Vaccine.

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) was applied as an example, and the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) was used as a conceptual model. This study aimed to explore the impact of subjective norms (SNs), attitude towards the behavior (ATT), and perceived behavioral control (PBC) on the intention of the public for regular vaccination during COVID-19. The outcomes can provide certain recommendations for relevant policymakers in developing targeted health education intervention programs in the event of similar events. An online survey was performed between 17 April and 14 May 2021, via the online survey platform "WENJUANXING". The multistage stratified cluster sampling was employed, and 2098 participants (1114 males; 53.10%) with a mean age of 31.22 years (SD = 8.29) completed the survey. The survey covered the factors influencing the public's intention to receive future regular vaccinations during COVID-19 based on TPB. The effects of different variables on the public's vaccination intention were analyzed using hierarchical stepwise regression. The public's intention to receive the COVID-19 vaccine (i.e., behavioral intention) in the future was taken as the dependent variable. Gender, age, marital status, education level, per capita monthly household income, vaccine-related knowledge, whether the COVID-19 vaccine was received, subjective norms (SNs), attitude towards the behavior (ATT), and perceived behavioral control (PBC) were used as independent variables. In this way, a hierarchical stepwise multiple regression model was developed. It can be seen from the final model that gender, age, vaccine-related knowledge, vaccination, attitude, SNs, and PBC were all influential factors in the public's intention to get vaccinated in the future, with R2 = 0.399 and adjusted R2 = 0.397 (p < 0.001). TPB explains the intention of the public to receive future vaccinations to a large extent, and ATT and SNs are the most important influencing factors. It is suggested that vaccine intervention programs be developed to enhance public awareness and acceptance of vaccination. This can be achieved in three aspects, namely, improving the ATT of the public, SNs, and PBC. Furthermore, the influence of gender, age, vaccine knowledge, and previous vaccination behavior on vaccination intention should be taken into account.

Economic effects of the war in Ukraine and recession

Background: The economic effects of wars and recessions can have significant impacts on consumer attitudes and behaviors. Understanding how these attitudes and behaviors change impacts during challenging economic times is crucial for financial education and management. Methods: A survey was conducted to investigate the financial attitudes and behaviors of individuals during a recessionary period. The survey was distributed from January 15th to February 28th, 2023 and included questions about age, financial education level, savings behavior, attitudes towards debt, gender and financial management behavior, age and financial education, and income and savings behavior. Data were analyzed using t-tests and ANOVA. Results: Participants with higher income levels had higher levels of savings and investing behaviors than those with lower income levels. Participants with a higher level of formal education in finance had higher levels of budgeting and investing behaviors than those with a lower level of formal education in finance. Additionally, participants who reported higher levels of self-rated financial knowledge had higher levels of all financial management behaviors (budgeting, saving, investing, and debt management) compared to those with lower self-rated financial knowledge. Conclusions: The findings suggest that financial education and management programs should target individuals with lower income levels and less formal education in finance. Additionally, promoting self-rated financial knowledge may be a useful strategy for improving financial management behaviors. Future research could explore the effectiveness of different financial education and management programs on improving financial attitudes and behaviors during recessionary periods.

Knowledge, attitudes, and behaviour of college students in disposing used masks during the COVID-19 pandemic in DKI Jakarta Province

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has increased the need for and production of masks. This creates a problem, namely the generation of mask waste which ends up in the environment without being managed. This research was conducted to determine the relationship between knowledge, attitudes, and sociodemographic factors with college student behaviours in managing household mask waste in Daerah Khusus Ibukota (DKI) Jakarta Province. Methods: This study used a quantitative approach and cross-sectional study design. Data collection was carried out using an online questionnaire consisting of the respondents' sociodemographic, knowledge, attitudes, and behaviours. Results: The majority of students had high knowledge (63.3%), positive attitudes (52.5%), and good behaviours (50.6%). Statistically, there was a significant relationship between knowledge and behaviours (p-value = 0.022), but there was no significant relationship between attitudes and behaviours (p-value = 0.269). In addition, the sociodemographic factor variables showed a significant relationship between place of residence and behaviours (p-value = 0.008). However, there was no significant relationship between age, gender, education, and study program groups and behaviours (p value&gt; 0.05). Multivariate analysis showed that living with family was a dominant factor for bad behaviours (OR 1.664, 95% CI=1.124-2.464), and the second risk factor was the low level of knowledge has a significant relationship with the behaviours of mask waste management at home (OR=1.559, 95% CI=1.044-2.330). Conclusions: Students who live alone show better behaviour compared to students who live with their families. The place of residence variable has the greatest influence on the behaviour of mask waste management at the household, followed by the knowledge variable.

Findings from a mixed-methods evaluation of a multi-level adolescent and youth reproductive and maternal health intervention in Karnali Province, Nepal

IntroductionAdolescent girls and young women (AGYW) in Nepal have disproportionately poor reproductive and maternal health outcomes. In response, Save the Children, the Nepal government, and local partners designed and implemented Healthy Transitions for Nepali Youth, a multi-level integrated intervention. The intervention aimed to improve reproductive, maternal, and newborn health knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors among AGYW, and address gender attitudes and norms in four districts of Karnali Province, Nepal.MethodsMarried and unmarried AGYW aged 15–24 were engaged in a small group, curriculum-based intervention; husbands and families received home visits, using short videos to catalyze discussion; communities were engaged through dialogue-based activities; and the health system was made more adolescent-responsive through quality assessments, training, and supervision. An external organization conducted a quantitative survey with a sample of 786 AGYW intervention participants at baseline and 565 of the same AGYW at endline. Pooled linear regressions were estimated for each indicator to assess the statistical significance of differences between baseline and endline. Focus group discussions and key informant interviews were conducted with AGYW, husbands, families, community leadership, and program implementers. Data analysis was done through STATA 14th version and NVivo.ResultsThe percentage of AGYW currently using a modern contraceptive method increased significantly, and more AGYW believed that their family was supportive of delaying marriage and motherhood at the endline. Young women’s knowledge of danger signs during labor increased, and there was a significant improvement in essential newborn care practices immediately after birth. AGYW reported shifts towards more gender equitable attitudes and behaviors, including related to decision-making about reproductive and maternal health.ConclusionPositive shifts in reproductive, maternal, and newborn health and gender knowledge, attitudes, and behavior were observed among AGYW, their male partners, and families. The results can inform the design of future interventions to effectively reach this critical population.Trail registrationNot applicable.

Gender, financial literacy, and financial behavior among students

This study intends to examine and analyze the influence of financial literacy on people’s behavior and the difference in financial literacy and behavior based on gender. The population of this research comprises students in higher education institutions in Jakarta and were selected using the snowball sampling technique. This study utilizes the survey technique by distributing questionnaires to the sample population, and the variance-based structural equation model (SEM) was used to statistically analyze the responses. After deliberating the results, this study concludes that males have better financial literacy and behavior than females; financial literacy can intervene in the association between gender and money-related behavior. This means males tend to manage their money when they are financially knowledgeable. Based on this evidence, higher education institutions must set personal financial management as mandatory and elective subjects for business and non-business departments in their curriculum, respectively.

Gender and Information Needs and Seeking Behaviour of Cataloguers in University Libraries in Edo and Delta States

This study investigated Gender and Information Seeking Behaviour of Cataloguers in University Libraries in Edo and Delta States, Nigeria. The study employed a descriptive survey method and questionnaire was the instrument used for data collection. The population of this study consisted of fifty-two (52) cataloguers in all the university libraries in Edo and Delta States. The population of this study is relatively small and as such the entire population was used as the representative sample using purposeful sampling techniques. The researchers visited the sample institutions to administer the questionnaire. It was revealed from the study that male cataloguers often use list of subject headings compared to their female counterparts. Both sexes very often and often use classification schemes respectively in the process of performing their duties. Findings also show that there are more males cataloguers compared to females. Males and females cataloguers very often and often use Anglo-American Cataloguing Rule 2nd edition. The finding indicates that there is more female’s percentage in the use of Anglo-American Cataloguing Rule 2nd edition (AACR11) in the process of performing their task. The study also reveals that authority file is the least tool used by both sexes of cataloguers in the process of performing their duties. From the study, it is obvious that a majority of both male and female cataloguers consult the university’s main library when they are seeking for information. The study recommended that universities’ and libraries’ management should enact policies mandating cataloguers to be attending seminars, conferences and workshops because these are avenue where ideas can be shared on the advancement of their professional duties such as cataloguing and classification.

L’expansion de la « dysphorie de genre » : un phénomène social ou psychologique ?

ObjectivesAny clinician cannot fail to wonder about the notion of “gender dysphoria” as a disease or as a disorder. The review of the few international epidemiological studies on gender transition requests leads to an attempt to “decipher” the reasons for the exponential growth of this new clinical category. Is it a psychopathological or a social phenomenon, or both? We will examine separately the cases of children and adolescents. Children experiencing hesitations about their sexual identity tend to give up requests for transitions; as for teenagers (12 girls for every boy), they seem to be largely influenced by social networks. We will position ourselves strictly on the clinical and deontological level, to defend medical ethics, at a distance from the ideological considerations disseminated by the media. Starting from the recognition of the very strong increase in France of requests to “change sex/gender” in children and adolescents in recent years, we will note that this claim of “gender dysphoria” is presented differently by children before and after puberty. From a clinical point of view, it is necessary to understand that gender dysphoria would be the result of different identification processes for children and adolescents; it also presents as a gendered behavior like other known behavioral disorders in adolescence. The objective of this article is therefore to decipher this pandemic phenomenon and to question it as a social rather than a medical phenomenon. We must then recommend great caution in medical procedures, sometimes irreversible, on these children. MethodBased on an analysis of the international literature, we focused on international epidemiological studies and on the scarce data available to us in France. We compare these data with those from testimonies of adolescents in the process of “identity transition” or “detransition” in France and in other countries, because the complaints and claims are identical. These data were collected and studied until the end of 2021. These data and testimonies will be confronted with our knowledge in the domain of child and adolescent psychiatry and psychoanalysis, the latter being a theoretical construction of childhood sexuality. ResultsThe results drawn from the analysis of these testimonies and from existing epidemiological studies show, firstly, that a fundamental distinction must be made between the phenomenon of “gender dysphoria” in children and in adolescents. The evolution of the demands is drastically different in terms of volume and environmental causality. Secondly, in adolescence, this demand for a change of identity indisputably concerns a very large majority of girls. Finally, this demand, therefore sexualized, can be seen as a fragile identity, added to other pathologies. It should also be considered with demands regarding identity and the impact of propaganda on social networks towards youth. DiscussionThese new demands for changes in gender identity should be discussed before administering lifelong medical and surgical treatments that have not proven their effectiveness and harmlessness, as is the case in Sweden and the U.K. Our discussion here focuses on some clinical and epidemiological elements that allow us to consider these new demands for recognition of “gender dysphoria” from adolescents as a “social epidemic” phenomenon. We will discuss the notion of gender and identification in children and adolescents, along with the frequent and worrying “associated disorders.” A reflection on the particular question of the body will lead us to question the refusal of the feminine in the 21st century. we will also consider the impact of the choice of treatment and support provided, before concluding with a reflection on the requests of adolescent girls. ConclusionsWe recall the importance of providing global psychological, psychodynamic, and psychiatric care for all these children. We recommend acting with the necessary prudence and ethics at these stages of life, and we defend the necessity for all children to develop thanks to the normal evolution of their chosen identifications. The diagnosis of “gender dysphoria” should not be understood as a diagnosis that would bind the child or adolescent in a gender (whether desired or not, conversion therapy is now forbidden in France), but, on the contrary, should allow the child or adolescent to be accompanied towards an emancipation in the face of these gender stereotypes in which he or she is most often trapped, or even kidnapped. Because the body is not sick, it is necessary to protect it against any deleterious transformation. But above all, by avoiding any stigmatization of identity, we can allow the child as well as the adolescent to reappropriate the image of her/his body and thus a psychic and anatomical unity. To thus preserve the freedom of choice amongst the multiple adult sexualities with which s/he will have to deal later on. It is obviously for lack of this protective psychological accompaniment that these young people prematurely put an end to any genital sexual life (homo- or heterosexual or other).

Tiktok and the Deviation of Student Behavior in the Perspective of Ahmad Baradja's Thought

Tiktok is a widely-used application in Indonesia; its users reach 22.2 million at present. Some problems have arisen due to FYP-purpose, including dancing in public, actions that lead to immorality, and many other inappropriate behaviors against Islam and decency values in Indonesia. This study used qualitative research using a content analysis design. The number of accounts being studied was 105, with 7730 videos. The study results are: first, the Tiktok content typology of UIN Malang students is: daily activity (5,2%); TikTok hits 21,28571; a day in the life of 2,6 %; telling stories, 2,05%; hashtag challenges, 4,03%; dance challenges, 17.9 %; life at 11,98%; frivolous, 27,74%; education, 2,98%; others, 4,28%. Secondly, dominant behaviours of UIN students in their TikTok content include narcissism by making close-up videos, dancing to music, imitating viral sounds, aggressive behaviours in answering QnA, laughing at other people or an event considered funny, interacting with different gender, sharing sessions, calm and direct behavior, exposing body parts forbidden according to Islam, posing in specific styles, talking about other people, and flexing. Third, according of Ahmad Baradja Islamic behavior analysis, accounts with content against Islam are 31%, while those with content not against Islam are 69%. Most violations involve exposing body parts forbidden in Islam, interaction with different gender, the absence of shame, riya’ (pretending virtuousness) and expressing bad words.An interesting finding reveals that none of the first three contents has violated Islamic rule. Only in the fourth content did that violation start to appear. This violation then occurred multiple times in the following contents.

Gender Education Concept for Elementary Age Children

Gender education is an effort to instill a sense of tolerance and tolerance in children from the start. This study attempts to analyze the concept of gender education for elementary age children. The formulation of the discussion of this research includes how to internalize the values of gender in children from a very early age, educate children about the urgency of gender and events about influencing factors. This study uses an approach to the literature study method. The data source and analysis of this research study used research material data obtained from SINTA or Google Scholar. The results of this study found that (1) efforts to internalize the value of gender behavior in children can be done through a sense of equality (without anything special or not special), giving children freedom (democracy), exemplifying tolerance and equality in children (exemplary), and respecting children. other people's feelings; (2) educating children through parenting regardless of gender, fostering children's self-confidence, appreciating children's positive traits, and facilitating children's development and skills; and (3) factors that influence gender development, namely biological, social and cognitive aspects.