Gender Type Research Articles

Metaphor and gender: are words associated with source domains perceived in a gendered way?

Abstract Conceptual metaphors are one of many linguistic devices that can potentially encode and reinforce gender stereotypes. However, little is known about how metaphors encode gender stereotypes, and in previous literature the concept of “gendered metaphor” has been mostly assumed rather than attested. We take the first step to tackle this issue by examining the gender typicality of specific metaphorical source domains. In the present paper, we conducted three rating experiments (N total = 1,060 English-speaking participants) to determine the genderedness of 50 keywords associated with five frequently used source domains (building, competition, journey, plant, and war). We found that keywords associated with three source domains (building, competition, and war) were viewed as more masculine, while keywords associated with the source domains of journey and plant were viewed as more feminine. These data offer empirical verification for gendered perceptions of keywords associated with some frequently used source domains. The result also provides the first evidence that metaphors could encode gender stereotypes by selection of source domains.

Gender differences in literacy in PIAAC: do assessment features matter?

BackgroundPrevious research based on large-scale studies consistently suggests that on average, male students tend to have lower literacy compared to their female students during secondary schooling. However, this gender gap in literacy seems to “disappear” during adulthood. Up until today, only a few studies investigated the role of assessment features in gender differences in literacy performance in adulthood. This study aims to understand the relationship between assessment features and gender differences in literacy skills.MethodsUsing the German 2012 PIAAC data (N = 4,512), we applied item-level analyses using linear probability models to examine gender differences in the probability of solving a literacy item correctly with six assessment features including (1) text format, (2) text topics, (3) text length, (4) cognitive strategies, (5) numerical content of the text/questions, and (6) gender typicality of content.ResultsWe found that men had a 13.4% higher probability of solving items with a noncontinuous text format correctly than women. Men also had a 9.4% higher probability of solving short text items correctly and a 4.6% higher probability of solving items with a medium/high numerical content in the question correctly than women. There were small to negligible gender differences in literacy performance in terms of text topics, cognitive strategies, and gender typicality of content.ConclusionsOur findings highlight the role of text format, text length, and numerical content in gender differences in literacy skills, suggesting that further refining these practices can enhance the fairness and accuracy of literacy assessments. Specifically, we advocate for ongoing research aimed at understanding and minimizing the potential bias introduced by these assessment features. Such efforts are not only crucial for developing instruments that accurately measure literacy skills, but they also yield insights that hold significant implications for educational researchers and practitioners dedicated to creating more equitable assessment environments.

Gender Typicality and Engineering Attachment: Examining the Viewpoints of Women College Engineers and Variation by Race/Ethnicity.

Women remain under-represented in many STEM occupations, including in the high-status and lucrative field of engineering. This study focuses on women who have chosen to enter this men-dominated field, to consider whether and how feelings of gender typicality predict their attachment to the field. Specifically, utilizing a U.S. sample of approximately 800 women college engineers from diverse racial/ethnic backgrounds, we build on emerging research on gender typicality to distinguish perceptions of feminine typicality as well as masculine typicality. Subsequently, we consider whether these perceptions have implications for their attachment to engineering, including their engineering identity as well as their certainty of staying in the field. Importantly, in doing so, we consider potential racial/ethnic variations in these relationships.

Gender/Sex Categories and Gendered Cues in People Perception: The Influence of Gender/Sex Ratio and Gendered Appearance on Group Judgments

Previous findings on people perception show that perceivers are attuned to the social categories of group members, which subsequently influences social judgments. An outstanding question is whether perceivers are also attuned to visual cue variability (e.g., gender typicality). In two studies (n = 165), perceivers viewed 12-person ensembles (500 ms) of varying White men-to-women ratios. Importantly, faces of one gender/sex were morphed to appear either more masculine or more feminine. Consistent with prior work, results indicated that judgments varied by the actual gender/sex ratio. In addition, perceivers' judgments varied as a function of manipulated gender cues. Ensembles composed of masculine, compared to feminine White men, were judged to have more men, higher perceived masculinity, and to be more threatening. Complementary results were found for ensembles composed of feminine, compared to masculine White women. These findings highlight the impact of both social categories and visual phenotypic cue variability on people perception.

Pornography Use and the Acceptance of Gender Norm Violation in a School Context.

Although media effect studies have quite extensively investigated the association between pornography use and gendered attitudes, some questions remain. The present study aimed to address two of these questions by exploring how gendered attitudes and gender beliefs may be influenced by gender typicality and pornography use. First, the literature has not yet accounted for individual differences based on gender typicality. Second, the influence of pornography use on gender beliefs going beyond pornography's script application is understudied. This online cross-sectional study (N = 1,440, Mage = 23.86, SD = 4.79) contributes to the field by investigating the indirect association between pornography use and acceptance of gender norm violation through gendered attitudes and the moderating role of gender typicality. Acceptance of gender norm violation was measured via vignettes describing a school context in which a teacher and a student violated gender norms. Findings indicated that gendered attitudes negatively relate to the acceptance of gender norm violation. Moreover, compared to women, men's pornography use indirectly relates to lower acceptance rates through gendered attitudes. Additionally, for men, specific levels of gender typicality and atypicality form a strengthening and buffering role, respectively. This applies to the association between pornography use and gendered attitudes as well as to the indirect relationship of pornography use with acceptance of gender norm violation. These findings suggest that pornography use may also affect gender beliefs that are unrelated to the scripts present in pornography. Future studies should take into account the type of preferred pornography and unravel the specific impact of women's pornography use.

Patterns of Gender Development Across Intersections of Age, Gender, and Ethnicity-Race.

Two components of gender identity are gender similarity, how one's self-concept relates to the major gender collectives (i.e., female, male), and felt pressure to conform to gender norms. The development of these components across ages and contexts has been understudied. The focus of this study was to examine variations in gender similarity and felt pressure across multiple intersecting contexts: developmental stage, gender, and ethnic-racial group. Six data sets were harmonized and means were compared across 2628 participants (51% girls, 49% boys) from four different developmental cohorts (childhood n = 678, early adolescence n = 1322, adolescence n = 415, and young adulthood n = 213) from diverse ethnic-racial backgrounds (45% White, 23% Latinx/Hispanic, 11% Black/African-American, 7% Asian-American, 5% American Indian, and 5% Multiracial). Results revealed nuanced patterns: Gender intensification was supported in early adolescence, primarily for boys. Young adult men reported lower levels of pressure and gender typicality than younger boys, but young adult women's levels were generally not different than younger girls. Surprisingly, young adult women's levels of own-gender similarity and pressure from parents were higher than adolescent girls. Expectations of gender differences in gender typicality and felt pressure were supported for all ages except young adults, with higher levels for boys. Finally, there were more similarities than differences across ethnic-racial groups, though when there were differences, minoritized participants reported heightened gender typicality and pressure (largely accounted for by higher scores for Black and Latinx participants and lower scores for White and Multiracial participants). These results add to what is understood about contextually dependent gender development.

An Analysis of Factors Influencing Hypertension Occurrence

The number of hypertension sufferers is expected to continue to increase to reach 1.5 billion individuals in 2025, with deaths reaching 9.4 million individuals. Basic Health Research (Riskesdas) 2013 resulted in the prevalence of hypertension in people aged ≥ 18 years in Indonesia reaching 25.8%, of those diagnosed by health workers and/or having a history of taking medication was only 9.5%, indicating that the majority of hypertension cases in the community have not yet been diagnosed. diagnosed and reached by the health care team. Factor risk hypertension increase on population rural And urban . Factor risk This including smoking , consuming alcohol , and style life that doesn't Lots move . Therapy line First For hypertension is modification style life that consists from decline heavy body , reduction sodium And supplementation potassium , pattern Eat healthy , activity physical and _ restrictions consumption alcohol. A search was conducted via PubMed, Cochrane, Web of Science, and Google Scholar using the keywords varicella risk factors. 30 journals published at least 5 years ago were obtained. The journal contains topics on various risk factors for varicella. Criteria for accredited national journals and international journals accredited by Scopus and non-Scopus. From 30 articles reviewed there are 2 types factors that become reason happening hypertension . Factors that can changed including diseases _ comorbid , style life , nutritional status , and level worry or depression . Whereas factors that don't can changed including types _ sex And age. From the literature review articles obtained, there are 7 risk factors that cause hypertension, including diseases comorbid , style life , nutritional status , and level worry or depression , type gender , and age .

Women's and men's experiences with participative decision-making at workplace and organizational levels.

The concept of participative decision-making (PDM) has been well established as a positive organizational factor, and has recently gained attention as a measure of gender inclusivity in the workplace. However, findings regarding gender differences in the experiences of PDM are inconclusive. This study hypothesized that women perceive themselves as less influential than men at the organizational level rather than at the workplace level. Furthermore, the study explored whether these assumed gender differences depend on the gender typicality of occupational positions and professions. We expected gender differences to be more pronounced for male-typed positions and professions (e.g., leadership, engineer) compared to non-male-typed occupational positions and professions (e.g., non-leadership, nurse). Data on experiences with participative decision-making at the workplace and organizational levels were drawn from a large representative Swedish survey (N = 10,500; 60% women). Results showed that women experienced being less influential than men at the organizational level, whereas the experiences of women and men did not differ at the workplace level. The gender difference at the organizational level was not related to the gender typicality of position and profession. The findings highlight the importance of the inclusion of both women and men in strategic, large-scale decisions for achieving gender equality at work.

HUBUNGAN INFEKSI SOIL TRANSMITTED HELMINTH (STH) TERHADAP KARAKTERISTIK MASYARAKAT LINGKUNGAN SEKITAR PETERNAKAN DI DAERAH KLUMPANG KAMPUNG KECAMATAN HAMPARAN PERAK

Worm disease is a common people disease commonly encountered in areas, infections can occur simultaneously by several types of worms atonce. For children, the worm disease will have an inmpact for the impaired learning ability, and for adult will decreasing the work productivity. At the North Sumatra, especially Medan City, prevalence of worms in children around (60-70%) of all cases. Research on Soil Transmitted Helminth (STH) Infectious Relationship to Characteristic of Livestock Environment Community in Klumpang Kampung Kecamatan Hampatan Perak, conducted on March-June 2023 at Parasitology Laboratory Poltekkes Medan the department of the medical laboratory technology of Health with using eosin 2% method, with population of 26 samples . The research was analytic observational using cross sectional design. The data obtained were analyzedusing chi-square test at 95% confidence level (?= 0,05). Based on study about Connection Infection Soil Transmitted Helminth (STH) Against Characteristics of Environmental Societies Around Livestock in Klumpang Kampung District Silver Obstacle , obtained results of the 26 samples identified 5 infected samples were found worm Ascaris lumbricoides (20%), with connection STH infection against age 19.2 % only experienced by children just . There's a relationship STH infection against type gender . There's a relationship between education with STH infection . There's a relationship between work with STH infection

Social and vocational identity in workers’ online posts: a large-scale Instagram content analysis of job-related hashtags

ABSTRACT Instagram may be a novel context in which vocational identity construction occurs by posting content about one’s profession. Yet, the content of such posts is unclear. Therefore, we performed a content analysis of 1,260 Instagram public feed posts that included a hashtag referring to gender-stereotypical professions (i.e. stereotypically male/female, gender-neutral) at multiple status levels (low, medium, high). We examined the posters’ sex and ethnicity in relation to the profession in which they portrayed themselves and whether individual differences (i.e. sex, ethnicity, gender typicality/status of the job) were reflected in references to work values (i.e. qualities a job can offer). No differences were observed in the types of jobs in which individuals portrayed themselves according to sex and ethnicity. Differences in work value portrayals were exhibited for users’ sex, ethnicity, gender typicality, and status of the job. Differences according to sex, gender typicality, and status of the job emerged with respect to the extent to which individuals’ posts referred to work values being (dis)satisfied. Our findings highlighted that work value posts of certain social groups (i.e. sex, ethnicity) reflect work value differences in the real-world.

Hubungan Antara Kadar Asam Urat dengan Kepatuhan Minum Obat pada Pasien Tuberculosis Paru

Tuberculosis lungs is disease infectious disease caused by bacteria Mycobacterium tuberculosis . TB disease still become threat health Indonesian society which leads to illness , disability and death tall so that need exists countermeasures . Research objectives know connection between rate sour tendon with obedience drink medication in pulmonary TB patients . Study This is study retrospective analytic observational with approach cross sectional , with use analysis Research Chi square test statistics conducted at the Ambarawa Community Health Center (BALKESMAS) in October 2022. Population all moderate pulmonary TB patients undergo treatment at BALKESMAS Ambarawa . Research sample This of the total population namely 30 patients . Results from 30 respondents there is rate sour veins in patients Tuberculosis lungs there is enhancement rate sour tendon namely 11 respondents that is man with average levels sour urate 7.08 mg/dL (6 respondents ), female with average level 6.41 mg/dL (5 respondents ) . Based on forever drink drug obtained that amount patient with treatment 3 months 57%, 2-3 months 30%, and 1 month 13%. Based on characteristics that kind sex men 53% and kind sex women 47%. Based on characteristics age category teenagers 23%, adults 50% elderly 27%. Based on obedience drink anti-tuberculosis drugs by 28 respondents or 93.34 % of total number of respondents . Whereas For respondents who did not obedient drink drug namely 2 respondents or 6.06%. Chi square test results on compliance status drink medicine , type gender , age No showing connection significant (P0.05) against rate sour veins in patients Tuberculosis lungs. Research conclusions This No There is connection rate sour tendon with obedience drink medication in pulmonary TB patients, This caused by TB Treatment consists of over 2 stages that is intensive and advanced, function system immunity body relate with age , history of medication , obesity , consumption purines , and alcohol.

Risk Factors for Dental Caries in School Children: a Systemic Study

Caries tooth is multifactorial disease that is most often found in school-age children. Risk factors that need attention are age, gender, fluoride levels, role of parents, eating sweet habits and level of parental knowledge. This systematic study aims to describe the relationship between risk factors and the incidence of dental caries in school children. Search article done through the Garuda Indonesia Portal database, Scholar, Scopus, and Scene Direct and Pubmed in June 2023. The inclusion criteria were research with an observational study design and a focus on the relationship of risk factors (age, sex, fluoride levels, parental roles, eating sweet habits and level of parental knowledge) with dental caries in school children, published between 2018-2023. There are 8 articles reviewed. Risk factors such as age, gender, fluoride levels, role of parents, sweet eating habits and level of parental knowledge have been shown to be associated with an increased risk of dental caries in children. school. Age, type gender, fluoride level , role of parents, habit of eating sweet and level of knowledge of parents increase the risk of dental caries in children.

Gender typicality of occupational aspirations among immigrant and native youth: the role of gender ideology, educational aspirations, and work values.

The gender typicality of adolescents' occupational aspirations helps sustain occupational segregation, ultimately contributing to maintain gender stratification. According to sociological and psychological perspectives, adolescents develop occupational aspirations by drawing on their gender beliefs and work-related values. Yet few empirical studies have examined the contribution of these value orientations specifically to the gender typicality of occupational aspirations. Moreover, although children from immigrant backgrounds make up an ever-increasing share of school-age students, there is scant evidence on the gender typicality of their occupational aspirations relative to those of their majority peers. This study investigates variations in the gender typicality of occupational aspirations among adolescents from immigrant and non-immigrant backgrounds at around age 16. It also explores how the gender typicality of different groups' aspired occupations relates to differences in gender ideologies, in educational aspirations, and in the importance attributed to three work values: the possibility to earn high income, to help others, and to think and solve problems. Drawing on a harmonized survey from England, Germany, the Netherlands and Sweden, the analysis uses a sample of 8,574 adolescents, including 1,510 girls and 1,336 boys from immigrant backgrounds. Multinomial logistic regressions estimated the associations with aspired occupations, classified as masculine, integrated, feminine or ultrafeminine based on the proportion of women working in them. Results indicate that boys and girls of immigrant origin aspired to somewhat less gender-typical occupations than their majority peers. Among girls, these differences would be even larger if they were not suppressed by the more traditional gender ideologies held by girls from immigrant backgrounds. In terms of mediating mechanisms, our findings suggest that more ambitious educational aspirations may partly explain these differences. These findings indicate that distinguishing between multiple dimensions of adolescents' work-related values hint at different underlying mechanisms in the formation of adolescents' occupational aspirations.

Delicate dining with a date and burger binging with buddies: impression management across social settings and consumers' preferences for masculine or feminine foods.

Consumers often use their food choices as an impression management strategy to signal desirable aspects about themselves to others, especially in public places like restaurants and cafeterias, where the presence of others can promote certain consumption choices and preference patterns. In mating contexts, people prefer gender-typical traits and characteristics in a potential partner. Food options can also be classified according to their gender typicality, with certain alternatives perceived as feminine (e.g., salad, seafood) and with other options perceived as more masculine (e.g., steak, burger). Drawing on impression management theories from the drinking and dining domain and literature on sex differences in human mate preferences, we present a high-powered experiment investigating whether consumers' preferences for masculine or feminine foods depend on the social setting in which the food consumption takes place: dining with an attractive date (mating) or meeting and eating with friends (non-mating). Participants (N = 162, 46.9% females, 53.1% males; age M = 41.8 years, SD = 14.5) were randomly assigned to one of the two experimental conditions (mating vs. non-mating) and were asked to indicate their food preferences for 15 dishes that differed markedly in perceived femininity/masculinity. Consistent with our theorizing, females (males) generally had a stronger preference for foods perceived as more feminine (masculine), thereby supporting the gender-typicality thesis at the aggregate level. Furthermore, females in the mating condition-but not females in the non-mating condition-reported significantly stronger preferences for more feminine food alternatives. However, in direct contrast to our theorizing, males preferred more masculine meals in the non-mating condition (i.e., when dining with friends), whereas this gender-typical tendency did not emerge in the mating condition (i.e., when dining with an attractive date). We discuss the theoretical and practical implications of these findings and present a set of fruitful avenues for future research.

Gender Typicality, Social Self-Efficacy, and Adjustment in Italian Sexual Minority Young Adults

The present study focuses on the relationship between gender typicality, social self-efficacy, and adjustment in a sample of 522 lesbian women, gay men, bisexual, and other non-heterosexual sexual orientation participants. Participants (78.2% women; Mage = 23.8, SD = 3.63) reported their similarity to same- and other-gender peers as a way to assess their gender typicality, social self-efficacy, satisfaction with life, and perceived social safeness. The Path Analysis model showed that - controlling for participants’ gender and sexual orientation- higher same- and other-gender typicality was associated with higher perceived social safeness and higher satisfaction with life, both directly and indirectly through social self-efficacy. The present study contributed to the debate on gender studies by testing same and other gender typicality as independent dimensions of gender typicality in sexual minority young adults, focusing on positive adjustment. Furthermore, the results suggested the role of social self-efficacy as a critical mechanism in the association between gender typicality and sexual minority psychosocial adjustment.

Masculinity Matters for Meat Consumption: An Examination of Self-Rated Gender Typicality, Meat Consumption, and Veg*nism in Australian Men and Women

Previous research shows that men eat more meat than women. We explore the extent to which self-rated gender typicality explains differences in meat consumption intentions and behaviour. We recruited a large sample (N = 4897) of Australian men and women to complete an online survey about their attitudes and intentions regarding meat consumption and abstention and measured their self-rated gender typicality (the extent men view themselves as masculine, and women view themselves as feminine). We used moderated regression analyses to investigate self-rated gender typicality as a moderator of the relationship between gender and meat-related variables. We demonstrated that for men, identifying as more masculine was associated with a lower likelihood of reducing meat consumption or considering veg*nism, and a greater belief that eating meat is normal. We also found that men, and those with more gender-typical self-ratings (regardless of gender), viewed meat as more natural, necessary, and nice. These findings suggest that self-rated gender typicality may be relevant for understanding gender differences in meat consumption behaviours. Appeals to adopt low- or no-meat diets may be more effective if they consider the ways Australian diets are interconnected with genders and identities. Increasing acceptance of alternative masculinities, and developing masculinity-friendly advertising of plant-based foods, could be useful in promoting meat reduction.

Anxiety, Age, and Gender in Agitation Patients Installed Conventional Restraint in Inpatient Room

Background: Some variables that may influence age and gender. The study aimed to determine whether there is a relationship between anxiety and gender in Agitation patients with conventional restraint in the Inpatient Room. Methods: This research method uses the correlation method with a cross-sectional design. A research sample is several patients who receive restrain intervention, totaling 27 respondents. The sampling technique was purposive, with the patient inclusion criteria on the RASS scale of +1 to -1. The family agreed for the patient to be a respondent. The independent variable is anxiety, while the dependent variable is age and gender. Anxiety instrument using FASS (Face Anxiety Scale Statistical Test using Spearmen rho with a <0.05. This study has received Ethical Approval from the STIKES Kediri Baptist Hospital. Results: The statistical test results on anxiety with age obtained a p-value of 0.051 with a <0.05, which means there is no relationship between anxiety and age in respondents with anxiety in patients with restraints. The results of statistical tests on the anxiety variable with sex get a p-value of 0.551 with a <0.05, which means that there is no relationship between anxiety and type gender in patients with restraint Conclusion: Age and gender have no relationship with anxiety in patients. Agitation is installed with Conventional Restraints in the Inpatient Room. For further research, it is necessary to use a more significant number of respondents to see the broader significance.

Daily Environments During Emerging Adulthood and Gender Atypical Occupational Choices: The Role of Sexist Experiences

Past research on occupational choices often focuses on the role of personal attributes. Research is needed that examines whether daily environments and individuals’ reactivity to these environments contribute to occupational choices. This study utilizes experience sampling methodology to examine whether daily sexism and affective reactivity to sexism predict the gender typicality of desired occupations of emerging adults in male-dominated majors (MDMs). 40 women and 40 men college students in MDMs reported desired occupations and experiences of sexism and general mood during the past hour four times a day for 2 weeks – allowing for an examination of whether some individuals report a more negative mood when they recently experienced sexism (i.e., reactivity). Results indicated that higher reactivity to sexism (but not daily sexism) predicted women desiring more female-typed and men desiring more male-typed occupations. Results suggest that career counselors should consider the role of daily sexism in career development.

PREVALENCE OF ASYMPTOMATIC PERIPHERAL ARTERIAL DISEASE AND ITS ASSSOCIATION WITH AGE AND GENDER IN TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS IN A TERTIARY CARE TEACHING HOSPITAL: A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY

Objective: The true prevalence of peripheral arterial disease (PAD) in individuals with diabetes has been difficult to determine because of the lack of symptoms and insensitive diagnosis. We estimated the prevalence of PAD and its association with age and gender in Type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) who were asymptomatic for PAD. Methods: Total 150 Type 2 DM patients were screened and examined for PAD using Ankle Brachial Index and Color Doppler. Prevalence of PAD was further studied and statistically analyzed to find its association with age and gender. Results: Prevalence of PAD in our study was 16%. Out of total 150 Type 2 DM patients, 24 patients were diagnosed to have PAD by Color Doppler. The prevalence was 12.0% in the fifth and sixth decade followed by 3.3% in seventh and eighth decade and 0.7% in <40 years age group. Out of total 150 cases, there were 83 males and among them 15 (18.1%) had PAD and out of 67 females, 9 (13.4%) had PAD. After application of Chi-square test to the above observations, there was no statistically significant association of age and gender with PAD in our study population. Conclusion: In the present study, the prevalence of PAD was 16%; 10% and 6% in males and in females, respectively. There was no statistically significant correlation of PAD with age and gender.

Glycemic Response to Metformin and Its Association with Age and Gender in Type II Diabetes

Diabetes Mellitus has become a global health concern due to its continued rise in prevalence. According to International Diabetic Federation (IDF), Type II diabetes mellitus (T2DM) currently affects 462 million people worldwide and is expected to grow from this figure to 642 million by 2040. Objective: The study was conducted to evaluate the glycemic response to metformin in Type-II diabetes and assess its association with age and gender. Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted at the Pharmacology Department of Riphah International University from Jan 2020 to Dec 2021.Type-II diabetic patients (n=200) on metformin monotherapy fulfilling the inclusion criteria were enrolled and followed up till three months. Baseline parameters were documented and reduction in HbA1c was determined. Numerical and categorical data was analyzed by chi-square and t-test using SPPS 23. Results: Our study demonstrates that 52% (104) of the patients were metformin responders while 48% (96) were non-responders. The reduction in HbA1c was significantly greater in responders than non- responders (- 1.58±1.07 % VS -0.32±0.35 %). Out of 85 males, 46 (54%) responded to metformin optimally while only half (50%) of the female subjects produced desirable response. However, there was no effect of gender on metformin response status with p=0.60 and changes in HbA1c levels over time were not significantly different in either sex. The mean age of responders and non-responders was found to be 48.23±9.64 years and 44.13±7.82 respectively. The effect of age on response of metformin and mean change in HbA1c among different age groups was found to be statistically significant with p=0.03 and p=0.04 respectively. Conclusion: There exists variability in response to metformin in type-II diabetes which is associated with age of the patient but remains un-influenced by gender of the patient.