Gender-specific Research Articles

Measuring disease burden of dominant variants of COVID-19 in Taiwan

ObjectivesThe disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) of COVID-19 have been applied as a time-based measurement to estimate years of life lost due to premature mortality or healthy life lost in different countries. Limited information was found for DALYs among different variants of concern (VOC). MethodsDisease severities based on categories of asymptomatic, mild, moderate, severe, and critical cases were explored among different VOC by analyzing the proportions in confirmed cases. DALY or years of healthy life lost due to disability (YLD)-based annual burdens of COVID-19 on different ages, genders as well as trend analysis were also evaluated for VOC in Taiwan. ResultsDifferent trends were observed in years of life lost due to premature mortality (YLLs) or YLD for various age or gender categories. Disease severity at critical stage had the highest percentage for overall YLDs encompassed from 2020 to 2022. Also, critical-grade cases were found to be predominantly caused by Wild-type, Alpha, and Omicron variants in 2020, 2021, and 2022, respectively. ConclusionPrecautionary measures are also suggested for policy makers to take in specific seasons, age or gender groups based on YLL and YLD analyses.

Reconstructive Classification for Age and Gender Identification in Social Networks

Author profiling is a challenging task that consists of identifying a person’s relevant attributes based on the content he/she generates. In this article, we validate a classification method based on the reconstructive classification to identify two demographic attributes, age and gender, for users of social networks based on the text content they publish. For the problem, we consider balanced and unbalanced data, where a gender or age group has a larger presence than the others. The proposed method is based on using the reconstructive property of singular value decomposition (SVD), and its suitability to work with sparse data, to find a matrix with the main latent components to represent the information of specific gender or age classes. Afterward, we use such a matrix to project and reconstruct new users’ information to identify their demographic variables. We test our method with a set of datasets in several languages collected from Twitter and Pinterest users, and we use different evaluation metrics to compare their performance with the ones of several popular classifiers based on traditional machine learning, and on deep learning, and with some relevant works in the literature. The results show that the proposed classifier performs generally well in identifying the age and gender of users in social networks.

Cross Sectional Study on the Prevalence of Tuberculosis among the District of Sudhnuti, Azad Jammu and Kashmir

Globally, tuberculosis (TB) is a major health risk that is mostly caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, a member of the Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Complex (MTC). Ten million cases of tuberculosis and 1.3 million deaths from the disease occur each year, making Mycobacterium tuberculosis one of the leading causes of death globally. Pakistan is ranked fifth among high-burden countries for tuberculosis (TB) and is expected to rank fourth for the prevalence of multi-drug resistant (MDR) TB. As a result, tuberculosis poses a serious threat to public health in Pakistan. Tuberculosis is a common occurrence in Azad Jammu and Kashmir. Aims: The current study aimed to find out the prevalence of tuberculosis in the defined population. Study Design: The study was conducted in the District and Tehsil Headquarters Hospitals of District Sudhnuti AJK. Place and Duration of Study: Samples were collected from all the District and Tehsil headquarters hospitals of Sudhnuti district from January 2019 to December 2019. Methodology: Samples of sputum from suspected cases were gathered from district Sudhnuti hospitals and TB centers from January 2019 to December 2019. All the suspected cases were examined by sputum smear microscopy and then bacteriologically positive cases were further confirmed by GeneXpert. All positive cases were examined for multi-drug resistance by using GeneXpert. Results: In the current study during the year 2019, 201 TB cases were reported from district Sudhnuti out of which 107 (53.23%) were males and 94 (46.76%) were females. The value of P=0.51 which is >0.05 is insignificant shows that Tuberculosis has no selective effect on a specific gender. Pulmonary cases were 131 in number with 81 bacteriologically positive and 50 clinically diagnosed negative cases. Extra Pulmonary cases were 70 in number with 1 bacteriologically positive and 69 clinically diagnosed negative cases. Only 2 (0.99%) MDR cases were diagnosed and the case notification rate during 2019 was 66. Conclusion: The current study shows that males are slightly more prone to TB in district Sudhnuti AJK as compared to females. Individuals with age >64 are more susceptible to TB when compared to individuals with age <15. The CNR during 2019 is 66 which is far away from the WHO set criteria. The CNR indicates that there is a need for improvement in the surveillance system.

Demographic Analysis of Cancer Research Priorities and Treatment Correlations.

Understanding the diversity in cancer research priorities and the correlations among different treatment modalities is essential to address the evolving landscape of oncology. This study, conducted in collaboration with the European Cancer Patient Coalition (ECPC) and Childhood Cancer International-Europe (CCI-E) as part of the "UNCAN.eu" initiative, analyzed data from a comprehensive survey to explore the complex interplay of demographics, time since cancer diagnosis, and types of treatments received. Demographic analysis revealed intriguing trends, highlighting the importance of tailoring cancer research efforts to specific age groups and genders. Individuals aged 45-69 exhibited highly aligned research priorities, emphasizing the need to address the unique concerns of middle-aged and older populations. In contrast, patients over 70 years demonstrated a divergence in research priorities, underscoring the importance of recognising the distinct needs of older individuals in cancer research. The analysis of correlations among different types of cancer treatments underscored the multidisciplinary approach to cancer care, with surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, precision therapy, and biological therapies playing integral roles. These findings support the need for personalized and combined treatment strategies to achieve optimal outcomes. In conclusion, this study provides valuable insights into the complexity of cancer research priorities and treatment correlations in a European context. It emphasizes the importance of a multifaceted, patient-centred approach to cancer research and treatment, highlighting the need for ongoing support, adaptation, and collaboration to address the ever-changing landscape of oncology.

Advancing Gender Neutrality: The Evolution of Feminized and Neutral Legal Terminology

Advancing Gender Neutrality: The Evolution of Feminized and Neutral Legal Terminology

Образ учителя в немецкоязычном и русскоязычном дискурсе трудоустройства (на материале объявлений о вакансиях)

This article is devoted to a comparative analysis of the representation of the image of a foreign language teacher in the employment discourse in two linguistic cultures. The relevance of the research topic is due to transformations in the educational sphere, the trend towards increasing the importance and prestige of the teaching profession in the Russian society, as well as the need for competent training in intercultural communication skills in the modern world. The purpose of this article is to identify the content components of the teacher’s image and the features of their representation in job advertisement texts. The research material was Russian and German job advertisements for foreign language teachers in the amount of 300 texts. The methodological basis of the study is the cognitive and discursive paradigm. In accordance with the goal, the comparative analysis method was used in the work. The authors believe that in the Russian linguistic culture one can distinguish the image of a secondary school teacher and a teacher or tutor in private schools. Consequently, the content components of the image, which include professional competencies, personal qualities, and working conditions, will differ: a private school teacher is presented as a creative, motivated teacher who is provided with both methodological support and various digital tools. A secondary school teacher is a person who performs not only pedagogical tasks, but also organization and management work. A comparative analysis showed that in the German employment discourse, a teacher is, first of all, a “team player.” The main difference between the images of a teacher represented in German job advertisements is the so-called “gender neutrality”. In the Russian employment discourse, a trend has been noted towards the transition of foreign language teaching to an online format. In the pragmalinguistic aspect, in both linguistic cultures, age restrictions are revealed through an informal address to a potential employee, while in German job advertisements, emotional and evaluative vocabulary explicates the employer’s interest.

Evidence of Differences in Gender-Affirming School Experiences in a Sample of Transgender and Gender-Diverse Youth

Past and current research has often utilized a binary (ie, man/woman) category to measure gender and/or has combined multiple transgender identities into singular groups (eg, transgender girls and nonbinary youth as one category). However, transgender communities are heterogeneous and encompass much more than commonly recognized labels such as only transgender boys/girls and nonbinary youth. Furthermore, the small body of research that has investigated differences within transgender communities based on gender identity has found important health and behavioral differences. Using a large, national sample of transgender youth (N = 3,570), we investigated differences in health-relevant gender-affirming school experiences (ie, being referred to by the correct pronouns or name, authentic gender expression through clothing, and access to restrooms/locker rooms) among diverse transgender youth. Adjusted models (for outness, sexual identity, age, and caregiver education) indicated that transgender boys and transgender girls reported significantly worse gender-specific experiences in schools related to pronoun and chosen name use as well as access to restrooms/locker rooms compared with youth with nonbinary gender-diverse identities (eg, demigender and nonbinary), with some exceptions. Furthermore, transgender boys reported greater authentic gender expression through clothing relative to most other youth with nonbinary gender-diverse identities (eg, gender nonconforming and multiother). These findings have implications for how we might develop targeted interventions given that we pinpoint several disparities in health-relevant gender-affirming school experiences among transgender youth based on their specific gender identity. Finally, this provides stakeholders with a greater understanding of the extent of heterogeneity within transgender communities.

Особенности представления о старении у мужчин и женщин в периоды средней и поздней взрослости

The relevance of the study is determined by the necessity for scientific substantiation and development of methods aimed at improving the quality of life in the old age. The research purpose is to study the peculiarities of the perception of aging by men and women during middle and late adulthood. The study hypothesizes that peculiarities of the age perception by men and women are manifested in the idea of the causal role of aging in the context of changes in health, as well as in the emotional attitude towards aging. The gender and age specificity manifests itself in terms of positive and negative effects of aging, as well as in the changes caused by aging and the determination of its causes. Participants: 217 respondents aged 30-68 (nmale= 57; nfemale= 123) living in different regions of the Russian Federation. The sample is represented by 4 age groups: from 30 to 45 years old (n = 37); from 46 to 55 years old (n = 51); from 56 to 59 years old (n = 52); from 60 to 68 years old (n = 77). Methods (tools): to assess the perception of aging, the “Aging perception questionnaire” was used (E. Sexton, B. L. King-Kallimanis, K. Morgan, H. McGee as adapted by K. M. Krupina, M. D. Petrash, D. I. Golubitskaya, O. Y. Strizhitskaya). Results: the research has revealed significant differences in the manifestation degree of the parameter ‘determination of the causes of aging’ with its greater representation in the sample of men. The study has found the influence of the gender and age factor on the parameter ‘determination of the causes of aging’. Main conclusions: the causal role of aging for one’s own life is manifested to a greater extent in men rather than in women. The peculiarities of perceiving aging for male and female subsamples are manifested in different emotional attitudes towards aging, in the possibility of controlling one’s own life and the consequences of aging, as well as in determining the causes of aging. Practical significance: the data obtained can be implemented in psychological counseling in order to form a positive perception of aging. Taking into account the gender and age specifics of the perceiving aging can contribute to the construction of the productive old age stage and the subsequent improvement of the quality of life in old age.

Differences in olfactory functioning: The role of personality and gender

AbstractThis study aimed to investigate the relationship between the gender and personality traits of individuals and their ability to detect, identify, and discriminate odors. The dataset on olfactory performance was compiled from a panel of 207 healthy human volunteers. The dataset for the odor identification test was collected using a set of 10 distinct odorants, and the odor discrimination test dataset was collected using a well‐established “Sniffin sticks” (Burghardt®, Wedel, Germany) odor discrimination test kit. To assess the Big Five personality traits of study participants, a self‐report survey questionnaire based on the International Personality Item Pool‐Neuroticism, Extraversion, and Openness (IPIP‐NEO) was used. Here, we conducted a statistical analysis to investigate the role of personality measures and gender on olfactory performance, as well as the relationship between olfactory performance and perceived odor intensity, pleasantness, and familiarity. The findings of the study suggest the existence of some relationships between gender and personality traits and odor discrimination and identification, but not odor detection. Conscientiousness and openness to experience personality traits were positively correlated with odor identification, while agreeableness and conscientiousness personality traits were positively correlated with odor discrimination. The extroversion personality scale was negatively correlated with odor discrimination. Additionally, male participants performed better than females in odor identification tasks, while females performed better in odor discrimination. The neuroticism personality domain was associated with odor identification tasks in males but not in females when analyzed separately. Correct identification of odors was also associated with their perceived familiarity.Practical ApplicationsThe results of this study may have important practical implications for a range of industries, including the fragrance and food industries. These findings may help tailor products to specific consumer preferences based on personality and gender, enhancing product appeal. Further, the fragrance and food industries can develop targeted marketing campaigns using fragrances and flavors associated with particular personality types or genders. Similarly, product testing can also be improved by representing a diverse range of personality types and genders to obtain more accurate feedback. The study insights can further guide the development of flavor and taste pairings that resonate with specific personality and gender groups. Overall, by considering olfactory differences related to personality and gender, the fragrance and food industries can segment their target markets more effectively and design products that appeal to different consumer groups.

Features of the presentation of delinquent practices in the structure of economic behavior of young people

The article presents data from theoretical analysis and applied research that reveals the specifics of the presentation of delinquent economic behavior of young people in the media. Using the example of an interdisciplinary assessment of the structure and functioning of the phenomenon, the main characteristics of economic activity in general and its destructive form in particular are considered. An analysis of domestic and foreign views on the motivation and mechanism for implementing economic actions is presented, depending on a combination of internal and external factors. The basic characteristics of youth activity, its risk and potential areas of growth and productivity are considered. The interaction of a set of conditions and elements of economic activity is presented in the form of a complex model that demonstrates the reasons for the divergence of socially approved and preferred strategies in the youth community. Using the example of quantitative and qualitative content analysis, the authors described the specifics of displaying destructive economic activity in its relationship with the reflection of the target audience and the gender specificity of information perception. The presence of high interest (and frequency of publication) in content that considers illegal actions as a unique way of self-realization, in turn, reflects the most significant risk potential of the media environment, characterized by a low resource for implementing effective social control.

Challenging the Gender Neutrality of On-Demand Mobility Platforms

In this article we chart a conceptual path to challenge the presumed gender neutrality of on-demand mobility platforms (ODMPs) as an effort to unlock an entry point for feminist critiques and interventions. Drawing on the Foucauldian notion of dispositif, the ODMP is theorized as a “platform assemblage”—a complex sociotechnical system encompassing the digital and the nondigital stack that are mutually constituted in a contingent, relational, and contextual way. We employed a quantitative feminist approach to unpacking the “black-boxed” gender neutrality of the sociotechnical system. We argue that the gender nonneutrality is more than merely a symptom of the immanent masculinist propensities of ODMPs, but also the origin and organ that simultaneously represent the phenomena, processes, and products of how the gender relations of power operate through digitally mediated mobilities, while contextually, relationally, and rhizomatically coopting into and with other always-already gendered social categories. We first argue that gendered practices and processes of digitally mediated mobilities and gender nonneutrality of ODMPs in the digital stack are relational and mutually constituted. ODMPs actively abstract extant gender inequalities in daily mobilities into “idiotic” data derivatives, feeding and propagating into the platform demand and pricing calculi that algorithmically prioritize mobile and masculine subjects, perpetuating or amplifying gender inequalities in digitally mediated mobilities. The digital presences and practices of ODMPs create new temporalities and spatialities of daily mobilities that are perceived as gender-specific time–space fixity and flexibility. Furthermore, ODMP-mediated mobilities have not fundamentally disrupted the conservative gendered power relations at home, and the masculinist form of control over familial automobility.

Coparenting, parent-adolescent conflict and internalizing symptoms in Brazilian adolescents

Coparenting might impact on child development, on the intensity of parent-child con-flict, and on the manifestation of internalizing symptoms. Children's perception of coparenting and gender specificities are important to understand this phenomenon. The direct relationship mediated by the intensity of the parent-adolescent conflict in symptom manifestation and the effects of the moderation of the adolescent's gender were investigated. The study included 357 adolescents, 53.2% female, aged 11 to 18 years (M = 14.42; SD = 1.84). The results indicated that the relationship between coparenting and the internalizing symptoms presented by the adolescents are mediated by the intensity of parent-adolescent conflicts. The findings contribute to the identifi-cation of the coparenting reflexes and direct clinical strategies to adolescents and fam-ilies.

A Patent Review on Cardiotoxicity of Anticancerous Drugs.

Chemotherapy-induced cardiotoxicity is an increasing concern and it is critical to avoid heart dysfunction induced by medications used in various cancers. Dysregulated cardiomyocyte homeostasis is a critical phenomenon of drug-induced cardiotoxicity, which hinders the cardiac tissue's natural physiological function. Drug-induced cardiotoxicity is responsible for various heart disorders such as myocardial infarction, myocardial hypertrophy, and arrhythmia, among others. Chronic cardiac stress due to drug toxicity restricts the usage of cancer medications. Anticancer medications can cause a variety of adverse effects, especially cardiovascular toxicity. This review is focused on anticancerous drugs anthracyclines, trastuzumab, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medications (NSAIDs), and immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) and associated pathways attributed to the drug-induced cardiotoxicity. Several factors responsible for enhanced cardiotoxicity are age, gender specificity, diseased conditions, and therapy are also discussed. The review also highlighted the patents assigned for different methodologies involved in the assessment and reducing cardiotoxicity. Recent advancements where the usage of trastuzumab and bevacizumab have caused cardiac dysfunction and their effects alone or in combination on cardiac cells are explained. Extensive research on patents associated with protection against cardiotoxicity has shown that chemicals like bis(dioxopiperazine)s and manganese compounds were cardioprotective when combined with other selected anticancerous drugs. Numerous patents are associated with druginduced toxicity, prevention, and diagnosis, that may aid in understanding the current issues and developing novel therapies with safer cardiovascular outcomes. Also, the advancements in technology and research going on are yet to be explored to overcome the present issue of cardiotoxicity with the development of new drug formulations.

Cholesteryl Ester Transfer Protein (CETP) Variations in Relation to Lipid Profiles and Cardiovascular Diseases: An Update.

Lipid metabolism plays an essential role in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular and metabolic diseases. Cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) is a crucial glycoprotein involved in lipid metabolism by transferring cholesteryl esters (CE) and triglycerides (TG) between plasma lipoproteins. CETP activity results in reduced HDL-C and increased VLDL- and LDL-C concentrations, thus increasing the risk of cardiovascular and metabolic diseases. In this review, we discuss the structure of CETP and its mechanism of action. Furthermore, we focus on recent experiments on animal CETP-expressing models, deciphering the regulation and functions of CETP in various genetic backgrounds and interaction with different external factors. Finally, we discuss recent publications revealing the association of CETP single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) with the risk of cardiovascular and metabolic diseases, lifestyle factors, diet and therapeutic interventions. While CETP SNPs can be used as effective diagnostic markers, diet, lifestyle, gender and ethnic specificity should also be considered for effective treatment.

Long term effects of childhood trauma and abuse: Narrative on functional neurological disorder.

Functional neurological disorder is a condition in which a person experiences physical symptoms that cannot be fully explained by a medical condition. In Pakistan, domestic violence as well as emotional, physical and sexual abuse in children are prevalent. Despite legal and social support for victims, stigmatisation regarding seeking psychological help complicates the challenge. Some of the research culminated that patients with neurological disorder reported high level of sexual abuse and trauma. The symptomatology of functional neurological disorder is being ignored in Asian countries due to indigenous factors like poverty, lack of information on reporting abuse, poor law-enforcement and victim blaming. Functional neurological disorder can be manifested in various ways in the human body, such as blindness, paralysis, dystonia, swallowing difficulties, difficulty walking, motor symptoms affecting limbs, voice production, problems in sensory functions, problems in cognitive function, psychogenic non-epileptic seizures and even dementia, whereas differential diagnosis is established after screening for organicity. The common risk factors of functional neurological disorder may include psychosocial stressors, family history of functional neurological disorder, and significant life changes. It is critical to understand the disorder in reference to predisposing risk factors, cultural context, comorbidities and gender specification to diagnose and treat functional neurological disorder in time so that better intervention protocols could be devised to treat it efficiently.

Evaluación de los niveles de metales pesados (As, Hg, Zn, Cu y Se) en aves rapaces silvestres y hábitats acuáticos

Birds are used as bioindicators to determine the negative effects of environmental pollution on human, animal, and environmental health. Among the terrestrial bird species in the study are: the common buzzard (Buteo buteo); black kite (Milvus migrans), common kestrel (Falco tinnunculus); among the aquatic bird species, marsh harrier (Circus aeruginosus), white stork (Ciconia ciconia), gray heron (Ardea cinerea) were used. Heavy metals As, Hg, Zn, Cu, and Se were analysed in blood samples by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP–MS). In the study, Hg and Se concentrations were generally higher and As concentrations were generally lower than those reported in the literature. In black kites, which are vulnerable to environmental contamination and pollution has serious effects on population numbers, it was observed that heavy metals other than As metal were generally higher than the values determined in the studies. Pollutants in nature need to be evaluated by taking into account species–specific differences, age, gender, habitats, migration periods, biomass and feeding habits.

Social participation and health in middle-aged and older empty nesters: A study on gender differences

BackgroundThe growing population of middle-aged and older empty nesters is characterized by poorer health, and social participation (SP) has been shown to improve this situation. However, few studies have investigated specific performance and gender differences between SP and health. The present study aims to address these issues. MethodsA total of 1207 middle-aged and older empty nesters over 45 years old were selected from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS, 2011–2018). Random-effects analyses were used to explore the association between changes in SP (diversity, frequency, type) and changes in health status. Health status include physical health, mental health, self-reported health (SRH). ResultsFemale middle-aged and olderly empty nesters have significantly poorer health and participate in SP more frequently. The higher the diversity of SP, the better the health of middle-aged and olderly empty nesters, while higher frequency is beneficial to SRH. Female's participation in sports and Internet had better mental health and SRH, and mahjong helped female's mental health. Clubs are helpful for male's SRH. ConclusionsThis study reveals the specifics of the association between SP and health status of middle-aged and older empty nesters. Therefore, all aspects of SP and gender differences should be taken into account when predicting and improving the health status. Help the government to better formulate policies to better cope with the increasing empty nest phenomenon and build a harmonious and stable society.

Understanding specific gender dynamics in the cowpea value chain for key traits to inform cowpea breeding programs in Malawi, Mozambique and Tanzania.

Cowpea is an important food and nutrition security crop in Malawi, Mozambique and Tanzania and it is mainly produced by women farmers mainly on a subsistence scale. The majority of these farmers use local varieties despite the availability of improved varieties in the region. Low acceptability and adoption of improved varieties have also hampered cowpea breeding efforts. The low adoption, especially among women farmers, has been attributed to the failure by breeding programs to involve farmers in the process of designing and developing improved varieties with a view to meeting their priorities and preferences. Despite women constituting the majority of cowpea farmers in these countries, no comprehensive gender analysis on cowpea value chain had been instituted to understand the traits that are gender and youth responsive and how to incorporate them in the product profiling so that the developed varieties benefit men, women and youth. The main objective of the gender study was, therefore, to identify preferred traits by different gender groups within the whole cowpea value chain to inform cowpea breeding programs in the three countries. The study employed quantitative and qualitative methods to elucidate preferences, including value chain mapping, a quantitative survey of farmers, focus group discussions and key informant interviews targeting farmers/consumers, traders, policymakers and processors. Results showed that the top-ranking traits in order of importance across the countries and gender were; (1) high grain yield, (2) good grain taste, (3) early maturity time, (4) large grain size, (5) good leaf taste and (6) short cooking time. It was further noted that different gender groups preferred almost similar traits though minor variations were noted in terms of prioritization of these traits. These results have had two major influences on our cowpea breeding program: firstly, the breeding program changed the way it prioritizes traits to include ones that reflect the needs of men, women and the youth in the cowpea value chain. Secondly, our breeding objectives are closely aligned to gender differences in the target population of farmers and other users, by incorporating key priority traits that address the needs of both men and women, including the youth. That is to say, product targets and specific product profiles are more gender sensitive. Since the breeding work is ongoing, the expectation is that the development of improved varieties resulting from this gender sensitive process will translate into higher adoption levels of these varieties (compared with previous releases), which might have ripple effects on food, nutrition and income security in the region.

Language, Culture, And Gender: A Sociolinguistic Study

Culture is indeed a social force. When this social force is dominated by a specific gender, various forms of repression of subject terminology, initially considered equal in gender contexts, occur. Due to the dominance of a specific gender, culture is engineered to favor one gender, with males considered superior to females. Discussing language, culture, and gender essentially involves examining everyday life around us. From the moment of birth, one cannot escape the cultural webs created by previous generations, parents, grandparents, great-grandparents, and so on. Sociolinguistic studies conducted will reveal strong factors influencing language usage between men and women. Surveys were distributed across several aspects: nature, word choices, openness, courage, communication intonation, roles, and responsibilities among 50 male respondents and 50 female respondents. Gender refers to the differences between men and women based on social construction, culture, language, status, as well as roles and responsibilities in society. However, there are many differences in language use related to gender. Overall, the average results from respondents indicate that gender influences language usage. Men tend to be rougher, more open, and bold when expressing themselves. In contrast, women must consider numerous factors when expressing themselves. Word choices and intonation are carefully observed, as women tend to be gentle and empathetic.

Marital Rape: An Impediment on Women’s Right in India

Women in India have not yet achieved equality or are able to fully exercise their rights as a result of the patriarchal structure of the country. The marriage relationship also reflects this imbalance which is a threat to gender neutrality and gender equality which our constitution aims to achieve. In Indian culture, there are many different types of violence against wives during marriage, one such is marital rape. In the affair of marital rape, consent is irrelevant. It is excluded from the Indian Penal Code’s definition of rape in Section 375. In India, forcing a wife into sexual intimacy by a husband is therefore not illegal. Our judicial system ignores marital rape since the crime is not recognised as rape in a marriage, despite the fact that it is a severe problem that our legislature has failed to acknowledge. Marital rape has very serious repercussions that go far beyond just physical harm; they also cause emotional and psychological harm. In this paper, we will attempt to examine the idea of marital rape, how it relates to the idea of gender equality, and how it violates the constitutionally protected rights of women under the different dimensions of Art. 14, 15, 19 (1) (a) and 21.