Gender-specific Norms Research Articles

Evaluation of apparently healthy Egyptian infants and toddlers on the bayley-III scales according to age and sex

BackgroundChild development is shaped throughout the first years of life through the interaction of genetics and the environment. Bayley-III is valuably used to determine early developmental delay (DD). The aim of this study was to detect the differences in performance of a sample of apparently healthy Egyptian infants and toddlers on the Bayley-III scales in relation to their age and gender.MethodsThis was a cross-sectional study. Bayley scales were applied to 270 of the 300 recruited children following the inclusion criteria; to avoid potential risk factors affecting development. Assessment included cognitive, language and motor skills. Engaged children aged 18–42 months were divided into 4 age groups with six-month intervals.ResultsApproximately 78.4%, 76.2%, and 72% of the participants had average and above average scores in the cognitive, motor, and language domains, respectively. The language domain was characteristically impacted. The oldest age group (36–42 months) scored the highest means composite scores, while the 2nd group aged 24 - <30 months, scored the lowest means in the three evaluated domains. In general, girls had non-significantly higher composite scores than boys, with a small effect size (d = 0.2–0.4). In the language domain, girls aged 30 to < 36 months scored significantly higher composite scores than boys (p < 0.05), with a medium effect size (d = 0.73).ConclusionThe study indicates that the performance of apparently healthy Egyptian children on the Bayley III evaluation differs in relation to age and sex. The most vulnerable age group at potential risk of DD was children aged 24–30 months. Efforts must be directed to investigate the nutritional, physical, psychological and safety needs of this group. Attention must be paid to early childhood intervention programs that stimulate development, especially language development, and they must be tailored on the basis of age and gender. Gender-specific norms may be needed in the evaluation of language development.

Talk it out or tuck it away: The contribution of maternal socialization of coping to depression in youth with early pubertal maturation.

Theory and research highlight the mismatch between puberty-associated challenges and personal coping resources among youth with early actual or perceived pubertal timing. This study (N = 167; Mage = 12.41 years; 51.5% female; 77.8% White American) examined whether coping resources provided by mothers (maternal socialization of coping) exert protective or exacerbating effects on risk for depression among early-maturing youth. Results revealed that earlier perceived timing predicted higher subsequent depressive symptoms in girls with low (B = .40, SE = .15) but not high (B = -.08, SE = .17) levels of engagement coping suggestions, whereas earlier perceived timing predicted higher subsequent depressive symptoms in boys with high (B = .40, SE = .17) but not low (B = -.12, SE = .15) levels of engagement coping suggestions. These findings build on prior theory and research by highlighting that maternal coping suggestions may mitigate or enhance depression risk in youth who perceive themselves as early maturers; the differential effects in girls and boys suggest that the impact of these suggestions may depend on whether they are in line with gender-specific norms for coping. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Designing Gender-Specific Toilet and Urinal Needs Calculation Templates for Rural and Urban Schools: Lessons from the Republic of Benin

Gender equity, quality education, and sanitation in rural and urban areas are widely considered development imperatives. Therefore, many developed countries have scientifically and technically developed norms for the calculation and the design of toilet and urinal needs of their students, which is not yet the case in most developing countries, including the Republic of Benin, that lack socio-culturally adapted gender-specific toilets and urinal needs calculation and design norms. This paper fills this scientific and gender-specific norms gap, by discussing the process and the results of the design of school toilet and urinal needs calculation templates and norms in the Republic of Benin. The study that led to this design took place between June 2013 and October 2015 and consisted mainly of observing and recording defecation and urination needs satisfaction in toilets and open spaces by 8,160 female and 13,263 male students of 13 schools purposively selected in four agroecological and sociocultural areas of Benin. The main data recorded related, among other data, to the start and end times of the use of the toilets and open spaces; the needs satisfied; the peak times and durations of breaks and of toilet needs satisfaction; the numbers of female and male students and non-students who use and who can potentially use the toilets and urinals. These raw data were processed to infer and calculate eight parameters used in each template. This process led to the design of eight area-, gender-, and disability-specific templates and norms in use since 2016, in the target areas. Further studies will assess and report on the performance of these templates and norms.

Breaking the Binary: Unveiling Gender-specific Norms in Internet Addiction.

Breaking the Binary: Unveiling Gender-specific Norms in Internet Addiction.

Validation Psychometrical analysis of Sexual Machism Scale (EMS-Sexism-12) among university students from Arequipa, Peru

Background: Sexual masochism is a form of gender discrimination based on beliefs, stereotypes and attitudes that limit autonomy and devalue individuals based on their gender. Objective: To determine the internal structure validity and reliability of the EMS-Sexism-12 to measure sexual machismo in the Peruvian population. Method: The study used an instrumental design with a convenience sample of 2470 students from a public university in Arequipa, Peru. The sample consisted of 50% men (M = 20.53; SD = 2.64) and 50% women (M = 19.95; SD = 2.27), representing engineering and social science disciplines. The instrument used was the Sexual Machismo Scale (EMS-Sexism-12), originally constructed and validated in Mexico. Results: The data were analysed using CFA and the WLSMV estimator along with polychoric correlation matrices in the open-source software Rstudio. The analysis revealed a unidimensional model with good fit indices for both men (CFI = .924, TLI = .907, SMRM = 0.069) and women (CFI = .936, TLI = .922, SMRM = 0.051). Furthermore, evidence of internal consistency reliability was observed for men and women, respectively (ω = .969; ω = .897). Gender-specific norms are included for reference. Conclusions: The sexual machismo scale shows evidence of similar validity and reliability with the same items in men and women from Arequipa, Peru.

(Mis)Perceptions of bystander behaviors and approval: The role of gender-specific perceived norms.

The current study examines college students' perceptions of same-gender and opposite gender peer norms for bystander behaviors in drinking contexts, as well as the association between perceived norms and participants' willingness to intervene and actual behavior. Participants completed an online survey assessing bystander-related perceived norms, willingness, and behavior. A subset of participants also completed a measure of bystander behavior 4-months later. The results indicated a divergent pattern of normative misperceptions for descriptive and injunctive norms, in which participants overestimated descriptive norms and underestimated injunctive norms. Further, participants who perceived greater perceived injunctive norms reported greater willingness to intervene in the future. While those who perceived that their peers intervened more frequently were more likely to have engaged in bystander behavior at baseline and the four-month follow-up. Results also suggest that the role of gender-specific norms is complex and dependent on participants' own gender. The results indicate the potential value of developing norms-based interventions addressing bystander behaviors and implications for the types of normative misperceptions to target.

A Historical Review of Changes in Gender-Specific Social Norms and Tobacco Use by Women

A Historical Review of Changes in Gender-Specific Social Norms and Tobacco Use by Women

Normative data for the self-reported and parent-reported Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) for ages 12\u201317

BackgroundThe Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) is widely used to screen for psychosocial problems among adolescents. As the severity of such problems is known to be related to age and gender, screening could be improved by interpreting SDQ scale scores with age-specific and perhaps gender-specific norms. Up to now, such norms are lacking. The aim of the current study is to present gender-specific and joint normative data per year of age for the Dutch self-reported and parent-reported SDQ versions for use among 12- to 17-year-old adolescents.MethodsThe norm groups for the self-reported and parent-reported SDQ versions consisted of 993 adolescents and 736 parents, respectively, from the general Dutch population. Per SDQ version, both gender-specific norms and joint norms (percentiles and cutoffs) per year of age were calculated through regression-based norming (Rigby in J Roy Stat Soc Ser C 54:507, 2005). Additionally, these norms were compared to the widely used British norms that are neither age-specific nor gender-specific.ResultsBy design, gender-specific ‘abnormal’ cutoffs (i.e., cutoffs aimed at identifying max. 10% of the most extremely scoring males and max. 10% of the most extremely scoring females) resulted in about equal percentages of ‘abnormal’ scoring male and female adolescents per SDQ scale. In contrast, joint ‘abnormal’ cutoffs (i.e., cutoffs aimed at identifying max. 10% of the most extremely scoring adolescents) resulted in relatively more male (7.6 to 13.6%, depending on age) than female (3.3 to 8.9%, depending on age) adolescents as scoring ‘abnormal’ on scales measuring externalizing behavior (self-reported and parent-reported SDQ versions), and relatively more female (3.9 to 14.3%, depending on age) than male (1.8 to 6.9%, depending on age) adolescents as scoring ‘abnormal’ on scales measuring internalizing behavior (self-reported SDQ version). In both types of norms, minor age effects were present. Among Dutch adolescents, the British norms yielded detection rates much lower than the expected 10%.ConclusionsOur findings indicate that detection rates depend on the reference group that is used (British or Dutch general adolescent population; specific gender group or not). The normative data in this paper facilitate the comparison of an adolescent’s scores to different reference groups, and allow for cross-country/cultural comparisons of adolescents’ psychosocial behavior.

Gender-specific responses to multifaceted factors associated with disordered eating among adolescents of 7th to 9th grade

BackgroundThe prevalence of disordered eating is increasing among adolescents in Asia. The prevalence and predictors of disordered eating in boys have often gone unrecognized. This study examined gender-specific responses to multifaceted factors associated with disordered eating, including personal, behavioral, family, and school-related characteristics.MethodsAfter excluding responses with incomplete information, a sample of 729 adolescents (48.97% boys) between the ages of 13 and 16 were surveyed through convenience sampling from 37 classrooms in three junior high schools in New Taipei City of Taiwan were analyzed. The Eating Attitudes Test-26 questionnaire was used to identify disordered eating.ResultsNo difference in the prevalence of disordered eating between the genders was found. Adolescent girls exhibit a preoccupation with fatness and a desire to be thinner, whereas boys are more likely to engage in extreme dieting behaviors such as vomiting, keeping the stomach empty, and avoiding sweets. Girls engaging in disordered eating reported relatively high levels of interpersonal stress involving family member weight-teasing, low peer acceptance, and high peer pressure to control weight. High intensity of regular exercise was found in girls with disordered eating. The perception of body weight is a more critical factor of engaging in disordered eating for boys than girls. Adolescents with immigrant parents were associated with disordered eating among both genders.ConclusionsChanging gender-specific weight-related norms in schools and families is essential to reduce the prevalence of disordered eating, particularly among girls. Future studies using representative samples to confirm this study’s findings are warranted.

Bargaining over Remittances in Tajik Extended Families

Abstract This study investigates the impact of male labor migration upon wives living among their husbands’ extended families in Tajikistan. It studies the risks and choices available to such wives in bargaining for remittances, with a particular focus on the risks that daughters-in-law (kelin in Tajik) undertake when negotiating remittances with their mothers-in-law. This paper explores age and gender-specific norms in Tajik transnational families and their minimal opportunities for kelins to bargain and negotiate the risks associated with making “claims” on remittances by using Deniz Kandiyoti’s “patriarchal bargain” and Bina Agarwal’s household bargain framework, as well as extensive fieldwork conducted in Tajikistan. The study concludes that international migration and remittances have had a complex impact on gender norms in Tajikistan, with emerging new forms of passive negotiation by kelins unlikely to undermine patriarchal gender norms in their favor.

Gender-Specific Impact of Self-Monitoring and Social Norm Information on Walking Behavior Among Chinese College Students Assessed Using WeChat: Longitudinal Tracking Study.

BackgroundWalking is a simple but beneficial form of physical activity (PA). Self-monitoring and providing information about social norms are the 2 most widely used “mobile health (mHealth)” strategies to promote walking behavior. However, previous studies have failed to discriminate the effect of self-monitoring from the combination of the 2 strategies, and provide practical evidence within Chinese culture. Some essential moderators, such as gender and group identity, were also overlooked.ObjectiveWe aimed to investigate the effectiveness of social norm and self-monitoring interventions for walking behavior and assess the moderating effects of gender and group identity, which could guide optimal mHealth intervention projects in China.MethodsIn 2 longitudinal tracking studies (study 1, 22 days; study 2, 31 days), Chinese college students wore trackers for at least 8 hours per day (MASAI 3D Pedometer and Xiaomi Wristband 2) to record their daily step counts in baseline, intervention, and follow-up stages. In each study, participants (study 1: n=117, 54% female, mean age 25.60 years; study 2: n=180, 51% female, mean age 22.60 years) were randomly allocated to 1 of the following 3 groups: a self-monitoring group and 2 social norm intervention groups. In the 2 intervention groups and during the intervention stage, participants received different social norm information regarding group member step rankings corresponding to their grouping type of social norm information. In study 1, participants were grouped by within-group member PA levels (PA consistent vs PA inconsistent), and in study 2, participants were grouped by their received gender-specific social norm information (gender consistent vs gender inconsistent). Piece-wise linear mixed models were used to compare the difference in walking steps between groups.ResultsIn study 1, for males in the self-monitoring group, walking steps significantly decreased from the baseline stage to the intervention stage (change in slope=−1422.16; P=.02). However, additional social norm information regardless of group consistency kept their walking unchanged. For females, social norm information did not provide any extra benefit beyond self-monitoring. Females exposed to PA-inconsistent social norm information even walked less (slope during the intervention=−122.18; P=.03). In study 2, for males, a similar pattern was observed, with a decrease in walking steps in the self-monitoring group (change in slope=−151.33; P=.08), but there was no decrease in the 2 social norm intervention groups. However, for females, gender-consistent social norm information decreased walking steps (slope during the intervention=−143.68; P=.03).ConclusionsBoth gender and group identity moderated the effect of social norm information on walking. Among females, social norm information showed no benefit for walking behavior and may have exerted a backfire effect. Among males, while walking behavior decreased with self-monitoring only, the inclusion of social norm information held the level of walking behavior steady.

Norms of the German Version of the Highly Sensitive Person Scale (HSPS-G) - Self-Assessment Scale on a German-Speaking Sample

The German version of the Highly Sensitive Person Scale (HSPS-G) is an instrument for the assessment of sensitivity. Validity of the scale was confirmed in prior research (Konrad & Herzberg, 2017). This paper provides norm values of the HSPS-G for German-speaking countries. To generate norms, data from 7458 participants (6251 female, 1207 male; age ranging: 14-80 years; mean=37.80; SD=11.75) were collected in an online assessment. Participants were German-speaking citizens of Germany, Austria, and Switzerland. Analysis of variance suggested systematic gender differences in the scores. Thus, gender-specific norms were created for the subscales and the total score of the HSPS-G. The resulting norm values comprising percentiles and T-values enable comparative interpretation of the results of the HSPS-G, enabling the assessment of inter- and intraindividual differences with respect to demographic variables.

Open-Source Personality Trait Norms for the United Kingdom and Ireland

Abstract. Most copyrighted personality inventories facilitate norm-referencing through illustrative tables, yet their application to the many fields relevant to personality measurement is constrained by the need for stakeholders to possess the requisite financial resources to access them. Using an IPIP-NEO-300 dataset from Johnson’s IPIP-NEO data repository, we created open-source norm tables for different age groups (14–17 years; 18–25 years; and 30+ years) within a combined standardization sample from the United Kingdom (UK) and Ireland ( N = 18,591). The newly created tables are freely available online ( https://osf.io/tbmh5 ), and there is no need to ask for permission to modify them. We provide general instructions that can be used to create open-source personality trait norms for other countries, settings, and age groups, as well as gender-specific norms. There is great potential for these norms to be used in various settings and their open-source freedoms may encourage future collaborations and investigations.

Beliefs About the Causes of Type 2 Diabetes Among First-Generation Asian Indians in the United States.

Asian Indians (AIs) have the highest prevalence rates (18.3%-29%) of diabetes in any minority group in the United States, yet little is known about their beliefs about what causes type 2 diabetes. The purpose of this study was to examine first generation AIs causal beliefs about type 2 diabetes. Interpretative phenomenology was used to interview 12 first-generation AI participants with type 2 diabetes to elicit causal beliefs of their disease. Interpretative and thematic analysis were completed. Beliefs about the causes of diabetes in AIs were influenced by a general familiarity with the disease, limited knowledge about causal and preventative factors of the disease, and gender specific roles and norms. Health programs that aim to incorporate AI's cultural and health beliefs about the causes of diabetes are warranted.

Relational Practice in Multilingual Peer Discourse: Talk as a Marker of Gender Identity

This paper examines relational practice in multilingual peer discourse to inspect the distinct identity patterns of the male and the female participants involved in gender dynamics. There is a growing impetus of discourse studies as an emerging area of sociolinguistic and ethno methodological research. In this paper, talk as a marker of gender identity is explored in the light of the theoretical framework suggested by Holmes (2006) who studies the different relational strategies of male and female interlocutors in workplace environment. In the current study, conversations of six male and female postgraduate students of English language at Sargodha University, Pakistan are recorded and transcribed to see how the participants create team as a relational practice using gender specific norms via talk. The study has found that the males create team through humor in discourse while females tilt towards small talk and frequent verbal gestures of approval. Moreover, masculinities and femininities of the peers are manifested in their style and function of the conversations. The study is significant because it is going to lay a foundation for the study and exploration of gender integrated conversations in multilingual context in Pakistani English and other varieties spoken in casual talk in Pakistan.

찾아가는 동주민센터 방문간호사의 감정노동경험

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to explore the emotional labor experiences of home visiting nurses in reaching-out community centers focusing on place and gender. Methods: Ten home visiting nurses in Seoul were recruited for the study. Data were collected through in-depth individual interviews. Results: First, the change of place is not simply a spatial change from the healthcare institution to the home. The spatial change affects the mission, or role, of the home visiting nurse, and there are also expectations and attitudes about home visiting nurses. During this kind of change, gender specific sociocultural norms and stereotypes affect the emotional labor of home visiting nurses. Second, gender is related to ignorance and violence faced by home visiting nurses. This type of experience increases the emotional labor of theses nurses. Partial amelioration of the working environment cannot solve this situation. Conclusion: This study suggests that institutional and sociocultural changes are needed, in order to transform the asymmetric inter-relationship between home visiting nurses and citizens into an equal inter-relationship.

Development of the Mandarin Nonsense Word Identification Test

Objective This study aimed to develop a digitised Mandarin Nonsense Word Speech Perception Test for use in Malaysia, a multilingual country in Southeast Asia. Design In Phase I, 400 vowel-consonant-vowel (VCV) nonsense word samples containing 20 Mandarin consonants in /a/, /i/, or /u/ contexts were recorded from two speakers of different genders. Acoustic analyses, sound quality ratings, and item validations were used to guide selection of items to form two gender-specific test lists. In Phase II, performance-intensity functions and test-retest reliability for the lists were established. Study sample Native Mandarin-speaking adults with normal hearing participated in Phase I (n = 10) and Phase II (n = 69). Results Eighty-four of the 400 VCV words were selected to form two gender-specific test lists. A two-way repeated measure ANOVA revealed a significant interaction effect between speaker-gender and presentation level [F (4.88, 283.20) = 22.79, p < 0.001, ηp 2= 0.28]. Intraclass correlation scores of 0.75 and 0.87 were obtained for the female-speaker and male-speaker lists respectively. Conclusions The preliminary normative data of the Mandarin nonsense word test have been developed. It is recommended to use separate gender-specific norms when conducting the test. The test has good validity and reliability for testing Mandarin-speaking adults in Malaysia.

German Norms of the Harvard Group Scale of Hypnotic Susceptibility, Form A (HGSHS:A) and Proposal of a 5-Item Short-Version (HGSHS-5:G)

ABSTRACT The Harvard Group Scale of Hypnotic Susceptibility, Form A (HGSHS:A), is commonly used to test hypnotizability. There is still some controversy about what exactly hypnotizability is and whether and how it can be measured, especially by the HGSHS:A. Furthermore, a wider clinical use is limited, requiring a testing time of more than 1 hour. We analyzed the German HGSHS:A version for its factorial structure, item contribution, and item difficulty based on test data from six studies, including 1276 persons, to propose a shorter version of the HGSHS:A. We hereby present a 5-item version of the HGSHS:A (HGSHS-5:G), consisting of the challenge items, that was compared with an 11-item version (highly variable posthypnotic amnesia omitted). Age- and gender-specific norms was generated. The HGSHS-5: G showed high validity, reliability, and classification agreement. It reduces test time to 30 minutes thus facilitating wider use of hypnotizability testing.

Masculinity of science: unveiling gendered challenges of female science teachers in Bangladesh

ABSTRACT Despite the existing gender stereotypes associated with science and masculinity, there are some female teachers in secondary co-educational schools in Bangladesh who are contesting this normative discourse by taking up a profession in the science field. This research is an attempt to make visible lived gendered experiences of female science teachers. Through the use of feminist theory, this research unveils married and unmarried female science teachers’ struggle with gender structures in schools, families and communities. This empirical study revealed that, in a classic patriarchal society, female science teachers face several challenges due to their socially prescribed gender-roles, symbolic representation, gender-specific norms and constraints in their institutions. This study contributes perspectives on how to overcome the fabricated myth of females’ intrinsic incompatibility with science.

Standard and multiple-frequency tympanometric norms in Chinese young and older adults

ABSTRACT The normative data of standard and multiple-frequency tympanometry should be established depending on gender, age, race and specific recording parameters. However, the lack of normative data of standard and multiple-frequency tympanometry was documented in Chinese older adults. Previous studies which conducted the normative data from Southern Chinese young adults may not represent the Chinese young and older adults in Taiwan. The purpose of this study is to establish the norms of standard and multiple-frequency tympanometry in Chinese young and older adults. The effects of age and gender are investigated for understanding the characteristics of normative data of tympanometry. A total of 100 young adults and 100 older adults with normal middle ear status were recruited from the community in Taiwan. The data of peak Ytm, Vea and TW were obtained by a 226 Hz probe tone. Multiple-frequency tympanometry was recorded by 226, 678 and 1000 Hz probe tones and categorized by the Vanhuyse model. The resonance frequency was obtained by the method of sweep-pressure. The two-way independent ANOVA was used separately to examine the effects of age and gender on each of the tympanometric measures. The effect of gender was found in Ytm, Vea and TW, while the effect of age was only found in Vea. Older adults have more complex patterns of multiple-frequency tympanometry and have significantly lower resonance frequency than young adults do. Results suggest that the middle ear system status changes with aging. The norms, especially gender-specific norms, are needed for Chinese older adults for interpretation.