Gender-specific Effects Research Articles

Economic hardship and intimate partner violence: An analysis of perpetrators in Germany

Objective: Based on the family stress model, we examine whether respondents are more likely to perpetrate physical IPV when experiencing economic hardship and pressure. Background: Research has demonstrated an association of intimate partner violence (IPV) and economic factors. However, as the bulk of studies is limited to the female victim’s perspective, the picture remains incomplete; factors driving gender-specific effects and perpetration rates have thus far been overlooked. Method: Using data from a large sample of individuals from the German Family Panel pairfam, which covers the period between 2009 and 2019, we employ pooled logistic regression models (n=6,661 individuals with 21,321 observations). Given the rich data source, we are able to control for a number of possible confounding effects. To correct for sample selection, we use calibrated design weights. Results: Our analyses show that IPV perpetration is associated with poverty and economic pressure among women, but not men. When accounting for confounding factors such as the Big 5 personality traits and childhood experiences, these associations become insignificant. For men, unemployment is linked to IPV perpetration, but only when personality traits and childhood experiences are not accounted for. Conclusion: Results imply that the association between adverse economic conditions and IPV perpetration is mainly due to unobserved heterogeneity. Thus, physical IPV perpetration is not primarily caused by the distress of financial strain, but rather by underlying factors such as personality traits and adverse childhood experiences, which are associated with both socioeconomic status, economic pressure, and aggressive behavior in intimate relationships.

Gender Differences in the Frequency of Positive and Negative Effects after Acute Caffeine Consumption

Gender-specific caffeine-related adverse effects should be thoroughly investigated. Sixty-five adult participants were included in the study, 30 men and 35 women (age, 22.5 ± 2.8; body weight, 71.7 ± 16.2 kg; BMI, 23.6 ± 4.4). The participants who were classified as low and moderate caffeine users received 3 mg/kg, and high caffeine users received 6 mg/kg of caffeine in one dose. One hour after ingestion of caffeine and within twenty-four hours, the participants completed a side effect questionnaire. Effects after the ingestion of CAF were divided into two subgroups: negative (muscle soreness, increased urine output, tachycardia and palpitations, anxiety or nervousness, headache, gastrointestinal problems, and insomnia) and positive (perception improvement; increased vigor/activeness). Caffeine ingestion resulted in a statistically significant association between gender and negative effects one hour after ingestion (p = 0.049). Gender and positive effects one hour after ingestion (p = 0.005), and between gender and positive effects within 24 h after ingestion (p = 0.047). There were significant associations between gender and perception improvement (p = 0.032) and gender and increased vigor/activeness (p = 0.009) one hour after ingestion. Nearly 30% of men and 54% of women reported negative effects. At the same time, 20% of women and more than 50% of men reported positive effects. Gender is an important factor in the negative and positive effects of caffeine consumption.

A comparison of perceived maternal love and parentification in children of single-mothers and two-parent families

Objectives: About 20 % of children in Germany grow up with a single mother - this is often associated with multiple strain for the mothers and may have adverse effects on the child-parent relationship. Methods: In two retrospective internet surveys (wave 1 born in 1960s, wave 2 born in 1990s) perceived maternal love and role reversal were assessed in children of single mothers and children grown up in two parent families. Results: In both waves high values of maternal love were reported. For children raised by single mothers, strong effects for age and occupational status were observed. Contrary to literature, no gender specific effects on role reversal were observed in this sample. Discussion: High occupational strain in a single mother was associated with less perceived love in the child.Multiple strain in singlemothers should findmore social and political attention. Regarding role reversal support should address daughters and sons similarly.

Career, Covid-19, and Care: (Gendered) Impacts of the Pandemic on the Work of Communication Scholars

The study at hand analyzes the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic and related restrictions on scholars in the area of media and communication studies. It aims to highlight inequalities in the negative effects of the pandemic on academic output by examining the working conditions of scholars, taking into account gender, parenthood, and the partnership-based division of professional and care work. The quantitative survey was directed at communication scholars in Germany, Austria, and Switzerland. The findings show that there are no significant gender differences in terms of changes in academic output during the first 15 months of the pandemic; instead, disadvantages were observed in terms of parenting, regardless of the gender of the parents. Gender-specific effects could be detected concerning family situations and partnerships. Here, male participants are more often found in relationships in which the partner only works half-time, than women who mostly live with a partner who works full-time. The data suggest that gender differences related to changes in the time allotted for professional and care work and academic output are leveled out by the characteristics of the academic career model in which German-speaking scholars work. Nevertheless, gendered structures in academia and partnerships shape how the impact of the pandemic on professional work is experienced.

Gender-specific emotional characteristics of crisis communication on social media: Case studies of two public health crises

Understanding the effects of gender-specific emotional responses on information sharing behaviors are of great importance for swift, clear, and accurate public health crisis communication, but remains underexplored. This study fills this gap by investigating gender-specific anxiety- and anger-related emotional responses and their effects on the virality of crisis information by creatively drawing on social role theory, integrated crisis communication modeling, and text mining. The theoretical model is tested using two datasets (Changsheng vaccine crisis with 2,423,074 textual data and COVID-19 pandemic with 893,930 textual data) collected from Weibo, a leading social media platform in China. Females express significantly high anxiety and anger levels (p value<0.001) during the Changsheng fake vaccine crisis, while express significantly higher levels of anxiety during COVID-19 than males (p value<0.001), but not anger (p value=0.13). Regression analysis suggests that the virality of crisis information is significantly strengthened when the level of anger in posts of males is high or the level of anxiety in posts of females is high for both crises. However, such gender-specific virality differences of anger/anxiety expressions are violated once females have large numbers of followers (influencers). Furthermore, the gender-specific emotional effects on crisis information are more significantly enhanced for male influencers than female influencers. This study contributes to the literature on gender-specific emotional characteristics of crisis communication on social media and provides implications for practice.

Gender-specific effect of outdoor temperature and seasonal variation on blood pressure components: a cross-sectional study on Iranian adults from 2015 to 2018.

Blood pressure (BP) is influenced by both individual and environmental factors such as ambient temperature. However, the gender-stratified and component-specific impact of temperature on BP is not well understood. Herein, we examined the temperature and seasonal effects on four main BP components, namely systolic BP (SBP), diastolic BP (DBP), mean arterial pressure (MAP), and pulse pressure (PP), in both genders. A total of 8990 (3954 men) Tehranian adults during 2015-2018 were included. Linear regression models for analyzing data in three models including unadjusted, age-adjusted, and further adjusted for known sociodemographic and cardiovascular confounders were conducted. Among women, each 10°C increment was associated with a significant decrease of - 0.48mmHg (95% confidence interval (CI): - 0.86, - 0.19) and - 0.65mmHg (- 0.76, - 0.41) in SBP and MAP, respectively. In men, the corresponding value for SBP was - 0.46 (- 0.82, - 0.16) mmHg (P = 0.058). Gender-specific analysis in each season showed that among women, PP increased in autumn and winter with each 10°C decrease (P < 0.05). The mean increase in SBP (3.4 and 2.06mmHg in women and men, respectively), DBP (1.66 and 1.19mmHg), and MAP (2.71 and 1.12mmHg) was observed during winter compared to summer (all P < 0.05). PP showed seasonality only in women (1.46mmHg, P-value = 0.003). In both genders, SBP in age > 60years was more susceptible to variation compared to younger ages. Furthermore, obese women had more SBP changes compared to their non-obese counterparts (all P for interaction < 0.05). In conclusion, there was a sex difference in BP response to the outdoor temperature, with higher vulnerability among women. The reverse relation between temperature and BP occurred particularly among elderly and obese individuals. Careful monitoring of BP in cold seasons, specifically in the mentioned subgroups, could potentially attenuate cardiovascular risks.

Rating gender stereotype violations: The effects of personality and politics

The Gender Stereotype Effect in language comprehension refers to the increased processing load that occurs when comprehenders encounter linguistic information that is incongruent with their understanding of gender stereotypes; for example, upon encountering the pronoun he in the sentence The maid answered the phone because he heard it ring. We investigate the Stereotype Effect using appropriateness and correctness ratings and ask whether it is modulated by individual differences in participants' personality and political ideology. Results from this study indicate that the Stereotype Effect can be replicated in an offline paradigm and that the Effect is specific to a discourse character's gender: sentences describing male agents fulfilling stereotypical female roles were rated lower in both appropriateness and correctness than sentences describing female agents fulfilling stereotypical male roles. Further, more open, conscientious, liberal, and empathetic individuals were more sensitive to the character gender-specific effect, rating stereotype incongruent sentences, particularly female role-male pronoun pairings, lower than congruent ones. Overall, these results point to certain individual differences being associated with differences in the strength of stereotype perception, indicating the possibility that these individuals use more top-down language processing, where comprehenders higher on these scales might be able to make more use of extra-linguistic, sociocultural factors in their language comprehension. Additionally, the results indicate a character gender-based difference in sociocultural stereotypes.

Gender-specific effects of COVID-19 lockdowns on scientific publishing productivity: Impact and resilience

RationaleThe SARS-CoV2 pandemic led to drastic social restrictions globally. Early data suggest that women in science have been more adversely affected by these lockdowns than men, with relatively fewer scientific articles authored by women. However, these observations test broad populations with many potential causes of disparity. Australia presents a natural experimental condition where several states of similar demographics and disease impact had differing approaches in their social isolation strategies. The state of Victoria experienced 280 days of lockdowns from 2020 to 2021, whereas the comparable state of New South Wales experienced 107 days, most of these in 2021, and other states even fewer restrictions. Objective and methodsTo assess how the gender balance changed in Australian biomedical publishing with the lockdowns, we created a custom workflow to analyse PubMed data from more than 120,000 published articles submitted in 2019–2021 from Australian authors. ResultsBroadly, Australian women have been incredibly resilient to the challenges faced by the lockdowns. There was an increase in the number of published articles submitted in 2020 that was equally due to women as men, including from Victoria. On the other hand, articles specifically addressing COVID-19 were significantly less likely to be authored by women than those on other topics, a finding not likely due to particular gender imbalance in virology or viral epidemiology, since publications on HIV followed similar patterns to previous years. By 2021, this imbalance had reversed, with more COVID-19-related papers authored by women than men. ConclusionsThese data suggest women from Victoria were less able to rapidly transition to new research early in the pandemic but had accommodated to the new conditions by 2021. This work indicates we need strategies to support women in science as the pandemic continues and to continue to monitor the situation for its impact on vulnerable groups.

Gender differential effect of college on political orientation over the last 40 years in the U.S.-A propensity score weighting approach.

It is well-known that the more educated people are, the more liberal views they tend to express. However, it is unclear whether this is due to college attendance itself or because those who go to college differ from those who do not in ways (directly or indirectly) related to their later political identification. In this paper, we therefore attempt to estimate the effect of college on political identification net of people's tendencies to select into college using an inverse probability of treatment weighting approach. Based on data from the General Social Survey, we analyze how this effect has changed over time and whether college affects the political identification of women in the same ways as that of men. We find evidence consistent with the argument that college attendance politicizes both men and women. Moreover, we show that not only the general, but also the gender specific effects change markedly across the decades. This raises questions about the different mechanisms at play in how college mobilizes men and women politically.

Caffeine and Team ball performances: A Mini-Review

Background: Caffeine is the most consumed psychoactive substance globally, second only to water in beverage consumption. Its impact on athletic performance, particularly in team sports, has been a subject of growing research interest. This review focuses on recent studies investigating caffeine's influence on various aspects of team ball sports performance. Objectives: This mini-review aimed to (i) synthesize current research findings on caffeine supplementation in team sports, considering different doses, forms, and its effects across genders and (ii) to highlight key considerations for optimal caffeine use in these sports. Methods: THIS mini-review examined recent studies on caffeine's effects in team ball sports, analyzing variables such as supplementation strategies, habitual consumption, gender, washout periods, individual responses, and supplement forms (capsules or powders). The focus is on studies that have used caffeine doses ranging from 3 to 6 mg·kg -1, administered 60 minutes before competition. Results: Findings suggest beneficial effects of caffeine ingestion (3 to 6 mg·kg-1) in enhancing technical and physical aspects of team ball sports. However, results vary based on factors like the supplementation strategy, individual caffeine consumption habits, and gender. Most research has focused on single-dose effects, revealing a lack of comprehensive, gender-specific guidelines for caffeine's optimal use in team sports. Conclusion: While caffeine supplementation shows promise in enhancing team sports performance, there is a need for more comprehensive research, especially regarding gender-specific effects and optimal consumption strategies. Current evidence points to the potential benefits of caffeine in morning competitions or training sessions but indicates possible detrimental effects in afternoon or evening settings. Further research is needed to develop robust guidelines for caffeine use in team sports, considering dosage, timing, form, and differential gender effects.

Age and Gender Specific Effect of Lip Form on Maxillary and Mandibular Incisal Display with Lips at Rest in Elderly Indian Population: A Cross-sectional Study

Introduction: Maxillary and mandibular incisal display at rest and smile is an integral part of dento-facial aesthetics. Its correlation with lip form and the effect of age and gender has not been studied in elderly Indian population. Dental photography has been given a great importance in prosthodontics and the study of various aesthetic parameters on digitalised photographs can act as additional diagnostic tool. Aim: To determine correlation between lip form and incisal display in elderly subjects and to determine age and gender related changes. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in the Department of Prosthodontics, Karnavati School of Dentistry, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India, from November 2020 to September 2021. The study sample comprised of digital photographs taken in natural head position of 324 elderly Indian subjects (180 males &amp;144 females) and they were divided into 4 age groups: Group I consisting of 157 subjects aged (31- 45 years), Group II consisting of 107 subjects aged (46-55 years), Group III consisting of 47 subjects aged (56-65 years) and Group IV consisting of 13 subjects aged &gt;65 years. The various parameters (lip form, maxillary and mandibular incisal display) were then analysed using Image J (Fiji app) image analysis software. The statistical analysis was done using Pearson correlation (significant when p&lt;0.05), scatter plot, and Independent t-test (significant when p&lt;0.05) and one-way Analysis Of Variance (ANOVA) post-hoc Tukey-Kramer test to compare the parameters of different groups. Results: The results of this study showed that there is a significant correlation between lip form and maxillary &amp; mandibular incisal display at rest (r=0.388, p=0.001). Females have more incisal display for a particular type of lip form as compared to male subjects. A statistically significant difference was found in maxillary incisal display and lip form between male and female groups (T=-5.934, p-value=0.001 and T=-2.367, p-value=0.019 respectively) but no statistically significant difference was found in mandibular incisor display between male and female groups (T=1.832, p-value=0.068). Hence, females above 30 years of age had more maxillary incisal display as compared to males but almost same mandibular incisal display. Also, straight lip form was more common among elderly male subjects (63.6% as compared to females 36.4%) but females had moderate lip form most commonly (52.1% as compared to males 47.9%). High lip form was reported equally in both male and female subjects with 50% in each group. Conclusion: It has been concluded from the study that for a particular type of lip form (either straight, moderate or high), females have more average incisal displays as compared to males. A strong correlation exists between lip form and incisal display in elderly Indian population. Hence, lip form can be used as a definitive parameter to determine Incisal displays in prosthetic rehabilitation to get optimum aesthetic outcomes.

Gender differentiated impacts of climate change on agriculture in Nepal: A review

Gender disparities\&amp;apos; sensitivity to climate change impacts in agriculture is a major source of concern. This review investigates the gender-specific effects of climate change on the agricultural sector. The study is based on a meticulous review of over sixty-seven published reports, documents, articles, and presentations by the Government of Nepal (GoN) and numerous international organizations active in the domains of gender, climate change, and agriculture. We also examine the experiences of men and women regarding the impacts of climate change on agriculture in Nepal, encompassing their respective roles, duties, and vulnerabilities. This study actively contributes to the ongoing international discourse on gender and climate change. The literature review reveals that while climate change affects both men and women, it disproportionately increases the workload for women due to their limited access to reliable weather prediction information, crop and livelihood diversification alternatives, and decision-making authority. Incorporating gender considerations into initiatives for climate change adaptation and mitigation can result in enhanced and enduring solutions. This study concludes that climate change impacts have the potential to exacerbate existing gender inequalities and recommends the adoption of gender-responsive approaches when addressing climate change challenges.

Gender-Specific Significance of Peer Abuse during Childhood and Adolescence on Physical and Mental Health in Adulthood—Results from a Cross-Sectional Study in a Sample of Hospital Patients

Peer abuse (PA) is a widespread and gender-sensitive form of Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs). However, research on its influence on physical and mental health in adulthood remains scarce. The aim of this study was to investigate gender-specific associations between PA and physical and mental health in adulthood in a sample of general hospital patients. A cross-sectional study at the University Hospital of Innsbruck was conducted. Data on ACEs, physical and mental health were collected using self-report questionnaires. We compared patients with no ACEs, PA only, ACEs without PA, and ACEs with PA using gender-specific binary logistic regressions to investigate the association of PA with physical and mental health. A total of 2,392 patients were included in the analyses. Women reported more emotional PA (13.1% vs. 9.4%; p = 0.006), while men reported more physical PA (8.3% vs. 5.2%; p = 0.003). PA was associated with a higher likelihood for depression (OR = 2.6), somatization (OR = 2.1), as well as worse physical health (OR = 2.1) in women but not in men. This study is the first to present data on the gender-specific detrimental effect of PA on physical and mental health in adulthood. Especially for women, PA poses a significant health risk. Thus, we should be aware of these effects and offer adequate support for affected individuals.

Impact of pregnancy-related anxiety on preschoolers' emotional and behavioral development: Gender specificity, critical time windows and cumulative effect

BackgroundStudies on the gender-specific effect of PrA on children's emotional and behavioral development are limited. Lack of PrA data on the entire pregnancy had caused difficulties in identifying the key time window and cumulative effects. MethodsBased on Ma'anshan Birth Cohort in China, mothers at pregnancy and children followed up to 4 years of age were tested using the PrA questionnaire and the Achenbach Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) 1.5–5. Finally, 1699 mother-child pairs were included in the study and regression models were developed for analysis. ResultsChildren of mothers with PrA are at significantly elevated risk for abnormal mood/behavior at preschool age. Girls seemed to be more sensitive to maternal PrA than boys, mainly manifested in internalizing problems; The third trimester of pregnancy might be a critical time window when maternal PrA affected children's internalizing problems; Longer the duration women had PrA during pregnancy, more possibilities their children would have to develop internalizing and externalizing problems. LimitationsThe PrA questionnaire may be different from PrA questionnaires in other countries such as due to different cultural contexts. Findings need to be interpreted with more caution. Factors such as maternal postpartum depression and care practices of nursing staff were not considered. No data were collected on disease as well as caregiver emotional status, which also impacts the reporting and identification of emotional/behavioral problems in children. ConclusionsGender-specific and cumulative effect of PrA on preschoolers' emotional/behavioral development is observed. The third trimester of pregnancy might be the critical time window.

Gender-Specific Effects of 8-Week Multi-Modal Strength and Flexibility Training on Hamstring Flexibility and Strength.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of multi-modal strength training or flexibility training on hamstring flexibility and strength in young males and females. A total of 20 male and 20 female college students (aged 18-24 years) participated in this study and were randomly assigned to either a multi-modal flexibility intervention group or strength intervention group. Passive straight leg raise and isokinetic strength test were performed before and after the intervention to determine flexibility and strength of the participants. Multivariate repeated-measure ANOVA was used to determine the effect of training group and gender on hamstring strength and flexibility. Both male and female participants in the strength intervention group significantly increased peak torque, relative peak torque, and flexibility (all p ≤ 0.029). Both male and female participants in the flexibility intervention group significantly increased flexibility (both p ≤ 0.001). Female participants in the flexibility intervention group significantly increased peak torque and relative peak torque (both p ≤ 0.023). However, no change was seen in peak torque and relative peak torque of male participants in the flexibility intervention group (p ≥ 0.676). An 8-week strength training program involving various training components can increase flexibility in both males and females, although the flexibility of male participants only increased slightly. While hamstring flexibility training protocol consisted of different types of stretching improved both flexibility and strength in female participants, male participants increased only flexibility but not strength, indicating such effects were gender-specific. For subjects with relatively low strength (e.g., older adults, sedentary women, postoperative rehabilitation population, etc.), strength training alone or flexibility training alone may increase both strength and flexibility.

Gender-Specific Effect of Couple-Based Intervention on Behavioral and Psychological Outcomes of Older Adults with Type 2 Diabetes during the COVID-19 Partial Lockdown in Guangzhou, China.

This study aimed to evaluate the gender-specific effect of a couple-based intervention on the management behaviors and mental well-being of community-dwelling older adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus during the COVID-19 partial lockdown in Guangzhou. Out of 207 participants involved in a prior randomized controlled trial (Trial no. ChiCTR1900027137), 156 (75%) completed the COVID-19 survey. Gendered differences in management behaviors and depressive symptoms between the couple-based intervention group and the patient-only control group were compared by distance to the high-risk areas cross-sectionally and longitudinally using random intercept models. Cross-sectionally, female patients of the intervention group had more positive behavior change scores (β = 1.53, p = 0.002) and fewer depressive symptoms (β = -1.34, p = 0.02) than the control group. Over time, female patients lived closer to the high-risk areas (&lt;5 km) and showed decreasing depressive symptoms (β = -4.48, p = 0.008) in the intervention group vs. the control group. No statistically significant between-group difference was found for males. Females tended to benefit more from the coupled-based intervention than males did, particularly among these closer to the high-risk areas. Chronic disease management can be better sustained with active spousal engagement.

Prenatal Exposure of Organophosphate Esters and Its Trimester-Specific and Gender-Specific Effects on Fetal Growth.

The toxicity of organophosphate esters (OPEs) on embryonic development is well noted in animal experiments, but epidemiological studies are still lacking. This study evaluated the prenatal exposure of OPEs and its trimester-specific and gender-specific effects on fetal growth. The correlations between OPE exposure and fetal growth were investigated by linear mixed-effect models and multivariable linear regression analyses. Prenatal exposure to tributyl phosphate (TBP) was negatively associated with a z-score of fetal abdominal circumference (AC), biparietal diameter (BPD), femur length (FL), and head circumference (HC). In the second trimester, the serum concentration of TBP was inversely related to the z-score of AC, BPD, and HC. In the third trimester, serum concentration of TBP was inversely related to AC, BPD, and FL z-scores. Prenatal exposure to tri-m-cresyl phosphate (TMCP) was inversely related to the z-score of AC, BPD, and HC. In the second trimester, TMCP was negatively correlated with AC, BPD, FL, and HC z-scores. After stratification by gender, male fetuses were more sensitive to OPE exposure. The above results remained robust after excluding pregnant women who gave preterm birth or those with low or high pre-pregnancy BMI. Our findings suggested that health effects of typical OPEs, particularly TBP and TMCP, should be taken into consideration in future works.

Family Functioning, Emotion Socialization, and Children’s Social Competence: Gender-Specific Effects in Chinese Families

Family Functioning, Emotion Socialization, and Children’s Social Competence: Gender-Specific Effects in Chinese Families

Overall and Gender-Specific Effects of Intermittent Preventive Treatment of Malaria with Artemisinin-Based Combination Therapies among Schoolchildren in Mali: A Three-Group Open Label Randomized Controlled Trial.

Intermittent preventive treatment of malaria among schoolchildren (IPTsc) reduces clinical malaria, asymptomatic parasitemia, and anemia. The effects of IPTsc by gender have not been studied longitudinally. We investigated overall IPTsc efficacy and conducted a secondary analysis to explore gender-specific differences. We enrolled schoolchildren aged 6-13 years in an open-label, rolling-cohort randomized controlled trial between September 2007 and February 2013 in Kolle, Mali. Annually, schoolchildren received two full-treatment courses of sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine (SP) plus artesunate, or amodiaquine (AQ) plus artesunate, or no malaria treatment as control. We used mixed-effects generalized linear models to estimate differences in treatment outcomes across groups with interaction terms to explore gender-specific differences associated with Plasmodium falciparum infection, hemoglobin, and grade point averages (GPA) based on standardized testing. Overall, 305 students contributed 4,564 observations. Compared with the control, SP plus artesunate and AQ plus artesunate reduced the odds of P. falciparum infection (odds ratio [OR]: 0.33, 95% CI: 0.26-0.43; OR: 0.46, 95% CI: 0.36-0.59). We found strong evidence of increased mean hemoglobin concentrations (g/dL) in the SP plus artesunate group versus control (difference +0.37, 95% CI: 0.13-0.58). Collectively, schoolchildren given AQ plus artesunate had higher mean GPA (difference +0.36, 95% CI: 0.02-0.69) relative to control. Schoolgirls, compared with schoolboys, given SP plus artesunate had greater improvement in GPA (+0.50, 95% CI: -0.02 to 1.02 versus -0.27, 95% CI: -0.71 to 0.16); interaction P = 0.048, respectively. The IPTsc decreases P. falciparum infections in schoolchildren. Treatment regimens that include longer-acting drugs may be more effective at decreasing malaria-related anemia and improving educational outcomes as observed among girls in this setting.

Effects of exposure to mother's and father's alcohol use on young children's normative perceptions of alcohol.

While consumption of alcohol does not often begin until early adolescence, young children are highly capable of internalizing normative information through observational learning. We used a longitudinal multiple-informant family study to examine the impact of exposureto mothers' and fathers' drinking onyoung children's normative perceptions of who drinks alcohol. Three hundred twenty-nine children (4 to 6 years old at baseline [Mage 4.78 (SD=0.725)], 51% girls) completed the Dutch electronic appropriate beverage task [eABT] where they attributed alcoholic beverages to a variety of persons depicted in an illustrated scenario. Their parents completed an online survey that included information on alcohol use and exposure. Children more frequently exposed to their mothers' drinking provided females shown in the eABT illustrations with alcohol significantly more often than children less frequently exposed to mothers' drinking. There was no effect of mother's exposure on providing males in the eABT with alcoholic beverages. Similarly, children more frequently exposed to their fathers' drinking provided fatherswith alcoholic beverages significantly more often than children less frequently exposed to their fathers' drinking. There was no effect of father's exposure on providing the females with alcoholic beverages,nor was there an effect of father's exposure on providing "other males" with alcohol. These patterns held after adjusting for age and sex. This study demonstrates that there are gender-specific effects of exposure to parents' (particularly mothers') drinking on young children's perceptions of person-specific drinking norms. The findings provide unique evidencein a young population groupofeffectson an understudied dimension of alcohol-related perceptions with implications for future drinking behavior.