Gender Shift Research Articles

Minority Stress or Gender Shift? Testing the Effect of Sexual Orientation on Psychological Distress Among Hong Kong Adolescents

Minority Stress or Gender Shift? Testing the Effect of Sexual Orientation on Psychological Distress Among Hong Kong Adolescents

Public Perception of the Higher Education System under the Regime of the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan

A modern, free, and dynamic higher education system is the basic and critical element of successful nation, and it can contribute to the progress and development of a country. Under both regimes of the Islamic Emirates of Afghanistan, the higher education system has undergone significant changes to align with the government’s interpretation of Islamic principles. This study is important to understand how Afghan society views the changes and policies implemented in the education sector under the current regime. The research study aims to evaluate public sentiment regarding access, quality, and inclusivity of higher education, particularly in relation to gender, curriculum changes, and ideological shifts. This paper focuses on the Taliban’s higher education system and investigates public responses to educational policies. This paper will offer recommendations to all stakeholders involved in the Afghan higher education system, aimed at improving its management and development during this crucial period. This work employs non-doctrinal and library research methodology. Non-doctrinal research examines how laws are applied and experienced in practice by collecting data through surveys, interviews, field studies, and observations. In this research study, data was collected through a questionnaire and then analyzed through SPSS. Moreover, in the library research methodology, most of the reputable and trustworthy academic sources such as textbooks, scholarly published and unpublished journal articles, law reports, and online websites related to the research area were analyzed through descriptive, explanatory, and analytical research approaches. The Afghan higher education system, established in the 1930s, has faced continuous political pressures, especially during periods of conflict like the Soviet invasion and civil war from the 1980s to 1990s. Women face major limitations in higher education, including restrictions on fields of study and exclusion from faculty positions, raising concerns about gender equality and access to education.

A comprehensive national survey on malocclusion prevalence among Palestinian children

BackgroundThis study aims to evaluate the prevalence of malocclusion and orthodontic features among schoolchildren in the West Bank, Palestine.MethodsA stratified cluster sample of 1278 schoolchildren (620 males, 658 females, mean age 12 years and 5 months (± 0.5)) were examined. Candidates who had not received any previous orthodontic treatment were only included. Dental anomalies like missing and ectopic teeth were recorded. The anteroposterior occlusal relationship was assessed based on Angle classification. Overjet and overbite were measured. Crowding and spacing were recorded subjectively. In addition, crossbite, openbite, and midline displacement were recorded. The chi-square test and descriptive analysis were used statistically.ResultsThe study found Angle Class I molar relationship in 65%, Class II div 1 in 17%, Class II div 2 in 6%, and Class III in 12% of the sample. An overjet (OJ) of more than 4 mm was present in 17%, and 4% had OJ of more than 6 mm; an OJ of at least 0 mm or less in 36%, and 6% had a reverse OJ. A normal overbite was observed in 53%, while 28% had an increase and 19% had a decreased overbite. An anterior openbite (AOB) was present in 9%, and a scissor bite or anterior crossbite in 6% and 14%, respectively. A posterior crossbite was observed in 12% (9% unilateral and 3% bilateral). Midline displacement was found in (9%). Crowding was observed in 35% and 31% and spacing in 24% and 15% of the maxillary and mandibular arches, respectively. A statistically significant relationship between gender and midline shift, a diastema, spacing in the upper arch, and most dental anomalies was found; males were more affected (p < 0.05).ConclusionThis study reported a high prevalence of malocclusion among schoolchildren in Palestine. A collaborative effort should be directed to obtain more monitoring and surveillance of malocclusion more frequently to prevent and control the exacerbation of the problem.

Female CHRO appointments: A crack in the glass ceiling?

Executive succession in conjunction with a gender shift is a key factor for enhancing gender diversity in senior management positions. Although an extensive strategic leadership literature has examined CEO turnover and succession, research is lacking on the succession of top management team (TMT) members or non-CEO executives at the individual level. By focusing on a specific executive position—the chief human resources officer (CHRO)—this study examines how executive succession in conjunction with a gender shift occurs. Although women are underrepresented in TMTs, we observe an increase in the number of women appointed to the role of CHRO. By utilizing social role and social categorization theories, we describe the dynamics of the gender shift in the CHRO position. We find that CHRO succession with a gender shift is not prevalent and that male-to-male or female-to-female successions are more common. However, our results suggest that CEOs’ board positions in a firm with a female CHRO and the industry-level diffusion of female CHROs tend to be negatively associated with male-to-male CHRO successions. Our results highlight how such factors may mitigate the effect of social role perceptions.

The Occurrence of Anxiety, Depression, and Distress among Professionals Working in Emergency Care.

Maintaining mental health is essential for professions with higher stress levels and challenging environments, including emergency specializations. In this study, the occurrence of distress, anxiety, and depression among a group of ambulance and hospital emergency care professionals was assessed (n = 202). A cross-sectional, quantitative, descriptive online survey was conducted, including the internationally validated Beck depression inventory (BDI), the perceived stress scale (PSS-14), and the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI). Statistical analyses involved descriptive statistics, the χ2-test, Mann-Whitney U test, Kruskal-Wallis test, Dunn-Bonferroni test, logistic regression (LR), Cramer coefficient (Cramer's V), Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, and Spearman's rank correlation coefficient (rs). Based on the results, female professionals are more likely to have depressive symptoms (OR = 2.6, 95% CI = 1.3-5.1), perceived stress (OR = 1.2, 95% CI = 1.2-4.1), and anxiety (OR = 2.1, 95% CI = 1.0-4.1) than male professionals. Perceived stress levels decreased proportionally with increasing years spent working in healthcare (OR = 7.4, 95% CI = 7.1-8.3). Extended work shifts of 12 or 24 h increase the risk of perceived stress and anxiety in emergency care workers (p = 0.02). Customized stress management interventions are needed to mitigate the amplified mental strain associated with gender, working years, and longer shifts in the emergency care sector to sustain their mental health and well-being.

Gender, flexibility and workforce in the NHS: A qualitative study.

Data from the General Medical Council show that the number of female doctors registered to practise in the UK continues to grow at a faster rate than the number of male doctors. Our research critically discusses the impact of this gender-based shift, considering how models of medical training are still ill-suited to supporting equity and inclusivity within the workforce, with particular impacts for women despite this gender shift. Drawing on data from our research project Mapping underdoctored areas: the impact of medical training pathways on NHS workforce distribution and health inequalities, this paper explores the experiences of doctors working in the NHS, considering how policies around workforce and beyond have impacted people's willingness and ability to continue in their chosen career path. There is clear evidence that women are underrepresented in some specialties such as surgery, and at different career stages including in senior leadership roles, and our research focuses on the structural factors that contribute to reinforcing these under-representations. Medical education and training are known to be formative points in doctors' lives, with long-lasting impacts for NHS service provision. By understanding in detail how these pathways inadvertently shape where doctors live and work, we will be able to consider how best to change existing systems to provide patients with timely and appropriate access to healthcare. We take a cross-disciplinary theoretical approach, bringing historical, spatiotemporal and sociological insights to healthcare problems. Here, we draw on our first 50 interviews with practising doctors employed in the NHS in areas that struggle to recruit and retain doctors, and explore the gendered nature of career biographies. We also pay attention to the ways in which doctors carve their own career pathways out of, or despite of, personal and professional disruptions.

#60 : Is the Imbalance of Gender Ratio (GR) in IVF/ICSI Cycles Being Affected by the Current Blastocyst Selection Criteria?

Background and Aims: Studies have reported a GR skewed towards male offspring in the assisted reproductive technology (ART) field due to the current blastocyst selection criteria. Male blastocysts have been observed to develop faster and with better grading than female blastocysts. Thus, more male blastocysts are chosen for being transferred. However, the underlying mechanism to cause the GR shift is still controversial. This study is aimed to investigate the preconception factors which may affect gender distribution. Method: In this single-centered retrospective cohort study from 2020 to 2022, a total of 1100 (Day 5: 439, Day 6: 661) blastocysts were biopsied. Blastocyst gender and chromosomal abnormalities were identified using next-generation sequencing-based pre-implantation genetic testing for aneuploidy. Blastocysts were categorized into: euploid, mosaic (25-80% mosaicism) and aneuploid. Pearson chi-square test was performed to analyze the GR and ploidy status between the genders. Results: Overall, the gender distribution skewed significantly towards female (54% vs 46%, p&lt;0.05). However, male blastocysts possessed higher euploid rate than female blastocysts (39% vs 33%, p&lt;0.05). No significant difference was shown in mosaic and aneuploidy rate between males and females (33% vs 36%, 28% vs 31%, p&gt;0.05). Furthermore, the male-to-female ratio was not significant between day 5 and 6 blastocysts (1:1.23 vs 1:1.74, p&gt;0.05), indicating a similar developmental speed between the genders. Conclusion: Among all the blastocysts analyzed, the GR is biased towards females, but higher euploid rate was observed in male than female blastocysts. Therefore, our results indicate that the imbalanced GR in favor of male offspring using ART may be correlated to the chromosomal issue, rather than blastocyst selection criteria. However, studies on intrapartum factors are necessary to further investigate the underlying mechanism to cause gender shift in ART.

What’s identity got to do with it? The social life of sexual identity in the Netherlands

Same-sex erotic desire, or same-sex orientation, has become commonly understood and expressed through the notion of sexual identity. This article takes an intergenerational perspective to study the genealogy of sexual identity in the Netherlands. The authors explore how queer people perceive their feelings of same-sex desire and whether or not they come to understand their erotic desire in terms of sexual classifications. Their research shows that when discourses on gender and sexuality shift, the way people make sense of their erotic desire takes different forms. It appears that people’s lived reality is messier than the notion of sexual identity presumes.

Clocks, Mirrors, Plants: Processes of Gender Shifts Among Adults During COVID-19

The COVID-19 pandemic created social disruptions and catalyzed gender shifts for some individuals. The Gender Identity Development Framework describes the domains of gender and processes by which individuals develop their gender identity. We examine this framework’s elements among adults in North Carolina who reported gender identity changes during the pandemic. We conducted 25 photo-elicitation interviews in which interviews were prompted by participants’ photographs. Using content and thematic analyses, our team analyzed both photos and interviews. We found media, self-reflection, and feedback to be major elements of navigating one’s gender identity shifts that were affected by the pandemic. More pandemic-specific components included the prevalence of Zoom and remote work, more time to oneself, and masks. Our research highlights key themes and elements of gender identity development during the pandemic.

Global trends in the incidence and mortality of pancreatic cancer based on geographic location, socioeconomic status, and demographic shift.

Pancreatic cancer (PC) is a lethal malignancy with a significantly rising rate of incidence and mortality. This study aims to describe the influence of geography, socioeconomic development (based on the Human Development Index [HDI]), gender, and demographic shift on the temporal trends in the global burden of PC. Data (2020-2040) relating to the incidence, mortality of PC, and demographic shifts based on continents and HDI areas were extracted from GLOBOCAN 2020. PC was associated with a higher socioeconomic status. Asia contributed to the majority of the burden, led by China. Advanced age (≥65 years) contributed to the majority of the burden in all socioeconomic regions except in Medium HDI and Low HDI countries, where the younger population (<65 years) contributed more. Females contributed to a higher burden in certain countries. Future trends for 2040 showed a >60% increase in the incidence and mortality of PC with an associated demographic shift. The global burden of PC is expected to rise significantly over the next few decades regardless of geography, socioeconomic development, age, and gender. Advance knowledge of this data can help to formulate strategies and public health policies to specifically target countries and populations at risk.

Using megatrends as a navigation tool for the future library

The author first discusses the informative value of forecasts and then focuses on12 so-called megatrends developed by the German Zukunftsinstitut in Frankfurt/Main (“Future Institute”), which claim long-term informative value for themselves: Knowledge Culture, Connectivity, Neo-Ecology, Urbanization, Mobility, Globalization, New Work, Individualization, Silver Society, Health, Security and Gender Shift are presented with their various facets and the respective relevance for libraries is discussed in bullet points. In addition, the 20 topics of the IFLA Trend Report 2021, updates are assigned to the respective megatrends to round them off. The original version of this article appeared in issue 25 (2022) No. 6 of the German library journal b. i. t. online.

Gender and other factors influencing the specialty choice among postgraduate medical students in Bangladesh, 2016-2020

Background: Over the last two decades, there has been a gender shift in undergraduate medical education in Bangladesh with different influencing factors in specialty choice as a career. We aimed to determine the gender and other influencing factors in specialty choice among post-graduate medical students of Bangladesh. Methods: This cross-sectional study was carried out at Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University (BSMMU), Dhaka. Secondary data regarding students’ enrollment from 2016 to 2020 were acquired from the registry of the Information Technology Cell of BSMMU. Face-to-face interviews were conducted with 118 postgraduate medical students to learn about the motivation behind their specialty selections. Results: From 2016 to 2020, 9,112 postgraduate medical students were enrolled in 73 post-graduate medical programmes across the five faculties (Surgery, Medicine, Basic Science and Para Clinical Science, Pediatrics, and Preventive and Social Medicine) of BSMMU. There was a gradual increase in female students from 41.6% in 2016 to 49.3% in 2020. Male dominancy was found in the faculties of Surgery (61.2%) and Medicine (69.7%), whereas the faculties of Basic Science and Paraclinical Science (74.6%), Pediatrics (53.7%), and Preventive and Social Medicine (66.9%) were dominated by female students. Significant differences in the sex distribution among postgraduate medical students were observed in the faculties of Surgery and Pediatrics. The most frequently mentioned influencing factors for medical students' choice of specialization were 'personal interest' (86.3%), followed by 'future career potential' (74.6%) and 'demand for the specialty' (73.7%). Significant gender variations in these influencing factors existed. Conclusion: Over the years, the percentage of female postgraduate medical students has increased in all five faculties of BSMMU. Gender differences in specialty choice can assist policymakers in making equitable distributions of the healthcare workforce. Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University Journal 2023;16(3): 152-159

Ways to Neutralize Gender Attribution of Phraseological Units (Based on Media Texts)

The article is devoted to the analysis of cases of neutralization of gender attribution of phraseological units in their live use in modern media speech. Russian Russian phraseology The aim of the work is to study the dynamics of ideas about the masculine and feminine gender in Russian phraseology based on the identification of forms of neutralization of gender attribution, their classification and analysis of the noted transformations when using stable combinations in newspaper texts of the National Corpus of the Russian language. The following research methods are used in the work: continuous sampling method, observation of language material, lexicographic, lexico-semantic and contextual analysis, classification, analysis, generalization. Three ways of neutralization of gender attribution of phraseological units are considered: neutralization of gender at the level of dictionary definitions (indication of kinship with a person as a whole, without gender differentiation: Ivan, who does not remember kinship), neutralization at the grammatical level (compatibility with the object of the opposite grammatical gender: sleeping beauty), the use of phraseological turnover in relation to the person of the opposite pola (free Cossack). It is shown that, despite the strength of gender stereotypes in the linguistic consciousness, they are not frozen: gender representations change in the process of social development, which is expressed in the transformation of semantics and the compatibility of gender-marked phraseological units, rethinking their one-line connection with masculinity / femininity.The identification of ways to neutralize the gender attribution of phraseological units contributes to the study of gender manifestations in phraseology. The description of modern phraseological usage is important from the point of view of ascertaining the constancy in the linguistic consciousness of established gender stereotypes and shifts in their perception, as well as the accumulation of data on the mechanisms of functioning of idiomatics and the development of phraseological meaning.

Race and Gender Shift among Academic Glaucoma Specialists in the Last 5 Decades.

To evaluate the demographic composition of academic glaucoma specialists currently practicing in the United States. Retrospective and observational study. Academic glaucoma specialists identified from ophthalmology residency programs listed on the Doximity database. The American Board of Ophthalmology (ABO) membership directory, Doximity database, publicly available data, and direct communications were used to identify academic glaucoma specialists and their demographics. Information collected included-name, gender, race/ethnicity, geographic location, board certification date, academic affiliation, and academic rank. Ophthalmic age was defined as the number of years since ophthalmology board certification. Underrepresented minority (URM) groups were defined as Hispanics, Black or African Americans, Latinos, American Indians, or Alaskan Natives as defined by San Francisco match. In addition, the temporal, geographic, and academic rank distributions among females and URMs were explored. Women and URMs representations among academic glaucoma specialists across academic ranks, geographic regions, as well as ophthalmic age. There were 457 active academic glaucoma specialists identified from 110 institutions in 38 states. Among them, 185 (40.5%) were women and 42 (9.2%) were URM. The proportion of women glaucoma specialists in academia had increased significantly with a rate of 1.049 in odds ratio (OR) per year (p < 0.001). However, there were no significant changes in the proportion of URMs over time. The earliest year of certification was 1,964 for males and 1,974 for females. When controlled for ophthalmic age, there were no significant differences in the distribution of women or URMs between the different academic ranks (p = 0.572 and p = 0.762, respectively). Among assistant professors, women had a significantly higher ophthalmic age compared to men (p < 0.001), but there was no significant difference in ophthalmic age in both the associate and full professor groups. There were no significant differences in the geographic distribution of gender (p = 0.516) and URM across United States regions (p = 0.238). The proportion of women among academic glaucoma specialists has significantly increased over the past 5 decades; however, the proportion of URMs has been stagnant in the same period. Enhancing URM representation among academic glaucoma specialists deserves to be a future priority. Afzali K, Fujimoto DK, Mohammadi SO, et al. Race and Gender Shift among Academic Glaucoma Specialists in the Last 5 Decades. J Curr Glaucoma Pract 2023;17(2):98-103.

The Trend of the Burden of Allergic Rhinitis Pre- and Post-COVID-19 Pandemic in the Urban Population of Perak, Malaysia.

This study aims to determine the trend of allergic rhinitis (AR) prevalence in a tertiary hospital between 2017 and 2022, and to compare its prevalence pre- and post-COVID-19 pandemic. This was a cross-sectional study involving the extraction of all Malaysian patients' medical records who were diagnosed with AR and attended the otorhinolaryngology outpatient clinic of a government-funded tertiary hospital in Malaysia between 2017 and 2022. 3,744 cases out of the 57,968 first-encounter outpatient visits to the otorhinolaryngology clinic were extracted for analysis. Overall, the prevalence of AR cases ranged from 1.83 to 9.23% between 2017 and 2022. There was a significant drop of 21.38 to 70.22% between the pre- and post-COVID-19 pandemic (p < 0.001). Males (0.34 to 1.60%) were more prevalent in the 6 to 18 year old than females (0.09 to 1.23%). The trend shifted with age, whereby females (0.50 to 2.45%) experienced a higher prevalence than males (0.21 to 1.77%) as they aged from 19 to 59. The Malay (1.01 to 4.59%) demonstrated a two-time higher prevalence than the Chinese (0.30 to 2.01%) and Indian (0.40 to 2.14%) ethnicities. After stratifying by gender and ethnicity, Indian women (0.17 to 1.09%) had a higher rate of AR than their Chinese counterparts (0.12 to 0.99%) across all years. The AR prevalence consistently ranged from 8.14 to 9.23% pre-pandemic. A remarkable drop was observed post-pandemic, ranging from 1.83 to 6.40%. A gender shift from male to female predominance as age progressed. The Malay had the highest prevalence of AR.

Everyday movements and massive socio-cultural shifts in Iran

This article investigates the grounds for forming the ‘women, life, freedom’ movement in Iran, which has spread throughout the country since September 2022. In this article, relying on statistical data and social research, five significant shifts that Iranian society has experienced in the last few decades have been discussed. Each crucial component, such as Age, Generational, Gender, Population, and Reference Group shifts, demonstrates a part of the grounds of the late movement in the networked society framework. The article tries to better understand the 2022 social movement by combining and interrelating the five mentioned components.

Role of Remittance in Gender Transformation- A Study of Women Labor Migration in Pokhara Metropolitan City

The power, authority, and empowerment attained with the aid of economic capitals not only aids in the transformation of gender roles, but social and cultural capital also facilitates various facets of life, including: the standard of education, the types of employment involvement, the level of awareness, the types of family living, and the modes of interaction. As a result, both benefits and drawbacks can be found in the daily lives of both migrants and non-migrants due to the growing trend of female labor migration. In a traditionally patriarchal nation like Nepal, the migration of women for labor raises moral concerns about their moral decency as they struggle to reintegrate into their families and communities. The gender shift in the slum community of Pokhara Metropolitan City, Nepal, is the main emphasis of this paper's examination of the various features of remittances and ways through which they are transferred. Particular focus is placed on the conversion of economic capital into social and cultural capital as well as the function of proxy managers in managing household duties and remittances. Data from both secondary literature and original sources are used to support the arguments made here. The data came from 199 households of women migrants' families who had moved away at least three years prior to the survey, which was conducted between March and July 2022. The data collecting and analysis techniques used were both quantitative and qualitative. The numerous facets of remittances are examined in this paper. The findings explain the diverse forms of capital accumulation and how women gain more influence in various spheres of social life. The study also offers a more nuanced view of how women are becoming more involved in household decision-making as a result of economic empowerment and how to address forthcoming socio-cultural barriers that prevent their engagement in public sphere.

Dualism in Fiction: A Comparative Analysis of Peyami Safa and D. H. Lawrence

Although men have been accepted as the superior and dominant force in many patrirachal societies, due to the changes after the wars and the Industrial Revolution in the western culture, gender roles shifted as women began to participate in public spheres for labor force. Moreover, with the emergence of the ‘New Woman’ concept, women became active, social and independent in the western societies during the 20th century. After the impacts of westernization and Tanzimat Reforms, in Turkish culture, similar changes in regards to gender polarity and the changing status of women were experienced. Many male authors have tended to reflect the clashes between the old values and the new modern life to criticize the changing status of women both in the western and Turkish literatures. The Turkish author, Peyami Safa and the British writer David Herbert Lawrence could be considered not only as the authors, who focused on the essentiality of the balance between men and women, but also, they were accepted as the most controversial literary names because of their ideas on gender. Therefore, this study aims at a comparative investigation of the ideas of Safa and Lawrence in regards to gender shifts and roles of women. Within this scope, Fatih-Harbiye by Peyami Safa and “Two Blue Birds” by D. H. Lawrence were analyzed. Finally, it was concluded that although written in different cultures, the above mentioned texts involve the similar messages by Safa and Lawrence: for a harmonious society, there should be a balance between men and women, women should submit the superiority of men and gender role shifts should be avoided.

Happiness, Productivity and Willingness to Compete

Is happiness a necessary attribute of a successful employee? This paper analyses productivity and willingness to compete (WTC) as two measures of employee success. It conducts an online experiment on 645 respondents with real-effort tasks eliciting productivity and WTC for different levels of happiness. No effect of happiness is obtained despite sufficient statistical power. One explanation is that affective happiness does not shift behavioural preferences like risk aversion enough. In contrast, more established alternative features such as pay scheme and gender shift both behavioural preferences and objective outcomes significantly.

Association between screen time exposure, anxiety, and sleep quality in adolescents

Introduction. The increase in sedentary screen time can negatively affect the quality of sleep, impacting the performance of daily activities. Objective. To analyze the association between sedentary screen time and sleep quality, regardless of the symptoms of anxiety in adolescents of both genders. Method. Cross-sectional study integrating school-based epidemiological research with a representative sample (n = 666) of high school students (14 to 19 years old) in public schools in the municipality of Caruaru-PE. The translated versions into Portuguese of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HAD) were applied to analyze sleep quality and anxiety, respectively. Binary logistic regression was used to analyze the association, considering sleep quality as an outcome. Results. There was a positive, statistically significant (p #abr# .001) correlation between sleep quality and symptoms of anxiety (r = .393). A significant association regarding the association between screen time and sleep quality was noted only in those adolescents classified as being possible or probable anxiety cases and only in exposure to the computer (OR = 2.337; 95% CI [1.01, 5.43]) and video games (OR = 8.083; 95% CI [2.0, 32.8]) after adjusting for gender, age, and school shift. Discussion and conclusion. Increased interaction with the screen and higher levels of anxiety can be more harmful to sleep in adolescents. Exposure to screen time, specifically those which have a greater interaction such as video games and computers, can have a negative impact on sleep quality, but only in adolescents with a higher risk of anxiety.