Gender Schema Research Articles

Analyzing Gender Representation in English Textbooks (IX & X) through Gender Schema Theory

The current English textbooks of Nepal misrepresent gender in lexical, graphic, and symbolic ways. If a teaching material starts misrepresenting gender through an academic approach, It directly hits the mental and behavioural aspects of students. This study explores gender representation in the current English textbooks IX and X from the perspective of qualitative research design and the Gender Schema Theory and Critical Discourse Analysis to explore how gender is represented in terms of visibility, character attitudes, and gender stereotypes. The results indicate that these textbooks misrepresented gender differently, including profession, social roles, prioritizing male roles, and social space. This dominance reveals a persistent gender bias favoring men in various activities, such as becoming athletes, holding prestigious positions, and participating in sports. Despite this bias, gender stereotyping has significantly decreased compared to previous research, with some evidence of equality in responsibilities, activities, and pictorial representations. This study suggests contributing to raising gender awareness in education in order to maintain equity and equality in learning.

The impact of sustainable consumption psychology on NEV repurchase intention: The moderating effect of gender differences

This study continues the dialogue around sustainable consumption psychology and its effects on New Energy Vehicle repurchase intentions, depending on moderating gender differences. To achieve this, we employed sustainable consumption theories, social identity theory, and gender schema theory to formulate our conceptual framework, which we corroborated with the data of 527 NEV owners across Chinese cities in varying tiers. The outcomes indicate a substantial direct effect of sustainable consumption psychology on repurchase intention (β = 0.467, p < 0.001) with value perception acting as a mediator. The literature on sustainable consumption psychology identifies two variables, environmental awareness and social responsibility, which have differing outcomes according to the gender of the consumer. For instance, female consumers are motivated more by environmental awareness as compared to male consumers who relate more social responsibility to the buying intention (β = 0.328). Conversely, male consumers are motivated stronger to buy on social responsibility in comparison to female consumers (β = 0.376). Multi-group analysis also depicts significant differences between these relationships in demographic slices, with the greatest impact being the high-income, middle-aged, first-tier city dwellers. This insight not only enhances theoretical perspectives on sustainable buying behavior but also assists manufacturers, marketers, and policymakers in effective promotion of sustainable transport means.The research adds value to existing literature in sustainable consumption while also providing value on the ground with regard to NEV market creation, particularly on sustainability consumption with respect to gender and other demographic variables.

Sex-typed or Androgynous: Gender Representations in One Sentence Is Ten Thousand Sentences and The Blind Assassin

Abstract Although the gender landscape has been experiencing a significant amount of change and flexibility in many parts of the world over the past few decades, societal messages regarding gender roles and expectations can still remain conventional. It is likely that such a perplexing paradox becomes reinforced while portraying male or female characters in fiction. Inspired by Sandra Bem’s gender schema theory introduced in 1981, this research aims to examine gender representations in the protagonists of two novels, namely The Blind Assassin and One Sentence Is Ten Thousand Sentences. Iris Chase and Yung Baishun (Wu Moxi) are analyzed according to a modified version of The Bem Sex-Role Inventory (BRSI) to see whether they’re sex-typed (masculine or feminine) or androgynous. The results calculated in an “androgyny ratio” (AR) indicate that while Atwood’s character is marked as feminine, Yung Baishun is characterized as androgynous according to BRSI.

Explore how Gender Influences the Expression of Aggression in Anxious Individuals Considering Socialization and Cultural Expectation

This study explores how gender influences the expression of aggression among anxious individuals, considering the roles of socialization and cultural expectations. While anxiety and aggression are often studied separately, their co-existence is not uncommon, particularly when analyzed through a gendered lens. Using a quantitative approach, data were collected from 500 participants of diverse cultural backgrounds to examine these interactions. The results revealed significant gender differences, with men exhibiting more physical aggression and women showing higher relational aggression. Regression analysis confirmed that socialization significantly predicts aggressive behavior, while moderation analysis showed that cultural expectations influence the anxiety-aggression relationship differently for men and women. Test statistics, including t-tests, ANOVA, and correlation analysis, indicated significant associations between gender, anxiety, and aggression levels. For instance, t-tests highlighted significant differences in aggression types across genders (p < 0.05), while ANOVA demonstrated the impact of cultural background on aggression (p < 0.01). These findings align with psychological theories like the Frustration-Aggression Hypothesis and gender frameworks such as Social Role Theory and Gender Schema Theory. The study emphasizes the need for gender-sensitive and culturally competent interventions, offering a comprehensive understanding of anxiety-induced aggression and its implications for tailored mental health strategies across diverse populations.

The eyes have it: How do gender cues in wine labels influence U.S. women wine consumers?

Little is known about women wine consumers’ reactions to gender cues in marketing communication despite their increasing purchasing power. This research examines the effects of gender cues (feminine vs. masculine) in wine labels on women wine consumers' attitudes, sensory expectations, sensory evaluations, and purchase intentions. Two online experiments and one field test involving 462 valid responses from U.S. women consumers reveal that they hold more favorable attitudes and intentions towards feminine (vs. masculine) wine labels. The moderating effects of in-group gender identification and wine knowledge were discussed. This study responds to calls for more research about women consumers in the hospitality field and extends the application of gender schema theory to hospitality literature. The findings offer updated knowledge on how to approach gender in hospitality marketing, particularly wine marketing. This research enriches hospitality literature in terms of gender marketing and provides substantial practical implications for the wine industry.

Fashion clothing interest and purchase intention of young women consumers of India.

The study of consumer purchase behavior is important to understand the consumer purchase pattern, quantity and motivations of purchase. This research therefore tries to understand the role of socio-psychological factors and gender schema in determining the fashion clothing interest, and purchase motivation of emerging adult women consumers of India. Responses tabulated through a self-administered questionnaire from 200 women consumers aged 18-24 across India, were analyzed using structural equation modeling and Hayes's (2017) macro process to establish clothing uniqueness, self-concept, brand image, word of mouth and perceived quality as antecedents of women's fashion clothing interest resulting in positive purchase motivation with price consciousness acting as a moderator between both. The resulting model depicts a significant positive relationship between clothing uniqueness, self-concept and brand image on emerging women consumers clothing interest, while the interaction of word of mouth and perceived quality was not significant on clothing interest. Hayes's analysis described a significant moderating role played by price consciousness on young women clothing interest and purchase intention with price consciousness dampening consumers purchase intention despite having a clothing interest. The output of the study highlights the predictor of clothing interest for young women consumers in an area not well defined until now an will enable brands to establish business strategies to gain patronage and brand loyalty of young emerging generation Z consumers in emerging economies accordingly

Gender Differences in Language Acquisition Patterns among Adolescents in Japan

Purpose: The aim of the study was to analyze the gender differences in language acquisition patterns among adolescents in Japan Methodology: This study adopted a desk methodology. A desk study research design is commonly known as secondary data collection. This is basically collecting data from existing resources preferably because of its low cost advantage as compared to a field research. Our current study looked into already published studies and reports as the data was easily accessed through online journals and libraries. Findings: This study examines gender differences in language acquisition among Japanese adolescents. Males typically prefer informal methods like digital media for vocabulary, while females favor formal instruction. Females show stronger syntax, grammar, and pragmatic skills, driven by a greater interest in language learning for social reasons. Males' attitudes vary more, influenced by socioeconomic factors. Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: Social learning theory, gender schema theory & critical feminist theory may be used to anchor future studies on the gender differences in language acquisition patterns among adolescents. By tailoring language instruction to the specific needs of male and female adolescents, educators can create more inclusive learning environments that support equitable language development. Policymakers should prioritize the integration of gender-sensitive language policies and initiatives within educational systems.

Intersectional race-gender stereotypes in natural language.

How are Asian and Black men and women stereotyped? Research from the gendered race and stereotype content perspectives has produced mixed empirical findings. Using BERT models pre-trained on English language books, news articles, Wikipedia, Reddit and Twitter, with a new method for measuring propositions in natural language (the Fill-Mask Association Test, FMAT), we explored the gender (masculinity-femininity), physical strength, warmth and competence contents of stereotypes about Asian and Black men and women. We find that Asian men (but not women) are stereotyped as less masculine and less moral/trustworthy than Black men. Compared to Black men and Black women, respectively, both Asian men and Asian women are stereotyped as less muscular/athletic and less assertive/dominant, but more sociable/friendly and more capable/intelligent. These findings suggest that Asian and Black stereotypes in natural language have multifaceted contents and gender nuances, requiring a balanced view integrating the gender schema theory and the stereotype content model. Exploring their semantic representations as propositions in large language models, this research reveals how intersectional race-gender stereotypes are naturally expressed in real life.

An xG of Their Own: Using Expected Goals to Explore the Analytical Shortcomings of Misapplied Gender Schemas in Football

Although professional women’s football has benefitted from recent surges in popularity, challenges to progress and distinguish the sport persist. The gender-schema theory explains the tendency for individuals to hold female sports to male standards, a phenomenon that leads to negative outcomes in areas such as media representation and consumer perception. One area in which schemas have a more discreet effect is player and team performance, where the assumption that technical metrics developed in men’s football are transferable to women’s football remains unfounded. Using expected goals, a metric synonymous with the probability of a shot being scored, we highlight how variables important to shot quality and shot execution differ across gender, and how attempts to evaluate female footballers with models built on men’s data increase estimation errors. These results have theoretical and practical implications for the role they play in reframing schemas and improving the methods used to evaluate performance in women’s sports.

Gender Roles and University Adjustment among Undergraduate Students: Coping as Mediators

Background. Some undergraduates face problems in academic adjustment thus are unable to continue their studies. By using the theory of gender schema and the transactional model of stress and coping, this study aims to explore the relationships among gender roles, coping strategies and academic adjustment, and to examine whether coping strategy is a mediator for the effects of gender roles on academic adjustment. Method. The descriptive predictive survey method was used in this study. Altogether 196 undergraduate participants were selected through the purposive sampling method. They were asked to fill in a questionnaire consisting of three measurements: Academic Adjustment Scale, Bem Sex Role Inventory, and Brief COPE. Results. The findings of the study showed that different gender roles are associated with different coping strategies and academic adjustment, and that different coping strategies are associated with academic adjustment differently. In addition, positive thinking is a statistical mediator for the effects of femininity on academic adjustment while avoidance is a statistical mediator for the effects of masculinity on academic adjustment. Conclusion. The findings indicate the importance of considering gender roles in the transactional model of stress and coping, besides creating awareness among undergraduates about the importance of using different coping strategies corresponding to their gender roles while facing problems in academic adjustment.

Gender in children's literature and kindergartener's responses to gender in interactive read‐alouds

AbstractThe underrepresentation of women and the perpetuation of gender stereotypes in children's literature has long been a concern. This study examined the portrayal of women in children's picture books and the potential of interactive read‐alouds to promote gender equity in early childhood education, with the aim of shedding light on gender inequality. This study used critical discourse analysis, theoretically informed by Rosenblatt's transactional theory and gender schema theory, to analyse 19 books and interactive read‐aloud sessions between preservice teachers and children in six preschools. The results showed that books on women's inequality are discussed in three categories: the absence of female characters, gendered discourse, and the perpetuation of traditional women/maternal roles. Using examples from children's interactions, this study highlights the need for critical thinking about gender stereotypes and promoting gender equity in early childhood education. This study contributes to the literature on gender inequality in children's literature and provides practical implications for early childhood educators by emphasizing their critical role in promoting gender equity in children's learning and development.

Exploring the theory of gender schema in literary works: A critical study

Exploring the theory of gender schema in literary works: A critical study

Norms for gender stereotypically congruent, stereotypically incongruent, semantically correct, and semantically incorrect sentences in Polish and English.

The present contribution provides ratings for a database of gender stereotypically congruent, stereotypically incongruent, semantically correct, and semantically incorrect sentences in Polish and English. A total of 942 volunteers rated 480 sentences (120 per condition) in each language in terms of their meaningfulness, probability of use, and stereotypicality. The stimuli were highly controlled for their length and critical words, which were shared across the conditions. The results of the ratings revealed that stereotypically incongruent sentences were consciously evaluated as both less meaningful and probable to use relative to sentences that adhere to stereotype-driven expectations regarding males and females, indicating that stereotype violations communicated through language exert influence on language perception. Furthermore, the results yielded a stronger internalization of gender stereotypes among sex-typed individuals, thus pointing to the crucial role of gender schema in the sensitivity to gender stereotypical attributes. The ratings reported in the present article aim to broaden researchers' stimulus choices and allow for consistency across different laboratories and research projects on gender stereotype processing. The adaptation of this database to other languages or cultures could also enable a cross-cultural comparison of empirical findings on stereotype processing.

Children's Socialization to Gender Identity: A Study of Laurie Frankel’s This Is How It Always Is

The actions and behaviors exhibited by parents play a significant role in shaping the development of gender identity in their children. Several previous studies about gender identity formation in the family context have been published (Bandura & Bussey, 1999; Berenbaum et al., 2006; Boe & Woods, 2018; Friedman et al., 2007; Huston, 1983; Leaper, 2002; Martin & Ruble, 1998; McHale et al., 2003). However, though this study maintains this emphasis, it also broadens it in significant ways using an ecological perspective that focuses on the interaction between individual characteristics and ecological surroundings (Bronfenbrenner & Morris, 1998). Moreover, this topic's application to literary works appears to be uncommon. There have yet to be any comprehensive investigations into the same subject. The objective of the current study is to examine the impact of parental influence and its consequences on the development of gender identity in a fictional child protagonist named Claude as depicted in Laurie Frankel's literary work titled This Is How It Always Is. The present investigation involves the analysis of data obtained from the novel to examine the topics of family socialization influences and its consequences of societal exclusion and marginalization through the lens of a sociocultural perspective in psychology. The analytical frameworks employed in this study are the Cognitive-developmental theory developed by Martin et al. (2002), and the Gender schema theory proposed by Bem (1981). Additionally, the study examines Claude's social failure to fit.

Gendered Language in Philippine Newspapers

Print media can influence public perceptions but may also reinforce gender bias through language. Numerous studies have underscored the persistence of linguistic sexism in print publications, highlighting how language choices can reinforce gender stereotypes and inequality. This study investigates gendered language in The Philippine Daily Inquirer, a leading newspaper in the Philippines, to highlight how sexist terms persist in modern print media. The study analyzed the May 2018 issue using quantitative and qualitative content analysis, focusing on terms influenced by Gender Schema Theory and Social Responsibility Theory. Five gendered terms with sexist undertones were identified: "policemen," "businessman," "countrymen," "gunmen," and "ombudsman," with "policemen" being the most common. These terms were grouped into three categories: Generic Masculine, Derogatory, and Pseudo-Masculine expressions, with Generic Masculine terms being the most prevalent. The findings show that print media continues to use sexist language, particularly through Generic Masculine terms. The study suggests a thorough content review in media outlets to remove sexist language and encourage gender-neutral alternatives.

Investigating gender as a moderator of extreme-context perception effects on behavioural tendencies towards fashion brands on Instagram in West Africa

ABSTRACT This study draws on the Gender Schema Theory, Technology Acceptance Model (TAM), Uses and Gratifications Theory (U&G), and Social Cognitive Theory (SCT) to explore how gender moderates the relationship between extreme-context perception and user intentions on Instagram for fashion brands, drawing on the COVID-19 pandemic as an example of extreme context. Specifically, our study context concerns social media users in West Africa during the COVID-19 pandemic in 2021. Through a time-lagged online survey, the data of 310 Instagram users based in Uganda and Nigeria were obtained and subsequently analysed using a variance-based structural equation modelling. Our analysis supports previously reported results in the literature by demonstrating the positive effects of extreme-context perception on intentions to follow and recommend fashion brands on Instagram. Furthermore, our results present new evidence that gender moderates extreme-context perception effects, such that men are significantly more likely to develop higher usefulness, enjoyment, satisfaction and intentions to recommend and follow fashion brands on Instagram. This empirical investigation expands our knowledge of social media use by demonstrating the moderating role of gender regarding the way extreme-context perception affects consumer behaviour towards fashion brands on social media.

COVID-19 Salgınıyla Mücadele Politikalarının Toplumsal Cinsiyete Dayalı Yönleri

Countries have taken different measures to limit the spread of COVID-19. However, it is unclear how such measures affect the daily lives of people in different cultural contexts. Using a qualitative research method and the framework of gender roles, this study analyzes the potential effects of the Turkish government’s policies to fight the COVID-19 pandemic on married men and women in Turkey. The respondents answered the open-ended questions developed by the researchers on the Google platform. 20 men (aged 27-54) and 20 women (aged 22-55) participated in the study. The respondents’ experiences were grouped into three themes: gender-related problems; adaptation and new habits/hobbies; and balancing between positive and negative effects. While men stressed the economic effects, women focused on social relations or deeper values of life. The findings were discussed within the framework of Gender Schema Theory and Social Role Theory.

LEADERSHIP INFLUENCE OF GIRL-CHILD ACCESS TO SECONDARY SCHOOL EDUCATION IN BUNGOMA COUNTY: ACASE OF MOUNT ELGON DISTRICT, KENYA

The purpose of this study was to establish environmental influence ofgirl-child access to secondary school education in Mount Elgon District. Despite impressive development towards achieving gender parity on access to education, enrolment statistics in Mount Elgon District at secondary school level reveals a worrying experience due to unknown environmental factors. The objective of the study included: determine influence of community factors on girl-child enrolment, establish the influence of home environment on girl-child school attendance, Identify influence of school enrolment on girl-child access to secondary school and establish the influence of family factors on girl-child access to secondary schools in Mt. Elgon District Bungoma County. The researcher applied gender Schema theory bySandra Bern theory of 1981 that explains how as a cognitive theory to explain how individuals become gendered in society, and how sex-linked characteristics are maintained and transmitted to other members of a culture. The researcher employed descriptive design which involved gathering facts by obtaining precise information on the current status of phenomenon and drew conclusions from the facts. The target was 1611 on principals teachers and head girls from 31 schools. Simple random sampling and purposive population sampling techniques were applied on a sample of 102 respondents. The researcher administered the questionnaires and interview schedules in collection of the data. The findings were that parents prefer educating girls than boys though girls admire doing to schools, that the girls have no problem with the school environment and teachers and parental support and commitment was lacking towards girls education. The study concluded that the girl child loves education and would wish to continue with education to high level but is affected negatively with the family factors. The descriptive statistics were used to summarize the whole study and the interpretation accompanied. The study recommended that parents were to stop discrimination against the girl-child and sensitization of parents to take place on the importance of education to girl-child education .through the government policies on girl child education.

Clicking around the dial: viewer choice of sports broadcasts

ABSTRACT While major sporting mega-events have begun to feature equitable amounts of coverage, portrayals of male and female athletes can reinforce gender stereotypes about sports. It is important to examine viewer preferences for broadcasts featuring male and female athletes to determine if viewing choices reflect stereotypical sporting beliefs and behaviors. Drawing on gender schema theory and social dominance orientation, this study examines viewing behaviors during sports broadcasts that vary by the sex of the athlete and the perceived gender of the sport. Results show that viewers tend to spend more time watching sports broadcasts that reinforce rather that challenge existing stereotypes.

Same-Sex Kissing and Having a Gay or Lesbian Child: A Bridge Too Far? Parent-Child Similarities in Homophobic Attitudes and Observed Parental Discomfort

ABSTRACT This study examined parent-child similarities in homophobic attitudes and observed parental discomfort with coming-out vignettes in interactions with their adolescent children (14–18 years old). Based on gender schema theory and the family process model we expected parent-child similarities in homophobic attitudes to be stronger in same-gender dyads. Further, we expected that observed parental discomfort with coming-out vignettes would occur and is stronger when the gender of the parent, child, and character in the vignette match. We used questionnaires and observation data from 199 White Dutch families in the Netherlands. Our results showed that parents’ homophobic attitudes were associated with their children’s homophobic attitudes. For same-sex kissing and (imagining) having a gay son, these associations were stronger between parents and children of the same gender. Further, parental discomfort with coming-out vignettes occurred and was stronger when parents and children had the same gender, regardless of the gender of the vignette character. In conclusion, policies aiming at gay and lesbian inclusion should not be limited to accepting gay/lesbian identities, but also pay attention to the acceptance of same-sex intimacy expressions, having gay or lesbian family members, and normalizing discussions about gay/lesbian lives.