Gender Role Stereotypes Research Articles

Relationship among Perceived Male Friendliness Nursing Programs, Gender Role Stereotype, and Major Satisfaction in Korean Male Nursing Students

Relationship among Perceived Male Friendliness Nursing Programs, Gender Role Stereotype, and Major Satisfaction in Korean Male Nursing Students

The Relationship between a Patriarchal Family Environment and Ambivalent Sexism Among University Students: Testing Moderated Mediation Effects of Gender Through Gender Role Stereotype

The Relationship between a Patriarchal Family Environment and Ambivalent Sexism Among University Students: Testing Moderated Mediation Effects of Gender Through Gender Role Stereotype

Shattering Conventional Gender Roles: Transitivity Analysis of Disney’s Zootopia

This paper entitled, ‘Shattering Conventional Gender Roles: Transitivity Analysis of Disney’s Zootopia’ aims to examine and explore the clauses through transitivity system of ideational metafunction of language. It investigates the six processes and the percentage of highly occurring process in the dialogues. Secondly, it focuses on the stereotypical gender roles that are being shattered by the female protagonist of the movie ‘Judy Hopps’. The theoretical insights for this study have been drawn from the theory of transitivity system by M.A.K Halliday in his books ‘’Halliday’s introduction to Functional Grammar’’ (2014) and its earlier third edition of (2004) revised and polished by Christian Matthiessen and other books of 1994, 1985 and 1999. The methodology adopted for this study is qualitative descriptive approach using bar graphs and charts. The dialogues were taken from the transcript and screenplay. The results found indicated that the material process occurred the most in the movie with the percentage of 54%, mental and relational occurred with 15% and others were comparatively less. Circumstance of space with 70% dominated among all other types. To conclude, this study shows the empowered woman like Judy Hopps who despite of being small rabbit, becomes a police officer and fights off all the evils in the city of Zootopia. This study can pave the way for other researchers to analyze recent movies and dramas which are the portrayal of empowered women, amalgamating it with transitivity system of M.A.K Halliday.

성평등 관점에서 본 아동문학의 현황과 쟁점 - 성역할 고정관념을 중심으로 -

어린이와 함께 책을 읽는 일은 수많은 편견과 차별을 되돌아보는 기회가 된다. 그중에서도 2020년 현재, 세계 아동문학계가 집중적으로 고민하는 주제는 성평등과 다양성이다. 성인지 감수성은 시대에 따라 변화한다. 2015년 페미니즘 리부트 이후 성인지 감수성이 문학에 미치는 영향에 대한 비판적 논의가 활발하다. 아동은 세계 시민들이 자유롭게 교류하는 디지털 미디어의 영향 속에 놓여 있으며 성인지 감수성의 변화를 가장 빠르게 체감하고 흡수하면서 성장하는 독자다. 본 논문은 성평등 관점에서 이루어지는 아동문학 작품에 대한 논의가 한국 아동문학 비평의 역사에서 언제부터 시작되었으며 그동안 어떻게 전개되었는지 살피고 몇 가지 쟁점을 살피는 것을 목적으로 한다.<BR> 우리 아동문학 비평에서 성평등 관점이 명시적으로 제안된 것은 1980년대로 보인다. 아동문학에 여성주의적 접근이 필요하다는 초기의 문제의식은 전래동화 중심의 논의를 거쳐 2020년 현재에는 구체적인 쟁점을 형성했다. 본 논문에서는 어린이 여성 인물과 여성의 문제 해결, 어른 여성인물과 마녀 이미지, 폭력과 여성의 몸을 살펴보고 작품 안에서 어떻게 반영되었는지 알아본다. 우리 아동문학이 그려내고 있는 여성 인물의 모습이 어떤 측면에서 성역할 고정관념을 답습하고 있는지 2000년대 이후 창작된 작품을 중심으로 사례를 살펴본다. 이를 통해 지금 우리 아동문학의 성평등 의식이 초기에 비해 상당한 발전을 이루었음을 입증한다.<BR> 최근 초등학교 교실에서도 성평등 지수를 높이기 위한 노력이 부지런히 이루어지고 있는 것은 이러한 결과의 반영이다. 학교 현장에서 성인지 감수성이 높은 아동문학에 대한 연구 자료에 대한 요청도 꾸준히 늘어나고 있다. 성평등은 곧 다양성의 문제와 연결된다. 존재의 다름을 이해하고 다양한 삶에 대해 존중하며 연대하는 일에 우리 아동문학이 어떻게 함께 할 것인가를 논의하는 일은 중요한 의미를 갖는다. 이 논의는 학교 현장 및 행정 기관에서 이루어지는 아동문학 교육 프로그램과 문학작품을 활용한 어린이 독서관련 사업에서 성평등 관점이 적용되는 방향을 점검하는 데 바탕을 제공할 것이다.

Analysis of Heteronormativity and Gender Roles in EFL Textbooks

This paper examines the current representations of gender roles and heteronormativity in a corpus of textbooks used to teach English as a Foreign Language (EFL) in Spanish high schools. Several studies have documented the importance of recognizing problems of homophobic harassment and gender bias which may result in a significant number of students feeling excluded. It is notable that textbook publishers have failed to address this issue despite its relevance to the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), raising the question of why this continues to go unnoticed by textbook publishers. The corpus selected comprises two sets of textbooks printed by leading publishers in the area of EFL. In order to gain insight into this issue, we have conducted a qualitative study analyzing the role of textbooks in perpetuating heteronormativity and stereotyped gender roles by exemplifying the naturalized heterosexual and male/female identities. Data were coded under two broad variables: heteronormativity and gender, which in turn were broken down into different units of analysis. The results suggested that heteronormativity still permeates the whole curriculum and that attempts to gender-balance need to be improved by reducing the number of male protagonists. Textbooks fell into some of the same clichés with regard to gender-related stereotypes, such as almost exclusively linking women with shopping and fashion. It is evidently clear from the findings that textbooks should be revised to ensure the right to quality education for all and to make students aware of SDGs, since 7 out of 17 are related to the target topics.

Women in Lithuanian School Management: An Ethnographic Perspective

The research takes on a transdisciplinary approach, focusing on paths of how female school principals construct and develop professional identity. Two major approaches to professional identity include a feminist standpoint and a social constructionist approach. The former claims are that females are underrepresented as leaders in most facets of work life due to gender role stereotypes, prejudices, and unequal power distribution. The latter subscribes to the notion that a person’s identities are multiple and fluid due to their cultural, historic, and social situatedness. According to a feminist standpoint, female identities are developed very differently from their male counterparts as a systemic hierarchy of inequity above the principalship is recognized. Despite the fact that the number of female school principals has been growing in the field of education management, a masculine approach is still being applied in this sphere due to the prevailing dominance of power culture in the society. The study is framed as an ethnographic case study. It aims to understand, investigate, and discover the patterns of how professional identity, as a cultural construct, is acquired in the context of concepts of agency, power relations, subjectivities within gender, and social analysis, encompassing multiple interactions in institutionalized processes and systems by which they are formed, shaped, and reshaped over time.

Managing multiple roles during the COVID-19 lockdown: Not men or women, but parents as the emotional “loser in the crisis”

The COVID-19 pandemic represents a global crisis with high demands for the general population. In this research, we conducted a cross-sectional online study (N = 2278), which was diverse regarding age, employment, and family status to examine emotional well-being in times of the lockdown. We focused on inter-role conflict as a central factor associated with well-being. We tested whether individuals with high inter-role conflict (e.g. care-taker and employee) would appraise the lockdown more negatively than those experiencing low role-conflict and whether this would be associated with fatigue. In addition, we looked at gender as moderating this link. Latent modelling only showed small gender specific effects in the non-parent sample. However, in the parent sample, we found that although men experience less inter-role conflict than women on average, they coped significantly less well with it. We discuss the role of gender stereotypes in creating these psychological obstacles for men and women.

Indicators of gender stereotypes in a cultural career (analytical discourse)

Purpose of the article. Gender stereotypes have some inconsistency with the realities of today, and therefore become a problem for both society and the individual, as they raise pressing issues of gender equality. Research into indicators of gender stereotypes is needed to address these issues. That is why, in the context of our study, the purpose is to identify indicators of gender stereotypes in building an artistic career. The methodology of the study is conditioned by a gender approach aimed at overcoming gender stereotypes in society, equality, partnership, and interaction of both sexes. The study involves the use of common scientific methods of analysis, synthesis, and generalization. The method of comparative analysis and analogy makes it possible to thoroughly comprehend gender stereotypes and their influence on the construction of careers in the artistic field of work. The scientific novelty is to identify indicators of gender stereotypes that are related specifically to social stereotypes of role-sharing in building an artistic career. The conclusions summarize the analysis and definition of indicators of gender stereotypes in the construction of artistic careers. It is understood that gender stereotypes are shaped by culture as generalized beliefs, and gender role means a set of expected patterns (norms) of behavior for men and women. It is proved that the division of labor continues to reproduce gender-role stereotypes. The problems of social stereotypes, self-identification, and free-thinking that women face in realizing themselves in the art are analyzed. It has been found that gender-based views on gender differences in employment are related to social stereotypes of role-sharing. Such stereotypes do not allow for an objective assessment of women's opportunities and competencies in employment or career development in the arts, and therefore the offer of employment for men and women differs significantly in terms of quantity and quality.

“To Be a Guy Is to Be Human”: Outcomes of the WiseGuyz Program Through Photo-Based Evaluation

Gender-transformative approaches (i.e., approaches that support male-identified individuals to critique and resist stereotypical male gender role norms that negatively affect health and well-being) are increasingly recognized as a key health promotion strategy. However, there is limited evidence to date on gender-transformative interventions for male-identified adolescents. In addition, given the dynamic and socially constructed nature of gender, methods beyond quantitative data collection are needed to gain a holistic understanding of promising gender-transformative health promotion approaches. One newer method to capture lived experiences with adolescents is photo-based evaluation, where youth program participants take pictures to represent their knowledge, attitudes, and/or behaviors before and after a program. The present study presents findings from the photo-based evaluation of a gender-transformative health promotion program called WiseGuyz. WiseGuyz is offered to mid-adolescent, male-identified youth in school and community settings, and is designed to promote mental and sexual health and prevent violence. Six youth photographers from a rural Canadian setting took part in this evaluation, taking photos to represent what being a guy in their world meant before and after WiseGuyz. Youth then participated in an individual visual storytelling interview and a group-based photovoice process. Key themes in relation to masculinities that emerged from these data were around changes to (1) social norms and (2) emotionality following program participation, and the need for a safe program space to support these changes. This study adds to literature demonstrating the promise of gender-transformative approaches with adolescents, with implications for future health promotion research and practice with male-identified youth.

Media and the Development of Gender Role Stereotypes

This review summarizes recent findings (2000–2020) concerning media's contributions to the development of gender stereotypes in children and adolescents. Content analyses document that there continues to be an underrepresentation of women and a misrepresentation of femininity and masculinity in mainstream media, although some positive changes are noted. Concerning the strength of media's impact, findings from three meta-analyses indicate a small but consistent association between frequent television viewing and expressing more stereotypic beliefs about gender. Concerning the nature of these effects, analyses indicate significant connections between young people's screen media use and their general gender role attitudes; their beliefs about the importance of appearance for girls and women; their stereotyping of toys, activities, and occupations; and their support for traditional sexual roles. We offer several approaches for moving this field forward, including incorporating additional theories (e.g., stereotype threat), focusing more on boys and ethnic minority youth, and centering developmental milestones.

Loosening the GRIP (Gender Roles Inhibiting Prosociality) to Promote Gender Equality

Prosociality is an ideal context to begin shifting traditional gender role stereotypes and promoting equality. Men and women both help others frequently, but assistance often follows traditional gender role expectations, which further reinforces restrictive gender stereotypes in other domains. We propose an integrative process model of gender roles inhibiting prosociality (GRIP) to explain why and how this occurs. We argue that prosociality provides a unique entry point for change because it is (a) immediately rewarding (which cultivates positive attitude formation), (b) less likely to threaten the gender status hierarchy, and therefore less susceptible to social backlash (which translates into less restrictive social norms), and (c) a skill that can be learned (which leads to stronger beliefs in one’s own ability to help). Using the GRIP model, we derive a series of hypothesized interventions to interrupt the self-reinforcing cycle of gender role stereotyping and facilitate progress toward broader gender equality.

Gender differences online: self-representation and involvement in political communication on Facebook

The paper aims to study gender differences in self-representation and involvement in political communication in social networks. The author presents the results of the study of Facebook postings within a viral flashmob ‘The Island of the ‘90's’ devoted to a controversial period of Russia's modern history. The author offers the rationale for their attribution to an online segment of political communication. A multidisciplinary approach involving the combination of methodologies of discourse analysis and content analysis served as guidelines for the study. A discourse analysis based on the sociocognitive approach to political discourse helps identify three stages of the flashmob evolution in the three series of postings: private memories, political discussions of the 1990s, and attitudes towards the flashmob. These three series of postings form and organise a three-level structure of the flashmob. Each level is characterised by a different extent of its involvement in the political context. Comparative analysis of male and female participation in the flashmob reveals gender asymmetry in the flashmob discourse structure and at its structural levels. The results show that there are gender differences in political involvement of females and males in online discourse: women prefer less visible or less offensive patterns of political behaviour online. The results lead to the conclusion that, compared to men, women are more flexible in their self-representation and their participation in the discourse has less political involvement. No significant evidence indicating gender differences' disappearance was observed, and no evidence of gender role stereotypes weakening or disappearance in political communication on Facebook was obtained.

Empathy profiles differ by gender in people who have and have not attempted suicide

High levels of empathy may inhibit hetero-aggressive behaviors; however, the role of empathy on suicide behaviors is still unknown. This study aimed to compare the Interpersonal Reactivity Index (IRI) empathic profiles of 56 patients hospitalized after a suicide attempt with those of 138 people who had never attempted suicide. Differences were tested with t-test and Chi-square test. The associations between attempted suicide and empathy scores were tested with linear regression models, controlling for sex and age. Latent Class Regression Analysis was applied to investigate the relationship between multivariate categorical empathy response items and suicide attempts, controlling for sex and age. Suicide attempters scored significantly higher on the ‘Personal Distress’ and ‘Fantasy’ IRI subscales. Women in the control group had similar probabilities of belonging to the class of high or low Personal Distress and Fantasy levels, while women who had attempted suicide were more likely to have high scores at the same scales. Men in the control group had higher probabilities of scoring low at the Personal Distress and Fantasy subscales, while men who had attempted suicide had similar probabilities of belonging to the class with high or low scores. The use of a self-administered tool may have introduced a gender-role stereotype bias in empathy assessment. Additionally, it was not possible to test the role of psychopathology. Our results suggest that distinct empathic profiles are associated with suicidal behavior, with a gender specific pattern. Addressing empathy constructs may help identifying suicidal individuals.

Discourses of celebrities on Instagram: digital femininity, self-representation and hate speech

ABSTRACT Social media has given way to information and prosumption-oriented discursive fields wherein individuals construct their own social identities. Although interactivity, multimodality, user-centeredness and accessibility are the unique aspects of digital media but the fact that digital media as effective spaces for representing extreme self/other representation while being anonymous and free from following social norms, can cause dysfunctional social behaviours such as cyber hate. Mirroring the normative notions of femininity, masculinity and gender stereotype allows groups and individuals to connect and express similar manifestations of hate, which, often result in the emergence of a ‘discursive spiral of hate’, misogyny and sexism. This paper draws on the important caveats discussed around Social Media-Critical Discourse Studies understanding of the contemporary digital discourses to deconstruct the complex relations between gender, hate speech and celebrities’ discourses on social media. In particular, how Lena Dunham, American celebrity, portrays herself on her Instagram page by going against the hegemonic views and how the audiences, i.e. the digital prosumers perceive that portrayal. Analysing 2000 user-generated comments deconstruct how women are required to suppress their feeling and limit their authentic online presentation to maintain the outward countenance that matches the stereotypical gender roles in audiences’ state of mind.

Suspicion of Welfare Overuse in Sweden: The Role of Left–Right Ideology, Anti‐Immigrant Attitudes and Gender

In this study, we explore individual differences in suspicion of welfare overuse in Sweden. Focusing on previously underdeveloped areas, we find that the hitherto observed negative relationship between political interest and suspicion of welfare overuse is only valid for those who sympathize with political parties to the left (and to a lesser extent the Green Party). Conversely, individuals who sympathize with centre‐right parties or right‐wing populists differ little internally depending on their level of political interest. We also find a strong positive correlation between anti‐immigrant attitudes and suspicion about welfare overuse. Finally, we find that women are less suspicious of welfare overuse than men are, and that this cannot be attributed to gender differences in material risks or resources, education, experiences of welfare services, general trustfulness, anti‐immigrant sentiment or political orientation. Neither do gender differences vary according to strength of gender identification. Thus, being suspicious about welfare overuse is not likely to be perceived as a typically masculine or feminine posture. Based on our findings, we argue that future studies exploring partisan or ideological differences in perceptions of welfare overuse need to consider these in conjunction with political interest and political context; that rising anti‐immigrant sentiments pose a particularly serious threat to the legitimacy of welfare states, given their strong connectedness to suspicion of welfare overuse; and that gender differences in perceptions of welfare overuse are more fruitfully addressed through a lens of gender relations, rather than gender role stereotypes.

The relationship between gender role and attitude toward menstruation with female sexual function: A cross-sectional study.

BackgroundAlthough female sexual function can be affected by many psychological, interpersonal, and sociocultural factors, limited studies have focused on the relationships between this construct with some concepts such as women's attitudes toward menstruation and perception from their gender role.ObjectiveTo investigate the association between gender roles and attitude toward menstruation with sexual function among Iranian reproductive women.Materials and MethodsAn observational cross-sectional study was carried out on a group of 164 Iranian women referred to the health centers of Torbat Heydariyeh, between August and December 2018. All eligible women filled the female sexual function index (FSFI), Bem Sex Role Inventory, and Menstrual Attitude Questionnaire.Results The result showed that the total FSFI score was significantly higher in masculine and androgynous gender role groups than women with undifferentiated gender role (p = 0.014, and p = 0.012, respectively). Nevertheless, androgynous women had better sexual arousal than undifferentiated women (p = 0.013). Significant reverse correlations were observed between the perception of menstruation as a debilitating, bothersome, and predictable event with a total score of FSFI and all subscales except lubrication (p = 0.001). In contrast, there was a positive relationship between denial of any effects of menstruation with total FSFI and all its sub-scores except lubrication (p = 0.001).ConclusionThis study highlighted the role of masculinity and androgyny gender role stereotypes and menstrual attitude in the sexual function of heterosexual women. Future studies are needed to explain how these psychological contexts contribute to different aspects of women's sexuality.

청소년이 지각한 부모의 성역할 고정관념이 성인지감수성에 미치는 영향 및 인권의식의 조절효과

이 연구는 청소년이 지각한 부모의 성역할 고정관념이 청소년의 성인지감수성에 미치는 영향 및 인권의식의 조절효과를 검증하기 위해 설계되었다. 자료 수집은 중·고등학생을 대상으로 2020년 6월 8일부터 14일까지 온라인 설문으로 이루어졌다. 응답이 불성실한 25부의 설문지를 제외한 483부가 최종분석에 활용되었다. 연구결과, 첫째, 청소년이 지각한 부모의 성역할 고정관념은 청소년의 성인지감수성에 부의 영향을 미치며, 청소년의 인권의식은 성인지감수성에 정의 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 통제변수에서는 성별과 성적 변수가 청소년의 성인지감수성에 유의한 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 둘째, 청소년의 인권의식은 청소년이 지각한 부모의 성역할 고정관념이 성인지감수성에 미치는 영향을 조절하지 못하는 것으로 나타났다. 연구결과에 대한 논의를 통해 청소년의 성인지감수성을 높이기 위한 전략으로 부모교육과 성인 및 학생 대상의 인권교육에 대한 제언이 이루어졌다.

A Case Study on the Child Rearing Perceptions of a Double-settlement Multicultural Family

두 국가에 삶의 터전을 마련한 이중국가정착 다문화가정 부모의 자녀 양육 경험은 일반적인 단일국가정착형 결혼이민자 가정의 자녀 양육 경험과 비교될 수 있다. 본질적 사례연구로서 본 연구는 한국출신 어머니, 일본출신 아버지, 걸음마기 자녀로 구성된 다문화가정이 한국과 일본 두 국가에 이중으로 정착하여 생활할 때 드러나는 부모의 자녀 양육 경험에 대한 인식을 탐색하였다. 심층면담과 비형식적 면담을 통해 드러난 본 연구의 결과는 다음과 같다. 연구에 참여한 이중국가정착 다문화가정은 부모 중 한 명이 자녀를 돌보게 되는 상황을 경험하게 되었고, 이때 동반체류할 부모를 부부가 결정하는 과정에서 부모의 전통적 성역할 고정관념이 드러났다. 이에, 자녀의 국가 간 이동 및 거주 주기, 동거할 부모의 선택 등 자녀와 관련한 중대한 사안에 대해 합리적이고 객관적인 부모의 결정과 판단이 요구되었다. 홀리스틱 교육철학에서 지향하는 자녀의 전인 발달을 기대하기 위해 부모는 이중국가정착의 상황에서도 가족구성원 간의 물리적인 접촉 및 결합의 기회를 극대화할 필요가 있다. 뿐만 아니라, 이중국가정착 다문화가정에서는 자녀를 양육함에 있어 맥락과 상황에 따라 파생되는 다양한 문제를 해결해나가기 위한 부모의 노력이 필요함이 드러났다.Child rearing perceptions reflected within multicultural families need to be explored in the cases of double-settlement multicultural families, which are defined as those families in which country-of-origin and the destination country are not completely separable. This intrinsic case study explored the parental perceptions highlighted within a family that consists of a Korean mother, a Japanese father, and a toddler. In-depth and informal interviews have corroborated the following findings: When the married couple had to decide which parent was to raise the child while being separated, there existed the possibility of traditional gender roles influencing the decision making process. Suggestions that can be made for other double-settlement multicultural families are that the parents should: (1) try to maximize the opportunities for family reunions; and (2) challenge gender-role stereotypes when they have to make important decisions for their child.

Exploring occupational gender-role stereotypes of male nurses: A South African study.

The aim of the study was to investigate stereotypes of occupational gender roles about male nurses, as viewed from both emic and etic perspectives. Male nurses are a minority group in health institutions. Stereotypes have been questioned regarding these males' occupational role and presence in the nursing profession. A qualitative description design was used. During 2016, semi-structured interviews (N = 30) were conducted with male nurses (n = 10) (emic group), female nurses (n = 10) and discharged patients (n = 10) (etic groups) from four public hospitals. Seven categories with respective themes and subthemes emerged. Three categories were captured for emic groups, namely, existing stereotypes, experiences of stereotyping and the influences of stereotypes on work performance. Four categories emerged for etic groups, namely, treatment preferences, types of stereotyping towards male nurses, origin of stereotypes and effects of stereotypes. Positive and negative stereotypes were reported by both emic and etic groups, with etic groups revealing more stereotypes. Effort should be made by both management in the practice environment and the media to counter the stereotyping of male nurses.

The Play of Gender Roles in Sheeba Shah’s Facing My Phantoms

Setting the novel in different time-periods (Rana regime, Panchayat System and Maoist movement), Sheeba Shah’s Facing my Phantoms has depicted the condition of Nepali males and is considered a historical document. This article aims to examine the factors that constrain the male characters to traditional and anti-traditional gender roles. It also studies the consequences faced by the characters while performing and defying gender stereotypes. To address this objective, Butler’s and Connell’s ideas have been used as they have claimed that masculinity and femininity like any other human attributes are fluid; in fact, it is constantly reconstructed in response to socio-political changes under the pressure of social norms. According to Butler, gender is something that is not a corporeal thing, but it is reproducing, changing, and moving. The significance of this article is to find insights in understanding the condition of males in the Nepali society. It concludes that the male characters of Shah’s novel oscillate between traditional and anti-traditional gender roles. Under the social pressure, they perform the roles of an assertive and authoritative father, aggressive and ruthless lover/husband, and rational and responsible son. Likewise, when they get influenced by socio-political changes, they fail to stick to stereotypical gender roles. Consequently, they appear in the emotional, docile, dependent, confused, and unassertive roles.