Perceptions Of Gender Roles Research Articles

Enforcing women’s rights under the Arab Charter on human rights 2004

ABSTRACT The article begins with the presentation of evidence indicating that a number of member states of the League of the Arab States (LAS), namely, Saudi Arabia, Syria, and Libya, have failed to implement women’s rights set forth in the Arab Charter on Human Rights adopted in 2004. Thereafter, it discusses the public perceptions of gender roles in LAS member states and argues that they are a principal reason for the lack of proper enforcement of the Charter. Next, the article asserts that the way towards its proper application and enforcement lies in changing the current perceptions of gender roles in the Arab world by launching governmental initiatives aimed at embedding its values in the minds of the people, and discusses several such initiatives. If LAS member states were to raise awareness among the population regarding women’s rights, this, in turn, would lead to spontaneous activism, i.e. the population will gather naturally in peaceful assembly and form associations to defend and uphold them. Such activism will further affirm women’s rights as enshrined in the Charter.

Weapons, warfare, and women: the dangerous lives of Early Bronze Age women in central Anatolia

ABSTRACT This article explores what the archaeological study of female-identified burials with weapons as grave goods reveals about our understanding and imposition of gender roles in past societies, and in particular, in Early Bronze Age central Anatolia (modern Turkey). By reframing our perceptions of gender roles through a study of weapons, violence and gender and their place in society, we can hope to avoid previous mistakes in past interpretations to better comprehend violence and warfare in early urban communities. Although the deposition of weapons in burials has long been typically considered a marker of masculine identity, this notion is re-examined through the study of the mortuary context of early urban societies of Early Bronze central Anatolia, reflecting instead the role of armed women in times of violence and stress.

기혼여성근로자의 성역할인식이 일-가정양립에 미치는 영향 -일만족도의 병렬다중매개효과-

기혼여성근로자의 성역할인식이 일-가정양립에 미치는 영향 -일만족도의 병렬다중매개효과-

Transnational Mobility and Socio-cultural Remittances: The Case of Polish Women in Norway and Poland

Research on skilled migrants often focuses on the negative effects of migration on sending countries. Discussions of positive results are limited to monetary remittances. Using ethnographic data, we explore the impact of mobility on the creation of new opportunities in Poland. We argue that Polish women bring back, not only financial resources, but also socio-cultural remittances that allow them to establish new businesses, pursue novel employment opportunities, and gain new perceptions of gender roles and equality. We depart from the conceptualization of labor migration, which emphasizes the dichotomy between sending and receiving countries, the pervasive nature of national borders that separate labor migrants from origin countries, and the ubiquitous financial gains. Instead, we focus on socio-cultural remittances that are deployed in transnational spaces.

Discrimination as a consequence of the influence of gender stereotypes on the reasoning of a court decision

The article shows the seriousness of the impact of gender stereotypes on the court’s perception of the position of a party to the trial depending on its sex and age, as well as on the formation of reasons that the court is guided by when evaluating evidence and making decisions. On the example of the decision of the Grand Chamber of the European Court of Human Rights in the case of Carvalho Pinto de Sousa Morais v. Portugal has demonstrated how gender stereotypes can lead to biased and, as a result, discriminatory judgments, which can lead to a breach of the State’s obligations under the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms. The applicant alleged that the Supreme Administrative Court’s decision to reduce the amount initially awarded to her in respect of nonpecuniary damage had amounted to discrimination on the grounds of sex and age, in breach of Article 14 in conjunction with Article 8 of the Convention. She complained, in particular, about the reasons given by the Supreme Administrative Court for reducing the amount awarded to her and about the fact that it had disregarded the importance of a sex life for her as a woman. The author has underlined that in the present case the Court’s task was not to analyse the actual amounts awarded to the applicant by the Supreme Administrative Court. The issue which has to be determined, however, is whether or not the Supreme Administrative Court’s reasoning led to a difference of treatment of the applicant based on her sex and age, amounting to a breach of Article 14 in conjunction with Article 8. In the Court’s view, the wording of the Supreme Administrative Court’s judgment when reducing the amount of compensation in respect of non-pecuniary damage expressed the assumption that sexuality is not as important for a fifty-year old woman and mother of two children as for someone of a younger age. That assumption reflects a traditional idea of female sexuality as being essentially linked to child-bearing purposes and thus ignores its physical and psychological relevance for the self-fulfillment of women as people. In the Court’s view, those considerations show the prejudices prevailing amongst the judiciary in Portugal, especially compare to approach taken in two Portuguese judgments of 2008 and 2014, which concerned allegations of medical malpractice by two male patients who were fifty-five and fifty-nine years old respectively. The case of Carvalho Pinto de Sousa Morais v Portugal is neither only nor the first case addressing the question of gender discrimination in connection with judgments of the national courts, hoverer, the key one. This case proves that gender stereotypes and outdated perception of gender roles played a significant role in judicial assessment and decision-making which can lead to the gender-based discrimination. Key words: discrimination, sex, age, gender stereotypes, court decision, judgment.

Women candidates are unrewarded for “masculine” campaigning: Facebook campaigning during Israel's 2018 municipal elections

PurposeThis study examines the impact of gender on Facebook campaign strategies and the reception of these strategies during the 2018 Israeli municipal elections.Design/methodology/approachThe authors analyzed all the messages posted on 48 politicians' official Facebook pages during the week leading up to the elections. They analyzed messages posted by 152 candidates running for the position of head of a municipality, 68 of whom were women (48 had an active Facebook account), examining the amount of engagement they had created. The authors also analyzed the candidates' use of rhetoric and use of negative campaigning and the engagement it created.FindingsAnalysis of the overall engagement of Facebook users in respect to men versus women politicians showed that men politicians' posts were significantly more engaging in terms of the number of likes and shares they generated, although the multilevel analysis found no significant differences between engagement in the posts of men and women politicians. The Aristotelian rhetoric analysis revealed no significant differences between women and men contenders; however, in line with the role incongruity theory, the engagement analysis found that male candidates' logic-based posts attracted significantly more shares. The negative campaigning analysis found that, contrary to the study’s hypothesis, female candidates posted twice as many messages, attacking their opponents as their men counterparts. However, in line with the hypothesis based on the role incongruity theory, these posts gained significantly less engagement than those of their men counterparts.Originality/valueThe study highlights that female candidates do not conform to their perceived gender role as soft, emotional, and gentle in their social media campaigning. However, in line with role incongruity theory, they were not rewarded for this “unwomanly” behavior because they gained significantly less engagement with their logic-based posts and their attacks against other candidates than their men counterparts. Despite the fact that prior studies have indicated the potential of social networks service (SNS) to empower women leaders, the findings of the study highlight the continued gender discrimination and the validity of role incongruity theory during social media campaigning, particularly at the municipal elections level.

How a Social Network Profile Affects Employers’ Impressions of the Candidate: An Application of Norm Evaluation

Employers have used social network sites (SNSs) to screen job candidates. However, the mechanism by which SNS posts shape employers’ impressions of the candidates is unclear in previous research. Two studies were conducted to examine how employers develop impressions of job candidates by evaluating their SNS profile against perceived organizational and societal injunctive norms (perceived organizational injunctive norms [POINs] and perceived societal injunctive norms [PSINs], respectively), through a 2 (SNS profile type: alcohol-free vs. alcohol-included) × 2 (industry: Catholic school vs. information technology [IT]) × 2 (gender-role perceptions based on candidate’s sex: male vs. female) between-subjects experiment design. Findings contribute to the scholarship on impression formation via SNSs by showing that individuals develop their impressions by evaluating how much the target SNS profile aligns with POINs. Specifically, an alcohol-included Facebook profile violated POINs and PSINs more than an alcohol-free profile. In addition, both studies found that the interaction effect between the profile and the industry on the extent to which the SNS profile aligned with POINs and PSINs was significantly different for the male and female candidate. This research offers practical implications about how to manage professional self-presentation on SNSs.

Role of gender in perspectives of discrimination, stigma, and attitudes relative to cervical cancer in rural Sénégal.

Cervical cancer is the leading cause of female cancer deaths in Sénégal which is ranked 17th in incidence globally, however, the screening rate there is very low. Nuanced gendered perceptions and health behaviors of both women and men play a significant role in women's health. Our study analyzed gender differences on perceptions of gender roles, discrimination, cancer attitudes, cancer stigma, and influences in healthcare decision making within our study population to inform ongoing cervical cancer prevention work in the rural region of Kédougou, Sénégal. We conducted a cross-sectional survey of 158 participants, 101 women and 57 men (ages 30-59) across nine non-probability-sampled communities from October 2018 through February 2019. Bivariate analysis was conducted to assess gender differences across all variables. We also conducted analyses to determine whether there were significant differences in beliefs and attitudes, by screening behavior and by education. We found significant gender differences regarding the perception of a woman's role (P < 0.001) and a man's role (P = 0.007) as well as in the everyday discrimination questions of "decreased respect by spouse" (P < 0.001). Regarding cancer stigma, among women, 18.00% disagreed and 10.00% strongly disagreed while among men, 3.6% disagreed and 1.8% strongly disagreed that "If I had cancer, I would want my family to know that I have it." When making decisions about one's healthcare, women are more likely than men to trust social contacts such as their spouse (46.5% vs 5.3%, p < 0.001) while men are more likely than women to trust health service personnel such as a nurse (50.9% vs 18.8%, p < 0.001). Furthermore, men and women were both more likely to state that men have the final decision regarding the healthcare decisions of women (p < 0.001). Our data reveal structural disadvantages for women within our study population as well as gender differences in the adapted everyday discrimination scale and cancer stigma scale. Higher rates of both personal and perceived cancer stigma among women has profound implications for how population and community level communication strategies for cancer prevention and control should be designed. Efforts to advance the goal of the elimination of cervical cancer should, in the short-term, seek to gain a more profound understanding of the ways that gender, language, and other social determinants impact negative social influences and other barriers addressable through interventions. Social and behavior change communication may be one approach that can focus both on education while seeking to leverage the social influences that exist in achieving immediate and long-term goals.

Experiences, views and needs of first-time fathers in pregnancy-related care: a qualitative study in south-East Nigeria

BackgroundGiven the relevance of paternal involvement in maternal care, there is a need to prepare first-time fathers to participate in pregnancy and childbirth actively. This study explores the experiences and needs of first-time fathers; and how these influences their involvement during pregnancy and childbirth in Nigeria.MethodsA descriptive qualitative study was conducted. Semi-structured interviews with 50 men recruited from rural and urban workplaces, hospitals, and markets, generated data used to explore the experiences, views and needs of first-time fathers’ in pregnancy-related care in south-east Nigeria. All data were transcribed and analysed using thematic analysis.ResultsSix major themes were identified: gender roles, antenatal involvement, care costs and delivery choices, need to be informed, dealing with emotions, and dealing with the delivery day. The key finding reveals that inexperience and perceptions of gender roles greatly influenced the support provided by first-time fathers to their spouses and the support they received from their social support networks. Two primary needs were identified: need to be informed and the need to know about the cost of care in health settings. First-time fathers acknowledged the role of information on their decision making and final choices.ConclusionFindings reveal the influence of gender norms, beliefs, and social support on first-time fathers’ involvement in pregnancy and childbirth. This study also highlights the urgent need to provide informational support for first-time fathers and presents insights into what hospitals can do to achieve this need.

Japanese women's perceptions of gender roles and leadership and the effects of a Women & Leadership Course: A qualitative analysis

In this qualitative, exploratory study, we interviewed 35 Japanese college women about their awareness of gender roles/stereotypes, leadership conceptions/experiences, and future aspirations. We further compared participants who took a Women & Leadership course with those who did not to examine the program's consciousness-raising potential. Using an iterative, thematic analysis approach, several themes emerged, including leadership barriers (e.g., confidence), role model influences (particularly other women), and the course's effects on women's leadership conceptions (e.g., feminine = leader). We discuss our findings in terms of existing literature on Japanese gender roles and leadership and argue that more research on college-aged Japanese women and their professional identity development is necessary to facilitate cultural/policy changes.

Intention to Formally Report Family Violence in South Korea: Based on Black's Theory of Law.

Generally, filing a formal report of family violence is considered a difficult task, although it is the main source from which police can take action. The purpose of this study was to examine the factors predicting the intention to formally report family violence in South Korea, based on Black's theory of law. The data were drawn from the National Survey of Domestic Violence, collected from a representative sample of 5777 members of the South Korean population. The results indicated that people generally showed a greater intention to report violence that they witnessed in other families as opposed to their own family. Perceived gender roles and information about institutions where individuals might seek help for family violence were the strongest negative and positive predictors of the intention to report, respectively. The findings can be used as evidence when developing public education and practical guidelines to promote official reporting of family violence.

Social Hierarchy Materialized: Korean Vernacular Houses as a Medium to Transfer Confucian Ideology

Buildings reveal the social values of a society through their forms and configuration. During the Choseon dynasty, Confucianism was the national ideology and basis for governing principles. Consequently, houses for the ruling class were built to conform to the principle of separating domains for men, women, servants, and ancestors. This hierarchical social system persisted for hundreds of years, but from the 19th century, various social movements gradually delegitimized many inequalities between sexes and classes. Mysteriously, even after this series of radical political and social changes, vernacular houses still adhered to the same hierarchical spatial order until the mid-20th century. This paper analyzes the houses built from the 15th century to the mid-20th century to show how Confucian principles were translated into the design to control social interactions. The paper concludes with a discussion of how Confucianism has been passed on through the medium of housing until today and how they have influenced people’s perception of different gender roles in contemporary Korean society.

СЕМАНТИЧЕСКИЙ АСПЕКТ АНГЛИЙСКИХ НЕОЛОГИЗМОВ С ГЕНДЕРНЫМ КОМПОНЕНТОМ ЗНАЧЕНИЯ

The article presents the results of semantic analysis of English neologisms with the gender component in their meaning which were registered in lexicographic resources during the XXI century (100 units). The research resulted in distinguishing several thematic groups of new words that characterize men and women according to various parameters: appearance, family relations, professional activity, spheres of interests and others. The obtained results enabled to come to conclusion that social conscience and public worldview affected the process of formation of new lexical items that reflect the changing male and female features and their attitude to the reality. Componential analysis revealed evaluative component in the meaning of some new words, most of which present the negative characteristics of men. This paper also examines gender marked neologisms functioning (2427 tokens) in electronic mass media (450 articles) and demonstrates their wide circulation in various articles. Emerging of gender-marked neologisms and their use can be the evidence of the changes in the perception of gender roles in the society and, correspondingly, in the linguistic picture of the world.

Migrant women and sexual and gender-based violence at the Colombia-Venezuela border: A qualitative study

BackgroundSexual and Gender-Based Violence (SGBV) affects women and girls in multiple ways. During migration and within humanitarian settings, migrant women and girls are exposed to different forms of SGBV and to higher vulnerabilities compared with those men encounter. Survivors of this kind of violence face challenges in accessing healthcare for reasons that not only include legal status, language barriers, discrimination, misinformation on the availability of healthcare services, but also the growing spread of conservative views regarding sexual and reproductive health which pose a considerable threat to human rights. This study was guided by the question of how humanitarian emergency preparedness and response initiatives within four cities at the Colombo-Venezuelan border are addressing SGBV. The goal of this research was threefold: first, to explain the level of implementation of the second goal of the MISP, which is to prevent and respond to the consequences of sexual violence; second, to assess the availability of services for migrants who have experienced some type of sexual violence; and third, to understand the perceptions of migrants regarding sexual and gender-based violence. Methods and FindingsThis study assessed the degree of implementation of the Minimal Initial Service Package (MISP) using a set of tools developed by the Inter-Agency Working Group on Reproductive Health in Crises. This study combined the use of different qualitative methods: i) a literature review; ii) 23 interviews with key informants on sexual and reproductive health; iii) an assessment of 21 health institutions which provide services to migrants; and iv) 24 focus groups with migrants between the ages of 14 to 49 years old (241 participants, of which 121 were women and 120 were men). This research was conducted in four cities at the Colombo-Venezuelan border where there was the highest concentration of migrants. Ethical approval was granted by Profamilia´s Advisory Committee on Research Ethics. Although preventing and managing the consequences of sexual violence is the second objective of the MISP, this study found several barriers for the guarantee of comprehensive healthcare for survivors: Venezuelan migrants do not usually consider that healthcare is a need for them after they have survived sexual violence; SGBV during migration is a common occurrence according to key informants; in three out of four cities there were existing organizations working on SGBV, but not all of them could offer comprehensive healthcare services in response to sexual violence. ConclusionsIn this study, we observed that migrants tend to be more exposed to Sexual and Gender-Based Violence due to the normalization of such forms of violence in the Colombian and Venezuelan cultures. Findings suggest that Venezuelan migrants are facing complex SGBV issues during the humanitarian emergency at the Colombia-Venezuela border. Recommendations include local health systems response teams, governments and host communities working together to address early access to prevention, healthcare, and protection services for the survivors of SGBV; eliminating barriers in access to essential and comprehensive equity-oriented healthcare services; developing the skills and capacities of healthcare services professionals around the proper management of SGBV; and countering misinformation, lowering the stigma associated with migrants in host communities, and broadening migrant´s perceptions of SGBV, gender roles, and xenophobia.

Elucidating on Gender Role Perceptions of Tobephobia in the Workplace

Elucidating on Gender Role Perceptions of Tobephobia in the Workplace

Historical background for the development of gender-oriented interior design

The impact of gender especially on shaping the design environment is considered. Historical prerequisites of formation in the architectural and design environment of features and prototypes of woman and man are considered. Gender characteristics affect the design of the premises, the offices of the heads of firms and offices, where you need to emphasize the personality of the head. In the Age of Gender Revolution, the notions of masculine and feminine are dispersed, and gender neutral space is emerging. Today, conditions dictate the creation of an environment in contemporary design where gender equality must be taken into account. Create a space where it will be nice for everyone to feel comfortable and secure. Contemporary architects and interior designers must already be able to project non-gender stereotypical spaces, rare solutions to the idea that best described the evolution of traditional gender roles in the modern world. As there has always been a coherence in the perception of traditional gender roles in society. With the development of interior design, they have acquired gender stereotypes of housing and public buildings design. It is interesting how modern rooms of boarding houses, hostels of different types differ. Because some stereotypes are rooted in consciousness, it is difficult to imagine them differently and in the dormitories and boarding schools in schools, camps in general still have a traditional environment that is driven by stereotypical beliefs about girls and boys. In a gender revolution, the world has quite different opinions and creations, from the warm and joyful attitude of free America to the oriental, rigid mindset that is negative. Conditionally, the world is divided into those that follow the traditions of gender roles in society and at the same time destroy the passion and tradition of all its manifestations. Changes in society affect trends and the need, even in interior design and architecture, a designer should know. Keywords: female and male appearance on the Internet, historical styles, baroque, rococo, design, dormitories, sanatoriums, camps, boarding houses, modern society, gender, gender revolution.

Korean young adults’ perceptions of fathers’ gender role conflict, depressive symptoms, and paternal relationship quality: the mediating effects of fathers’ violence

ABSTRACTThe present study tested the mediating effects of fathers’ violence on the relationships among Korean young adults’ perceptions of their fathers’ gender role conflict, the quality of their relationships with their fathers, and depressive symptoms. Three hundred fifty six Korean university students in South Korea participated in the study. The hypothesized model was tested by using structural equation modelling. Results indicated fathers’ violence fully mediated the relationship between fathers’ perceived gender role conflict for Success, Power and Competition and paternal relationship quality, and partially mediated the relationship between fathers’ perceived Restrictive Emotionality and paternal relationship quality. Fathers’ perceived Restrictive Emotionality was also associated with their own depressive symptoms. Results were contextualized within dynamics of South Korean society and culture.

Questionnaire Design and Translation for Refugee Populations: Lessons Learned from the REHEAL Study

AbstractSurveying the refugee population poses particular challenges: what measurement and culture effects need to be taken into account? Are some of the constructs related to refugees unique or can constructs used in other surveys be adapted? Due to considerable variation in educational background, in trauma history or in perception of ethnicity or gender roles in refugee populations, one needs to raise the question whether a one-size-fits-all approach is suitable when designing a questionnaire for refugee populations. Drawing upon the experience of the REHEAL study conducted in 2016 during the early phase of refugees' settlement in Greek refugee camps, the article addresses the particular challenges when designing and translating a questionnaire for multinational, multicultural and potentially traumatized refugee populations, residing in refugee accommodation settings. A post hoc scrutiny of the Arabic and Farsi versions of the REHEAL questionnaire forms the basis of this article in order to empirically inform best practices in designing and translating questionnaires for special populations. The authors set the stage by summarizing key aspects of concept and measurement equivalence in cross-cultural research, and then by expanding on the fact that cross-cultural differences in response styles or response sets can affect comparability. Translation and adaptation challenges are examined and illustrated by examples. This article serves to empirically document the benefit and pitfalls of appropriate measurements for use in refugee research.

Perception of Social Gender Roles in Medical Faculty Students

Abstract Background “Gender equality’’ is the fifth of the Sustainable Development Goals put forward in order to ensure the development in all areas. Medical faculty students, who will be a doctor, should practice with a gender equality perspective and shape their views and attitudes with equality in mind which will have an important part in the adoption of equality by society. The aim of the study was to evaluate the perception of social gender roles in medical students. Methods This cross - sectional study was performed with all students in Eskisehir Osmangazi University Faculty of Medicine. The questionnaire includes sociodemographic characteristics and Gender of Perception Scale(PCS) to measure perception of social gender roles. The scores that can be taken from the scale are ranged from 25 to 125, and high scores indicate that perception of gender is positive and equality. Mann Whitney U, Kruskal Wallis were used in univariate analysis; multivariate linear regression was used in multivariate analysis. Results The study group consisted of 1023 (84.3%) students in the study group, 52.8% were females and their ages ranged from 17 to 30 and the mean was 21.36 ± 2.06. The PCS scores ranged from 32 to 125 and the mean was 108.07±16.58. Multivariate linear regression analyzes were performed to determine the factors associated with the PCS. According to the results of last model sex, living with grandparents until the age of 18, region of the majority of life and parental attitudes were found to be related to perception of social gender roles (F = 29.602, R2=0.170, p &amp;lt; 0.001). Conclusions The perception of gender of medical students was found to be positive. Sex and the characteristics of the social environment were related to perception of gender. In order to raise awareness on gender equality, it might be useful to ensure integration in the medical education curriculum. Key messages Factors that can be changed, such as the social characteristics of the living environment, were found to be related to perception of social gender roles. Ensuring gender equality, one of the Sustainable Development Goals, is important for medical students who will be a role model for society.

Operationalisation of gender and migration in epidemiological research – a systematic review

Abstract Background Gender as a social construct contributes to determine who migrates and which migration-related risks and opportunities emerge in all phases of the migration trajectory. Simultaneously, migration influences the individual as well as societal definition and perception of gender roles. An explicit gender perspective beyond biological sex in migration-related epidemiological research would contribute to adequately analyse, assess and interpret the health situation of migrants. Methods The systematic review synthesises how gender is conceptualised, operationalised and used for interpretation in migration-related epidemiological research. We search PubMed, Embase, CINAHL, the Cochrane Library, EconLit and PsycINFO as well as the reference lists of the included studies. Eligible studies actively aim to understand, identify or explain the influence of gender on health. Results 20 cross-sectional studies met the eligibility criteria. The majority of studies analysed gender effects on mental health (e.g. depression) and sexual health (e.g. risk behaviour). The majority of the study population is made up of male sexual minorities with Latin American background living in the USA. Gender is mainly operationalised through gender roles, attitudes and gender-based discrimination. These dimensions are mostly conceptualised at the individual level, only a minority of studies applies meso- or macro-level indicators to measure structural gender effects. Discussion We identified research gaps with regard to macro-level mechanisms of gender, immigrant populations in Europe and interactions of migration and gender in epidemiological research. The majority is restricted to sex- or sexual orientation related issues, but this systematic review helps to identify good practice examples that may contribute to the development of a guideline on how to integrate a gender perspective in migration-related epidemiological research. Systematic Review Registration: PROSPERO CRD42019124698