Gender Role Behavior Research Articles

Childhood Gender Diversity and Mental Health: Protocol for the Longitudinal, Observational Gender Journey Project.

Prepubertal transgender, nonbinary, and gender-diverse (TGD) children (ie, those asserting gender identity, expressing gender-role behavior outside of culturally defined norms for their sex registered at birth, or both) are presenting in greater numbers to pediatric gender clinics across the United States and abroad. A large subset of TGD children experiences gender dysphoria, that is, distress that arises from the incongruence between gender identity and sex registered at birth. A lack of consensus exists regarding care for prepubertal TGD children due, in part, to a dearth of empirical research on longitudinal developmental trajectories of gender identity, role behavior, and gender dysphoria (when present). The objective of this National Institutes of Health-funded study is to provide evidence to inform clinical care for prepubertal TGD children by establishing a US longitudinal cohort (N=248) of prepubertal TGD children and their caregivers that is followed prospectively at 6-month intervals across 18 months. At each timepoint, clinical and behavioral data are collected via web-based visit from child and caregiver reporters. Latent class analysis, among other methods, is used to identify subgroups and longitudinally characterize the gender identity and gender-role behavior of TGD children. These models will define longitudinal patterns of gender identity stability and characterize the relationship between TGD classes and mental and behavioral health outcomes, including the moderating role of social gender transition (when present), on these associations. Baseline data collection (N=248) is complete, and the identification of TGD subgroups based on gender identity and expression using latent class analysis is anticipated in 2024. The completion of all 4 waves of data collection is anticipated in July 2024, coinciding with the start of a no-cost study extension period. We anticipate longitudinal analyses to be completed by winter 2024. Through a longitudinal observational design, this research involving prepubertal TGD children and their caregivers aims to provide empirical knowledge on gender development in a US sample of TGD children, their mental health symptomology and functioning over time, and how family initiated social gender transition may predict or alleviate mental health symptoms or diagnoses. The research findings have promise for clinicians and families aiming to ensure the best developmental outcome for these children as they develop into adolescents. DERR1-10.2196/55558.

An investigation of the relationship between mothers' perceived gender role and maternal gatekeeping behavior

An investigation of the relationship between mothers' perceived gender role and maternal gatekeeping behavior

Gender stereotypes when choosing the head of the clan in Yakut families

The research of gender education and gender-role behavior of men and women is becoming increasingly relevant in modern society. Psychological trends of modern society, appealing to androgynous values, increasingly blur the boundaries that define male and female roles and their functions. This is especially evident in family relationships. The article is devoted to the idea of the head of the genus in the Yakut family, gender stereotypes among the Sakha people. In the course of the study, the author’s methodology was developed based on the Mukhina’s methodology “Criminal or scientist», as well as the authors’ questionnaire on identifying the head of a clan and the line of the clan. The respondents were young people aged 18 – 29 years. The results of the study showed that in modern Yakut families, the ancestral line is more often carried out on the mother’s side. The head of a clan in most cases is also a woman. It was revealed that there are no statistically significant gender differences in our sample

Childhood and Adolescence Gender Role Nonconformity and Gender and Sexuality Diversity in Young Adulthood

Sexuality- and gender-diverse youth experience disproportionate health and social adversity. Accurate early-life indicators are important for development of supportive approaches. To examine whether commonly used items measuring childhood conformity to gender roles are associated with sexual orientation in young adulthood. This single-center, prospective cohort study (the Raine Study) assessed 2868 children of 2900 women who were recruited during pregnancy from August 1, 1989, to April 30, 1992, with follow-up ongoing. The Achenbach System of Empirically Based Assessment (ASEBA) Child Behavior Checklist, Teacher Report Form, and Youth Self-Report tools were used to survey parents, teachers, and youths to examine gender diversity among the participating youths. Parents were followed up at years 5, 8, 10, 14, and 17, adolescents at years 14, 17, and 27, and teachers at years 10 and 14. Data were analyzed from August 1, 2020, to July 31, 2023. Parent and teacher report that a child "behaves like the opposite sex" (gender role behavior), and parent and self-report that a child "wishes to be the opposite sex" (gender role wish), in response to assessment items. Year 27 self-reported sexual identity, attraction, and behavior. Of the 2868 children in the original birth cohort, 1154 (40.2%) participated in the year 27 follow-up, of whom 608 (52.7%) were recorded female at birth and 546 (47.3%) were recorded male at birth. Of these, 582 who were recorded female at birth continued to identify as female (cisgender) (95.7%), and 515 recorded male at birth continued to identify as male (cisgender) (94.3%); 47 (4.1%) did not complete the questionnaire. Of cisgender participants, 76 of 605 women (12.6%) and 52 of 540 men (9.6%) had a diverse sexual identity, 204 of 605 women (33.8%) and 77 of 540 men (14.3%) were same-gender attracted, and 100 of 605 women (18.6%) and 39 of 540 men (7.2%) had ever engaged in same-gender sexual behavior. Across all follow-ups, after adjusting for gender, nonconforming gender role behavior was consistently associated with diverse sexual identity and behavior (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] for identity, 2.8; 95% CI, 1.9-4.2; behavior aOR, 2.4; 95% CI, 1.6-3.5). Self-reported gender role wish was consistently associated with diverse sexual orientation (identity aOR, 2.3; 95% CI, 1.4-3.8; attraction aOR, 1.7; 95% CI, 1.1-2.5; behavior aOR, 1.9; 95% CI, 1.2-2.9). In this cohort study, ASEBA gender role nonconformity was associated with diverse sexual orientation, beginning in early childhood. Findings suggest that the ASEBA measures should not be used to infer sexual orientation or gender diversity in clinical or research settings; asking direct questions may provide more accurate data.

Fighting Cancer “Like a Girl” and Taking It “Like a Man”: Examining Gender Stereotypes in Online Breast and Prostate Cancer PSAs

Abstract: This research examines the frequency and nature of gender stereotype portrayals of both women and men in cancer narrative public service announcements (CNPSAs). A content analysis was conducted on 338 online CNPSAs (255 breast cancer, 83 prostate cancer) sourced from health organization websites and social media, utilizing established coding categories such as physical traits, gender role behaviors, and occupational status. The results suggest a higher/lower incidence of gender stereotyping in certain categories than previously identified, using odds ratio and societal data for comparison. For instance, women are 10.3 times more likely to be depicted as under 40, 5.1 times more likely to be portrayed as victims rather than heroes, and 6.7 times more likely to be shown in domestic settings, such as a kitchen. There is also notable gender stereotyping when comparing with societal data on cancer diagnoses and mortality. However, this study observes instances of reversed gender roles (e.g., women portrayed as independent, men as emotional) that contradict traditional stereotypes, despite an overall unequal representation of women. By highlighting these issues, this study contributes to research on gender stereotyping in CNPSAs and provides a valuable reference for further analyses.

The relationship of frustration reactions and gender role behavior in patients with schizophrenia and affective disorders

The study of violations of the adaptive-compensatory mechanisms of patients with mental disorders makes it relevant to study the combined characteristics of gender, psychosexual sphere and response to stress in mental pathology. The aim of the study was to identify the relationship between the types and directions of frustration reactions as unconscious components of coping with gender and gender-role behavior. 183 patients with diagnoses of schizophrenia and schizotypal disorder, recurrent depressive disorder, bipolar affective disorder were examined. In the diagnostic groups, men and women were dominated by persons under the age of 30. The «Method of diagnostics of gender role behavior accentuations» and «Drawing Associations test» were used. The data obtained indicate that among patients with schizophrenia, men with cross-gender role accentuation better assimilate socio-normative patterns of behavior than women with cross-gender role accentuation; in women with schizotypal disorder, the presence of cross-gender accentuation of gender-role behavior is associated with a lower level of social adaptation compared to women without accentuation.Women with schizotypal disorder and more pronounced masculine gender role accentuation have a profile of the direction of emotional reactions in frustrating situations, characteristic of men with schizotypal disorder. In ontogenesis, the interrelationships of stereotypes of emotional response and the level of gender role accentuation change. The revealed sex differences in the profiles of frustration reactions among patients on the schizophrenic spectrum may be partially explained by the gender-role characteristics of patients. In conclusion of the analysis, it can be concluded that the stereotypes of a person’s emotional response and their formation are closely related to gender-role behavior. Knowledge of this kind of interrelationships enables the psychotherapist in the course of treatment to achieve the patient’s understanding of his behavior, including its unconscious aspects.

Implicit Gender Bias in the Clinical Judgment of Psychopathy and Personality Disorders among Licensed Psychologists in the USA

The role of implicit gender bias in the assessment of mental disorders remains a contentious and consequential issue. Inaccurate assessment of psychopathy and personality disorders (PD) among health care professionals can have deleterious consequences with respect to treatment access and planning, as well as legal decision making within forensic settings. Using a quantitative cross-sectional experimental design, 180 licensed psychologists from the USA were recruited via email using non-probability convenience sampling. Implicit gender bias was measured by randomly assigning participants to one of two experimental conditions (i.e., male vs. female pronoun case vignette). While adjusted logistic regression models confirmed significant associations between gender pronoun of case vignette and clinical judgment of PDs, this was not supported for psychopathy. Licensed psychologists were significantly more likely to render a judgment of borderline PD in the female, compared to the male, gender pronoun condition. Conversely, they were significantly more likely to render a judgment of antisocial PD in the male, compared to the female, gender pronoun condition. These findings suggest that despite progress in the understanding of gender role behaviors, personality disorders, and clinical training protocols, implicit gender bias persists among licensed psychologists in the USA.

Family outcome disparities between sexual minority and heterosexual families: a systematic review and meta-analysis

BackgroundThe number of children in sexual minority parent families has increased. This systematic review aims to synthesise the evidence of disparities in family outcomes between sexual minority and heterosexual families...

Standardized instruments for assessing psychiatric, behavioral, sexual problems, and quality of life in male and female adults with disorders of sex development in Indonesia

Disorders of Sex Development (DSD) are a group of congenital medical conditions defined as atypical development of chromosomal, gonadal, and anatomical sex. Psychiatric, behavioral, and gender-associated problems could arise in both male and female adult with DSD. Structured assessments for each variable are needed to properly measure psychiatric and sexual issues and overall quality of life in adults with DSD. This study aims to review structured questionnaire instruments that had been used to assess psychiatric, behavioral, sexual problems, and quality of life in adults with DSD.For psychiatric or behavioral problems, adults with DSD can be assessed with GHQ-28, Brief Symptoms Inventory, Achenbach and Rescorla’s Adult Behavior Checklist, Rosenberg Self-esteem Scale, Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview plus, Hospital anxiety and depression scale, Body image scale, Adult ADHD self-report scale screener, Short Autism Spectrum Quotient, and coping with DSD questionnaire. For quality of life, assessment could be done with WHOQOL and Short Form-36. Gender role assessment in adults with DSD can be done using Core Gender Identity, Sexual Orientation, and Gender Role Behavior and Utrecht Gender Dysphoria Scale. Both of the apparent male and female DSD patients can be assessed using the instruments available. Recommendations are made based on its function, compliance, validity, reliability, and avaibility of an Indonesian version of the questionnaire.There are a plethora of structured questionnaire tools that have been used to measure psychiatric or behavioral problems, quality of life, and gender roles in adult with DSD, each with its own advantages and disadvantages

Gender Stereotypes Changes and Changing Gender Role Behaviors: A Theoretical Perspective

Many scholars have used social role theory to examine gender stereotypes and changes in gender stereotypes. However, it falls short of having the same explanatory power as persons who engage in gradual cognitive processes that alter gender stereotypes and gender role behaviors. In this perspective paper, we argue that the theory of planned behavior can be used to explain the step-by-step cognitive processes of changing gender stereotypes and changing gender role behaviors. It can further be used to examine whether gender stereotypes have changed. The context we selected for this task is. We used two perspectives in this task and examined Sri Lanka as the context for analysis. In the first perspective, we argue that Attitudes, Subjective Norms, and Perceived Behavioral Control influence the Intentions for Changing Gender Role Behaviors. In the second perspective, we argue that Intentions and Facilitative Conditions for Changing Gender Role Behaviors influence the Changing Gender Role Behaviors. Moreover, each perspective provides directions for future research and implications for the theory.

The Role of Woman in Modern Azerbaijani Family Summary

<p><strong><em>The purpose </em></strong><em>of the article</em><em> is to reveal the role of women in the modern Azerbaijani family and to note the patterns of changing gender roles in the family and marriage.</em><em></em></p><p><strong><em>Research methodology.</em></strong><em> In the course of the research the methods of analysis and synthesis were used; the method of generalization was used during the comprehension of the achievements of scholars in solving the outlined problems; the historical method was used for tracing the formation of the family institution in Azerbaijan; the descriptive method was used for revealing the current situation in society; the secondary analysis of sociological research was used for identification patterns in the change of gender roles in the family and marriage, in particular the separation of marriage and parenthood.</em></p><p><strong><em>Results.</em></strong><em> Under the influence of modern trends, Azerbaijani family is undergoing major changes, the consequences of which are important both for family in particular and society in general. The social problems caused by decrease in birth rate and increase of number of the persons refusing marriage and a family are described. Patriarchal tendencies continue to dominate the mass consciousness, and models of gender behavior that are considered as discriminatory towards women are still relevant in Azerbaijan. The gender-role behavior of children brought up in a family reflects the asymmetry of male and female roles, and the regulation of this behavioral sphere is carried out by parents through a system of prohibitions and punishments.</em><em> </em><em>The family is a center of the gender relations formation, through it the ideas of masculinity and femininity, gender stereotypes and norms that determine the behavior of men and women in society are transmitted to next generations.</em></p><p><em>Today, Azerbaijani society is more open to women’s self-affirmation. In this context, the role of the mother in preserving ethnic identity and the married role in preserving family traditions are very important.</em><em> </em><em>The research considered </em><em>the image of the mother in the ethnic identity of Azerbaijanis, explore</em><em>d</em><em> </em><em>the process of raising a woman as a future mother </em><em>(traditions, rituals, rituals)</em><em>, identified the role of a woman in wedding ceremonies. Talks about women’s independence and freedom have affected the world for centuries, but centuries-old stereotypes of dependence ingrained in women’s minds have prevented them from escaping their nature, that is dependence on men, their attitudes and participation.</em></p><p><strong><em>Novelty.</em></strong><em> Today, the social mobility of Azerbaijani women has undergone many changes, which has affected the formed cultural attitudes and stereotypes, but certain expectations in </em><em>the relationship </em><em>between men and women still exist. It is in </em><em>women</em><em>’</em><em>s </em><em>roles and stereotypes that ethnic mentality </em><em>manifests itself</em><em>, and it is with their development and change that </em><em>will address many ethnic issues</em><em>. Within the study, the directions of solving the outlined problem in the Azerbaijani society are outlined.</em></p><p><strong><em>Practical importance.</em></strong><em> The results of the research can be useful in further research of the family institute and in the educational process of higher education institutions that train specialists in the humanities.</em></p><p><strong><em>Key</em></strong><strong><em> </em></strong><strong><em>words:</em></strong><em> traditions and modernity, Azerbaijani family, transformation of values, creativity and self-affirmation of women, gender balance, ethnic characteristics of relationships.</em></p>

Conceptual Overview (Portrayals of Sexuality in Pornography)

Conceptual Overview (Portrayals of Sexuality in Pornography)

Gender-role behaviour and gender identity in girls with classical congenital adrenal hyperplasia

Brief Summary: This questionnaire-based case control study showed that girls with classical congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) had more masculinized gender-role behaviour (GRB) and a tendency for ambiguous gender-identity (GI) compared to healthy children. The most likely contributor was prenatal androgen exposure.

Adherence to stereotypes as a prerequisite for acceptance of the situation of domestic violence in civil and military university students

The article is devoted to the study of the degree of acceptance of gender stereotypes in the professional and private fields as a factor that increases the likelihood of accepting a situation of domestic violence both as an aggressor and as a victim. The article analyzes approaches to understanding domestic violence in sociological, psychological, and philosophical schools. Domestic violence is considered by the author as a manifestation of social inequality, leading to the criminalization of family relations, a decrease in the level of social and personal security, and the formation of helplessness among victims of family aggression. The concepts of social and gender stereotype are revealed, the structure and typology of social stereotypes are described. Summarizing the experience of working in the Tver crisis center, the author gives a description of the characteristic features of a victim of domestic violence, among which most are adherents of gender stereotypes. The article describes a study aimed at studying the degree of adherence to gender stereotypes among young people studying in the civil and military spheres and conducted with the help of a questionnaire compiled by the author. The empirical basis of the study is a survey of girls and young people from Tver and Moscow (226 people). The analysis of the obtained data showed that in the male and female samples there is a high degree of acceptance of traditional ideas about gender-role behavior, which, according to the author, can be the basis for accepting the situation of domestic violence as a model of family relations and its transmission in the next generations. According to the author, one of the important directions of combating gender stereotypes and increasing the level of social equality in Russian society can be training courses on the problems of domestic violence. The above research results and their analysis will be useful to practitioners in the field of helping professions, state and social institutions.

A meta-analysis examining the relationship between parents’ sexual orientation and children's developmental outcomes

ABSTRACT Despite the Obergefell v. Hodges (2015) Supreme Court decision allowing same-sex marriage, the current political climate has emboldened state legislatures in the United States to push for anti-LGBTQ adoption legislation, some citing that LGBTQ couples have a negative effect on children. This meta-analysis synthesized data from 32 studies on 6 developmental outcomes (child gender role behaviour, gender identity, sexual orientation, cognitive function, psychological adjustment, and quality of parent–child relationship). The overall effect size of having same-sex parents on the developmental outcomes of the children was positive and significantly different from that of heterosexual parents. Moderator analyses found that location, socioeconomic status, type of relationship, date of publication, and the child's sexual preference were significant. We provide implications for practitioners and policy, as well as recommendations for future research in this area.

Low Perinatal Androgens Predict Recalled Childhood Gender Nonconformity in Men

The contributions of gonadal hormones to the development of human behavioral sex differences are subjects of intense scientific and social interest. Isolated gonadotropin-releasing-hormone deficiency (IGD) is a rare endocrine disorder that can reveal a possible role of early gonadal hormones. IGD is characterized by low or absent gonadal hormone production after the first trimester of gestation, but external genitalia and hence gender of rearing are concordant with chromosomal and gonadal sex. We investigated recalled childhood gender nonconformity in men (n = 65) and women (n = 32) with IGD and typically developing men (n = 463) and women (n = 1,207). Men with IGD showed elevated childhood gender nonconformity, particularly if they also reported undescended testes at birth, a marker of low perinatal androgens. Women with IGD did not differ from typically developing women. These results indicate that early androgen exposure after the first trimester contributes to male-typical gender-role behaviors in childhood.

Folklore and the Dynamics of Gender Differentiation: A Feminist Approach

Culture dictates how people should live, and how they should interact with each other as men and women. A plethora of literature displays that in most African cultures women and men perform different tasks by virtue of their biological make-up. The division of labour between men and women can be traced from the patriarchal system, which is culturally determined. In most African cultures gender differentiation shaped the behaviours of indigenous societies in that it was believed that women are weak and even inferior to men. From an early age, children develop beliefs that are gender-based; this quite often results in different gender roles established for people of different genders. This article aims at critiquing how folklore, through expressions, proverbs, and cultural songs, shapes gender differentiation in the balance of power, as well as the distribution of roles in indigenous communities. The article also seeks to answer the following questions: How does folklore impact on the socialisation of boys and girls? To what extent does folklore impact on gender relations? What role do stories and storytelling play in the maintenance and the transformation of stereotypic gender role behaviour? This article is grounded on a survey of some selected Sesotho sa Leboa literature, both written and oral, amongst others folksongs, proverbs and also language expressions, which to some extent play a role in the division of labour between men and women. In analysing the folksongs, linguistic expressions and proverbial expressions, the article shows how women were portrayed in the context of patriarchal culture.

Analysis of the Educational Environment in Kindergartens for Gender Equality and Preschoolers’ Gender-Role Development

The preschool period is critical for gender equality education. Through analyzing the results of the questionnaires on gender equality awareness and gender equality education answered by 492 preschool teachers from 18 kindergartens, this study is aimed at having a basic understanding of the status quo of the educational environment in kindergartens for gender equality. Additionally, the questionnaires on preschoolers’ gender role behaviors were answered by 3712 parents to understand the status quo and characteristics of preschool children’s gender-role development. On this basis, the relationship between the educational environment in kindergartens for gender equality and preschoolers’ gender-role development was illuminated. The study found that: preschool teachers’ awareness of gender equality was in the middle to upper level overall and there were age differences. The overall performance of gender equality education in kindergartens was good, and the aspects of gender integration and promotion need to be improved. Preschool teachers’ education and gender equality awareness significantly and positively predicted the level of kindergarten gender equality education. There are gender differences in the distribution of different gender roles among preschool children, and gender roles are in constant development. Therefore, it is recommended that kindergartens create a gender-equal environment, deepen the promotion of gender equality in society, highlight gender-equal education topics in family education guidance, support teachers’ learning and development, and provide systematic post-service training for preschool teachers on gender equality education.

ПСИХОЛОГО-ПЕДАГОГИЧЕСКОЕ СОПРОВОЖДЕНИЕ ФОРМИРОВАНИЯ ПОЛОВОЙ ИДЕНТИЧНОСТИ НА ЭТАПЕ ДОШКОЛЬНОГО ДЕТСТВА

The article reveals the features of the cognitive, emotional and behavioral components of preschoolers’ gender identity. An important condition for the formation of gender identity is the qualitative content of the developing subject-spatial environment. Psychological and pedagogical support for the formation of gender identity at the stage of preschool childhood is to create conditions for the successful assimilation of gender-role behavior in the play activities of preschoolers.

Changing gender role behaviors of south Asian men in different gender regimes: A comparative study of COVID‐19 lockdown in Pakistan and Germany

This comparative study of COVID‐19 lockdown aims to underline changes in gender role behaviors of South‐Asian men (husbands) living in different gender regimes: Pakistan and Germany. As a nascent contribution to existing discourses of political science (gender regimes), international migration, and men and masculinity, the study compares self‐reported changes in husbands' masculine and feminine role behaviors with perceptions of their wives during the lockdown period. A gender role behavior scale is adapted to design an online survey and collect data through convenient and snowball sampling techniques. By computing analysis of variance (ANOVA) with repeated measures, the study infers that the COVID‐19 driven first lockdown has limited the mobility of men (husbands). Thus, they have reported a significant decline in their traditional masculine role behaviors (outside the home) in both countries. Nonetheless, a subsequent increase does not appear in their feminine role behaviors. Although temporary suspension of their breadwinning roles due to lockdown has allowed them to modify their gender role behaviors by sharing increased domestic and caregiving tasks in families, a significant change does not appear in their behaviors. Findings conclude that social upheaval (COVID‐19) does not convince men (husbands) to interchange their masculine and feminine role behaviors in families. Thus, inferences support key prims of bio‐socialists that gender role behaviors are inherited and may change through cultural advancements (through gender education and enabling legal frameworks) in relatively less gender‐egalitarian societies and proper ‘gendered integration’ initiatives in relatively more gender‐egalitarian societies.