Gender Role Attitudes Research Articles

Toplumsal Cinsiyet Rolleri Ölçeği’nin Türkçe’ye Uyarlaması: Geçerlik ve Güvenirlik Çalışması

Bu araştırmanın amacı, Toplumsal Cinsiyet Rolleri Tutum Ölçeğini Türkçe’ye uyarlamak ve geçerlik, güvenirlik analizlerini yapmaktır. Araştırma üç aşamada gerçekleştirilmiştir. Bu araştırmanın sırasıyla birinci aşamasına 326, ikinci aşamasına 278, üçüncü aşamasına 57 gönüllü üniversite öğrencisi katılmıştır. İlk aşamada çeviri çalışması, açımlayıcı faktör analizi yapılmıştır. İkinci aşamada doğrulayıcı faktör analizi, uyum geçerliği ve güvenirlik, üçüncü aşamada ise test-tekrar test sonuçları incelenmiştir. Açımlayıcı faktör analizi sonucunda, ölçeğin toplam varyansının %38.6’sının açıklandığını görülmüştür. Doğrulayıcı faktör analizi sonucunda uyarlanan ölçeğin iyi uyum iyiliğine sahip olduğu gözlenmiştir. Ölçeğin uyum geçerliği Çelişik Duygulu Cinsiyetçilik Ölçeği ile incelenmiştir. Ölçeğin iç tutarlılık katsayısı .88, test-tekrar test güvenirlik katsayısı .77olarak bulunmuştur. Araştırma sonuçları, Toplumsal Cinsiyet Rolleri Tutum Ölçeği Türkçe formunun geçerli ve güvenilir bir ölçek olduğunu göstermektedir.

Missing Women in STEM in China: an Empirical Study from the Viewpoint of Achievement Motivation and Gender Socialization

Although women are increasingly earning degrees in STEM, they remain under-represented in these fields. An empirical study was undertaken to explain the phenomenon of missing women in STEM in China from the viewpoint of achievement motivation and gender socialization, using data from the Third National Survey on the Social Status of Chinese Women. One-way ANOVAs were used to compare the achievement motivation and two stages of gender socialization among the male and female college students in STEM majors in China. Multiple linear regression analysis was used to examine the effects of the two stages of gender socialization on achievement motivation. Results showed that the phenomenon was due to lower achievement motivation of women than that of men in STEM majors. The gender differences were gradually shaped by two stages of gender socialization. In the social construction of gender roles, lower career expectations from parents and gender stereotypes from the culture negatively impacted women’s achievement motivation. In the internalization of gender role expectations, traditional gender role attitudes hindered the advancement of women’s achievement motivation. Therefore, an atmosphere of gender equality should be created in order to stop the outflow of women from the STEM pipeline.

Tolerance of intimate partner violence and sexist attitudes among health sciences students from three Spanish universities

ObjectiveTo explore university health science students’ intimate partner violence tolerance and sexist attitudes and to examine their trend throughout the academic years. MethodsCross-sectional study of students of both sexes of the degrees of medicine, nursing, and psychology from three selected Spanish universities (n = 1,322). Data were collected anonymously using two validated scales: the Dating Violence Questionnaire (DVQ-R) and the Gender Role Attitudes Scale (GRAS). Logistic regressions were used to compare tolerance toward violence and sexist attitudes across the degrees. The evolution of these variables throughout different academic courses was assessed. ResultsOf the sample, 62.8% were tolerant towards intimate partner violence. The percentage of tolerant students was significantly higher in Psychology (75.9%) than in Nursing (57.7%) and Medicine Degrees (60.3%). A higher percentage of sexist students was also found in psychology students (80.8%) than in nursing (62.2%) and medicine students (62.7%). Compared to the first-year students, female medicine students of the last courses were less tolerant to intimate partner violence (p-trend <0.001), and male medicine students had less sexist attitudes (p-trend = 0.002). ConclusionsTolerance of intimate partner violence and sexist attitudes were very high, especially among psychology students. These indicators were significantly better among medicine students of higher courses, suggesting a positive effect of medical training. Intimate partner violence in the university education of the future health professionals should be addressed..

Associations Between Gender-Role Attitudes and Mental Health Outcomes in a Nationally Representative Sample of Australian Adolescents

PurposeThere is evidence that traditional gender-role attitudes are associated with poor mental health outcomes in adults; however, few studies have examined associations among adolescents. We sought to test associations between gender-role attitudes and mental health among Australian adolescents. MethodsData were drawn from the Longitudinal Study of Australian Children, a nationally representative Australian study. Participants were 3,059 adolescents with complete data for Waves 5-6 (years 2012–2014, aged 12/13 and 14/15 years). Analyses were stratified by sex and controlled for parental education, household income, area socioeconomic position, ethnicity, religiousness, and household type. Multivariable linear regression analyses were conducted to test associations. ResultsEgalitarian gender-role attitudes were associated with fewer conduct problems for adolescent males (ß −.04, 95% confidence interval [CI] −.08 to .00; p = .048) and females (ß −.06, 95% CI −.11 to −.01; p = .014), and for females, less hyperactivity (ß −.15, 95% CI −.20 to −.09; p < .001), better prosocial behavior (ß .08, 95% CI .03 to .13; p = .003), and better overall mental health (ß −.27, 95% CI −.43 to −.11, p = .001). There were no associations for peer problems or emotional problems. Associations were more apparent for females than for males, and analyses using adolescent- and teacher-reported mental health supported the main findings. ConclusionsEgalitarian gender-role attitudes among adolescents are associated with better outcomes on some dimensions of adolescent mental health, suggesting that establishing egalitarian gender attitudes in adolescence could help impart mental health benefits among this population group.

Fertility Intentions and Views on Gender Roles: Russian Women in Estonia from an Origin-destination Perspective

In this article we investigate fertility intentions of Russian women in Estonia from an origin-destination perspective. Russian migrants to Estonia and their descendants are compared with women in the sending and host countries in order to identify similarities and differences in intended transitions to first, second and third births. The study is based on the Estonian and Russian Generations and Gender Surveys, which were conducted in 2004/2005, and employs logistic regression models. The dependent variables are intentions to become a mother, to have a second child, or to have a third child. The hypotheses for the study are mainly derived from the adaptation, cultural maintenance, and selection (characteristics) perspectives. We also incorporate attitudes towards gender roles into the models, which have proven to be a salient factor in shaping childbearing intentions, but have seldom been considered in studies of migrant fertility.Our results lend support to both the adaptation and cultural maintenance perspectives. In accord with the latter, the similarity between the childbearing intentions of Russian migrants and their descendants in Estonia and those of their counterparts in Russia suggests that socialisation to the ethnic subculture has prevailed over the influence of the host society. We attribute this outcome to contextual features that have retarded integration processes. By contrast, we observe that proficiency in the host country language, residence in areas where the host population constitutes a large majority and having a native partner significantly contribute to the adaptation of migrants’ intentions to have another child to those of the host population. These results provide support to the adaptation argument. Finally, our study reveals a positive association between egalitarian views on gender roles and women’s intentions to have another child. However, variation in gender role attitudes accounts for a relatively minor part of the difference in intended fertility between the groups addressed in this study.* This article belongs to a special issue on migrant fertility.

Transforming the attitudes of young men about gender roles and the acceptability of violence against women, Bihar

Although the importance of working with young men to transform traditional gender norms has been widely acknowledged, programmes for young men remain sparse in highly gender stratified settings such as India, and those that have been implemented have not reached those in rural areas and those out-of-school. Drawing on data from a cluster randomised controlled trial with panel surveys, of a gender-transformative life skills education and sports-coaching programme conducted among young men aged 13–21 who were members of youth clubs, this paper examines the extent to which it transformed the gender role attitudes of young men and instilled in them attitudes rejecting violence against women and girls. The intervention succeeded in changing gender role attitudes and notions of masculinity, attitudes about men’s controlling behaviours over women/girls, attitudes about men’s perpetration of violence on a woman/girl and perceptions about peer reactions to young men acting in gender-equitable ways. Effects were particularly significant among young men who attended regularly, underscoring the importance of regular attendance in such programmes.

Examining ethno-religious labor market inequalities among women in the Netherlands

This study examines inequalities in labor market outcomes between ethnic-majority women and Muslim-minority women with a Moroccan or Turkish background in the Netherlands. It provides a comprehensive assessment of ethno-religious labor market gaps and investigates how a relatively broad range of explanatory factors are (differently) related to these gaps. We use nationally representative data from the Netherlands Longitudinal Lifecourse Study (2009), which oversamples minorities and contains high-quality measures of a comparatively broad array of potential explanations. Results reveal that Muslim-minority women less often have paid work, face longer job-search periods and hold lower status jobs than majority women. Interestingly, minority women work more hours than majority women in the Netherlands. These gaps are generally smaller for the second generation than the first generation. Our results show that human capital is a key factor that is associated with ethno-religious labor market gaps, but social capital, family features, gender role attitudes and veiling also play a role. Gaps in search duration and job status can be accounted for by these explanatory factors to a greater extent than those for paid work. Moreover, explanatory factors are related to the different gaps in different ways.

An Exploratory Analysis of the Factors Associated with Fathers’ School Involvement in South Korea

The current “Dad Craze” trend has changed the South Korean father figure and has increased the number of fathers participating in children’s education. South Korean parents are known for placing a particularly high value on child education. Despite a significant body of research on fathers’ involvement with their children, no research has investigated the factors affecting fathers’ school involvement in South Korea. This study established an empirical framework for fathers’ school involvement based on the Lamb-Pleck four factor model and explored factors that influence Korean fathers’ school involvement. Using data derived from an internet survey of South Korean fathers with school-aged children (N = 500), descriptive statistics analysis and a regression analysis were conducted to examine the level of fathers’ school involvement and its determinants. Regression analysis showed that fathers’ parent efficacy (B = .367, p = .006) as a skill factor, wife’s support (B = .430, p < .000) as a social support factor, and working flexibility (B = .280, p = .001) as an institutional factor had a statistically significant effect on father school involvement. This study revealed that skill (fathers’ parental efficacy), social support (wife’s support for fathering), and institutional factor (working flexibility) were key predictors of fathers’ involvement in their children’s schools. Father’s gender role attitude did not have a significant effect on the fathers’ school involvement. This study provides empirical evidence regarding determinants of fathers’ school involvement in South Korea and suggests policy implications in order to promote fathers’ school involvement.

Women’s gender role attitudes and fertility intentions of having a second child: survey findings from Shaanxi Province of China

ABSTRACTChina is a country with a unique history of gender traditions and birth-control regulations. Traditional gender role attitudes, closely related to son preference, exert entrenched influence on the fertility intentions and behaviours of women in China. In recent years, despite the fact that employment characteristics and educational attainment of women have caught up with men, China has witnessed a resurgence of patriarchal Confucian tradition. Gender relations in the private sphere are increasingly regulated by traditional gender norms. Considering the declining fertility in China and recent fertility policy adjustments, this paper analyses the varying effects of gender role attitudes on fertility intentions of women under different birth control policies, utilising data from 1,422 questionnaires conducted in 2015 in the Shaanxi Province in northwestern China and using the Multinomial Logistic Model. Our findings imply that the relationship between women’s gender role attitudes and fertility intention differs between women affected by different birth control policies. We find that among married women with one child who are restricted to one child, the more egalitarian the gender role attitude, the more likely they intend to have a second child. Among married women who have had one child and are allowed to have two children, the more egalitarian the gender role attitude, the less likely they intend to have a second child. The results also indicate that traditional gender role attitudes and norms still play an important role in Chinese women’s fertility intentions.

Contraceptive Context, Conservatism, Sexual Liberalism, and Gender-Role Attitudes as Predictors of Abortion Attitudes

Abortion attitudes are influenced by various factors including the context surrounding an abortion and perceivers’ characteristics. This study’s purpose was to determine if past contraceptive use that led to an unexpected pregnancy was a contextual variable that had an impact on abortion attitudes. We investigated conservatism, sexual liberalism, and gender-role attitudes as predictors of abortion attitudes. Support for abortion was neutral-to-slightly favorable, and no gender differences in abortion attitudes were found. There were no differences in abortion attitudes as a function of contraceptive context. Religiosity and erotophobia-erotophilia together were found to be strong, consistent predictors of abortion attitudes.

The Effects of Work·family Balance of Working Moms on their Psychological Well-being - Focused on the Moderating Effects of Care Service Satisfaction, Sharing Housework, Gender Equality Consciousness, and Gender Role Attitude -

The Effects of Work·family Balance of Working Moms on their Psychological Well-being - Focused on the Moderating Effects of Care Service Satisfaction, Sharing Housework, Gender Equality Consciousness, and Gender Role Attitude -

Gender Equality in Europe and the Effect of Work-Family Balance Policies on Gender-Role Attitudes

This study starts from the assumption that the context of opportunities for work-family balance affects individual attitudes toward gender roles, a main indicator of support for gender equality. Compared with extant research, the present study adopts a more articulated definition of “opportunity structure” that includes national income level and social norms on gender attitudes, measures of gender-mainstreaming policies implemented at the company level (flextime), and different work-family balance policies in support of the dual-earner/dual-caregiver family model (e.g., parental-leave schemes and childcare provisions). The effects of these factors are estimated by performing a cross-sectional multilevel analysis for the year 2014. Gender-role attitudes and micro-level controls are taken from the Eurobarometer for all 28 European Union (EU) members, while macro-indicators stem from Eurostat, European Quality of Work Survey, and the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). Our results show that both institutional and workplace arrangements supporting the dual-earner/dual-caregiver family model are associated with more egalitarian gender-role attitudes This is particularly true concerning availability of formal childcare for 0- to 3-year-olds among institutional factors, as well as work-schedule flexibility among workplace factors, probably as they enable a combination of care and paid work for both men and women.

Being old fashioned in a modern world: Gender role attitudes moderate the relation between role conflicts and alcohol use of parents

BackgroundBalancing contradictory demands of different social roles such as work and family can lead to role conflicts. However, whether such conflicts lead to detrimental alcohol use may depend on the individual's gender role attitudes (GRA). For example, considering family care taking as a female task, and breadwinning as a male task. This study investigates whether GRA moderates the relation between work-family conflicts (WFC) and alcohol use, namely usual quantity of alcohol consumed on a drinking day and annual frequency of alcohol use. MethodsEmployed parents (163 mothers (mean age = 37.1, SD = 4.5)), 142 fathers (mean age = 40.5, SD = 4.6)) of young children were sampled in preschool classes and nurseries in French-speaking Switzerland. ResultsThe higher the level of WFC the higher the frequency of alcohol use in men and the higher usual quantity in women. These associations were not found for GRA. However, GRA moderated the relationship between WFC and alcohol use, i.e., increasing alcohol use with increasing WFC was exclusively found among parents with more traditional GRA. ConclusionAmong employed parents of preschool children, traditional role distributions may impede flexible responses to varying job and family demands leading to higher alcohol use in both genders, i.e., men increasing their drinking occasions and women the amount per occasion. Promoting higher gender equity in the fulfilment of family demands and allowing greater flexibility in solving conflicts, could possibly help to prevent the detrimental alcohol use arising from work-family constraints and conflicts.

Attitudes toward Women’s Roles, Marital Satisfaction, and Hwa-Byung among Korean Married Couples

This study surveyed 150 middle-aged Korean wives and husbands and examined the hypothesized path model that gender-role attitudes – in this case, those of women – would be associated with marital satisfaction, which, in turn, would be related to Hwa-Byung. Hwa-Byung is a Korean culture-bound syndrome and means “anger illness.” The results of structural equation modeling using an actor-partner interdependence strategy indicated that husbands’ egalitarian attitudes toward women’s roles predicted their own and their wives’ marital satisfaction, and marital satisfaction was then associated with decreased Hwa-Byung symptoms. However, wives’ attitudes toward women’s roles was not related to their own or their husbands’ marital satisfaction. These results imply that what is crucial in understanding marital satisfaction and Hwa-Byung among Koreans is not wives’ attitudes toward women’s roles, but rather husbands’ egalitarian attitudes toward women’s roles. The implications of the present study for Hwa-Byung treatment and couple counseling were discussed.

Crossing sexual barriers: Predictors of sexual guilt and sexual anxiety among young Canadian and American Muslim adults

The current study tested two exploratory path models predicting sexual guilt and sexual anxiety in young Muslims adults living in Canada and the United States. Using path analysis, I examined the joint influence of background (religiosity, perceived parental sexual attitudes, and gender) and attitudinal (sexual attitudes, gender role attitudes, and sexual double standard) factors on sexual guilt and sexual anxiety. Surveys were completed by 403 Canadian and American young heterosexual Muslim adults (ages 17–35). Most participants (79.4%) were women, approximately one-third of the participants were born outside Canada or the United States, and half identified as students. Most participants identified as either South Asian (43.1%) or Arab (25.1%) and the majority had either an undergraduate (32.3%) or graduate (37.2%) degree. In the final two path models, religiosity both directly and indirectly predicted sexual guilt and anxiety while sexual attitudes, belief in the sexual double standard, and gender role attitudes partially mediated this relationship. Gender role attitudes were strongly related to participants’ support for the sexual double standard, while gender was not a predictor of sexual guilt or anxiety. Perceived parental attitudes had no predictive value, possibly being redundant with religiosity. The path models revealed complex and interesting relationships between the variables which have various implications for young Muslim adults as well as the practitioners who work with them.

Highlighting Global Issues in Women's Health

Despite progress made by the World Health Organization (WHO) Millennium Development Goals, women's health continues to be identified as one of the major challenges for the Sustained Development Goals (SDGs). Specifically, the SDGs Goal 3 reaffirms that women and men have different health-care needs, and that both sexes have an equal right to live healthily. Unfortunately, despite all the progress to date, globally many women and girls suffer discrimination and limited access to health care. Women are constrained by lack of financial resources and limited mobility opportunities. In many countries, women spend long hours on domestic work, and suffer from poor working conditions and gender-based violence, all of which affects their health outcomes. Pregnancy and childbirth continue to pose many risks, including infections, malnutrition, and inadequate pre- and postpartum care leading to unnecessary morbidity and mortality. The Editors issued a call for manuscript submission in this important area of health promotion, which generated many submissions, some of which have already been published in World Medical & Health Policy. In this issue, we continue to explore some of the health issues faced by women around the world. Stapleton and Skinner's article on “Cross-Border Reproductive Care: Two Lenses in Political Science” presents an overview of institutional legitimacy and capacity in global governance, understanding patient motivation in seeking cross-border reproductive services, and the role social scientists can play in promoting relevant policies. In “Managing Religion and Morality Within the Abortion Experience: Qualitative Interviews With Women Obtaining Abortions in the U.S.,” Frohwirth, Coleman, and Moore explore the science and advocacy to reduce abortion stigma, and to help millions of women as they navigate their abortion experiences, urging researchers, clinicians, and advocates to remain aware of the strong connection between religion and abortion. Summer and Walker, in “Recommendations for Sustainable Midwifery in Guatemala,” provide an overview of the lessons learned from Guatemala's midwifery program; utilizing this framework can inform the design of other midwifery programs and midwifery education around the world. An original study on “Gender-Role Attitudes Among Immigrant Latinas: Empowering Women” by Villalba et al. provides insight into how to formulate policies that would protect reproductive and other human rights of immigrant Latina women. We also feature a commentary by Harris et al. on the incidence of endometriosis in a clinic-based sample of low-income women in Mexico City. Two other topics of enduring interest to WMHP—preparedness and addiction—are the subject of one additional commentary and one additional editorial in this issue. Harris et al. seek to bring attention to and promote public-private collaboration in global health preparedness to encourage effective partnerships. And we maintain focus on our interest in mitigating in considering “The Medical and Public Health Challenges of Addiction.” The editors would like to thank the contributors who help us to keep focus on these important issues in medical and health policy, and our reviewers and advisory board members for their support in 2018 as we look forward to a productive 2019.

The Relationship among Gender Role Attitudes, Depression, and Coping with Family Conflict in Older Males

The Relationship among Gender Role Attitudes, Depression, and Coping with Family Conflict in Older Males

Gender‐Role Attitudes Among Immigrant Latinas: Empowering Women

In general Latinos hold more conservative attitudes regarding gender roles when compared to Whites. However, Latinos born in the United States with higher education are more likely to have egalitarian gender role attitudes compared to Latino immigrants. The aim of this study was to analyze the relationship between gender role attitudes and acculturation, marianismo, and relationship control, among Latina immigrants living in the United States. A hierarchical regression and correlation analysis were used to measure the outcome of this study. A total of 234 women were included in the study with a mean age of 34 years old. The education level was less than high school (53 percent), with the majority employed (54 percent). The average time living in the United States was 8 years (SD = 2.0). Acculturation, marianismo, and relationship control were significantly associated with gender‐role, R2 = .207, F (3, 95) = 11.3, p = 0.001. The correlation analysis showed an inverse relationship between egalitarian attitudes and marianismo (r = −.304, p &lt; .0005) and a positive relationship with acculturation (r = .295, p &lt; .0005). Egalitarian gender role attitudes were observed with an inverse bidirectional relationship between marianismo and acculturation among Latino immigrant women living in the United States.

Housework, Gender Role Attitudes, and Couples' Fertility Intentions: Reconsidering Men's Roles in Gender Theories of Family Change

Housework, Gender Role Attitudes, and Couples' Fertility Intentions: Reconsidering Men's Roles in Gender Theories of Family Change

Preference or endowment? Intergenerational transmission of women’s work behavior and the underlying mechanisms

Existing studies have established a positive correlation between a married woman’s work behavior and her mother-in-law’s. Such linkage is attributable to the profound influence of maternal employment on son’s gender role preferences or household productivity. This paper systematically investigates the relative importance of the two potential mechanisms using the Chinese survey data. We show that a substantive part of the intergenerational correlation is left unexplained even if we control for the husband’s gender role attitudes. Instead, we find that the husband’s household productivity is more crucial in the wife’s work decision, suggesting the dominance of the endowment channel over the preference channel.