Gender Role Attitudes Research Articles

Sağlık Bilimleri Fakültesi Öğrencilerinin Toplumsal Cinsiyet Rol Tutumları ile Akran Baskısı Yaşama Durumları Arasındaki İlişki

Objectives: This research was carried out to determine the relationship between social gender role attitudes of students studying at Ondokuz Mayıs University, Faculty of Health Sciences and peer pressure situations. Materials and Methods: This study, performed in accordance with the descriptive research principles seeking a relationship was conducted with a total of 1115 students (82.6% of the target population of the study) studying at Samsun Ondokuz Mayıs University, Faculty of Health Sciences in the fall semester of the 2016-2017 academic year. "Presentation form", "Gender Roles Attitude Scale" and "Peer Print Scale" as data collection tools were used. While research data was being evaluated, number, percentage and Ki-Square (X²) test, Kruskal Wallis (KW) and Mann Whitney U tests were used. Findings: The total median of the students' gender role attitudes scale was 115 (min-max = 34-158) and the students had an egalitarian attitude. The peer scale had a median of 42 (min-max=33-167). There was not a meaningful relationship between students' gender role attitudes and peer pressure status (r=0,007; p>0,05) statistically. The peer pressure scale and the egalitarian gender role were negatively correlated (r = -0,068; p <0.05), the male gender role was positively correlated and hence it was found that there was a significantly weak level (r = 0.202; p <0.001). Conclusion: It was found that students have an egalitarian attitude towards gender roles, and the peer pressure on students is low. It may be suggested to add these subjects to the education curriculum to give university students an egalitarian gender attitude and to raise awareness about peer pressure.

Changing roles of religiosity and patriarchy in women's employment in different religions in Europe between 2004 and 2016

Objective: This paper seeks to understand the changing roles of religiosity and gender attitudes in the employment of women in Europe between 2004 and 2016.
 Background: Religiosity and gender traditionalism are both considered to decrease the likelihood of women’s employment. This study argues that this relationship needs to be decoupled, as religiosity and gender traditionalism have different underlying mechanisms.
 Method: We analysed rounds 2 (2004), 4 (2008), 8 (2010), and 10 (2016) of the European Social Survey (ESS), which include, among other data, information on employment, religious affiliation, religiosity, and gender role attitudes in 16 countries (N=39,233).
 Results: We show that taking religiosity into account further increases the already increased likelihood of employment for Catholic, Protestant, and Jewish women compared to women with no religion. We also find, however, that religiosity decreases the employment gap between Muslim and Orthodox women on the one hand and secular women on the other. Including gender role attitudes in the model only marginally explains the employment gap.
 Conclusion: Our findings support the idea that the mechanisms that underlie the relationships religiosity and traditional gender role attitudes have with women's employment differ. Over time, the likelihood of employment increases for women of all religions, except for Muslim women, among whom it drops.

Female employment and migration in European countries: Introduction to the Special Issue

Objective: This chapter introduces the reader to the Special Issue "Female Employment and Migration in European Countries".
 Background: While there is a large body of research on the labour market performance of male migrants, women’s employment behaviour after migration has only recently moved into the focus of attention.
 Method: This Special Issue draws on various research methods and data sources, including register, census, and survey data. Some of the studies focus on specific national contexts, such as the German, Spanish, Dutch, and Belgian situations. Other studies compare female migrants across European countries and between origin and destination countries.
 Results: The contributions in this Special Issue help to disentangle the complex interplay of socio-economic factors, family and fertility behaviour, gender role attitudes, and institutional constraints and policies that shape the employment behaviour of migrant women after they migrate.
 Conclusion: In many European countries, the employment rates of first-generation female migrants, and particularly those of women from non-EU countries of origin, lag behind the employment rates of native women. While prior research has often reported that socio-economic and cultural factors play a role in shaping the employment behaviour of female migrants, the contributions in this volume also emphasise the strong relevance of institutional factors in the receiving country, including migration, family, and labour market policies.

Suddenly a stay-at-home dad? Short- and long-term consequences of fathers’ job loss on time investment in the household

Commonly described as “gender care gap”, there is a persistent gender difference in the division of unpaid domestic responsibilities in developed countries. We use German survey data to provide novel evidence on short- and long-run effects of an exogenous shock on paternal availability, through a job loss, on the intra-household allocation of domestic work. We find that paternal child care and housework significantly increase in the short run on weekdays, while we do not see any similar shifts on weekends. Effects are positive and persistent for fathers who remain unemployed or have a working partner, but reverse after re-employment. We also find significant changes for female partners as well as in cumulative household time investments and outsourcing of tasks. Our results are in line with theoretical predictions regarding time availability and financial constraints, while we find no strong evidence for changes in bargaining powers, gender role attitudes or emotional bonding.

Study of the Social Wellbeing of Working Mothers of Preschool Children

This study examined the social wellbeing of working mothers of preschool children with the aim of identifying relationships between social wellbeing and influencing factors, focusing on the individual, relationship, and work environment of the mothers. Data on 390 working mothers were used for this study. The data were analyzed using the SPSS 18.0 program and descriptive statistics. Pearson’s correlation analyses and hierarchical regression analyses were performed. The results show that social wellbeing has significantly positive correlations with education, monthly household income, number of children, age of the first child(8 and over), social capital for childcare, division of childcare, maternal role values, spouse’s beliefs about paternal parenting involvement, and family-supportive work environment, as well as significantly negative correlations with weekly working hours, sociological ambivalence, spouse’s beliefs about father’s breadwinner role and gender-role values, job overload, and gender-role attitudes of coworkers. In addition, hierarchical regression revealed that spouse’s beliefs about paternal parenting involvement and a family-supportive work environment were significantly positive predictors of working mothers’social wellbeing, whereas working mothers’sociological ambivalence toward their roles, job overload, and gender-role attitudes of coworkers were significantly negative predictors of working mothers’social wellbeing. These results point to ways of changing education and policy to improve the social wellbeing of working mothers.

The influence of men's masculine gender-role attitude and behaviour on sexual relationships and reproductive health in Malaysia: A cross-sectional study.

Background This article is an extension of a previous research on masculinity and sexual and reproductive health using a newly developed local masculinity scale, KANITA Masculinity Scale, to study men's masculine gender-role attitude and behavior in Malaysia.Objective To explore how Malaysian men's masculine gender-role attitude and behavior influence sexual relationships and reproductive health.Materials and Methods This cross-sectional study used the localized gender-equitable men scale to measure the attitude of Malaysian men toward sexual relationships and reproductive health. A questionnaire survey was administered to a sample of 168 men of ages 20–64 yr, in Malaysia. Data were analyzed using SmartPLS version 3.2.6.ResultsThe findings of the study showed that men's traditional behavior and controlling nature are positively associated with the inequality in sexual relationships (p 0.05, t = 1.838; and p 0.05, t = 3.750, respectively) and reproductive health (p 0.05, t = 2.196; and p 0.05, t = 4.133, respectively). In other words, men who offer stronger endorsement of traditional behavior and control over women report more negative condom attitude and greater priority of men's desire in sexual relationships. In contrast, there was no significant relationship between men's response to family and feminine roles in men with sexual relationships and reproductive health.ConclusionOur findings highlight the importance of considering traditional masculinity ideology when considering the role of men in sexual relationships and reproductive health. Our findings suggest gender transformative policies and programs seeking to inspire men for more gender-equitable relationships with their partners.

The Gender Role Attitude Scale (GRAS) as an alternative for the crisis in measurement of attitudes towards gender roles in Latin America: A study in Chilean university students

Hemos experimentado cambios socioculturales que han favorecido el desarrollo de actitudes de roles de género (GRA) más igualitarias. Sin embargo, actualmente la revolución en los roles de género está incompleta y la falta de equidad en las estructuras sociales limita las experiencias individuales en igualdad. Ante esta realidad, la comunidad científica exige un sistema modernizado para medir GRA. Presentamos adaptación, evidencia de validez factorial y convergente, precisión, efecto techo y piso, normas de interpretación por sexo, y análisis del GRA más fácil y difícil de modificar, para la Escala de Actitudes de Rol de Género (EARG) en muestra de 1013 universitarios chilenos. La EARG tiene una estructura bifactorial que evalúa actitudes estereotipadas y trascendentes en contextos familiares, sociales y laborales. Presenta validez convergente con una medida de doble estándar sexual y es más confiable en puntajes bajos de trascendencia y puntajes altos de actitudes estereotipadas. El factor trascendente tuvo un efecto techo, y las actitudes estereotipadas un efecto suelo. Los roles familiares de género son los más fáciles de cambiar, y los relacionados con el trabajo los más difíciles. Se discute la necesidad de un cambio estructural para reactivar la revolución de los roles de género en Chile. We have experienced sociocultural changes, which have favoured the development of egalitarian gender role attitudes (GRA). Nevertheless, the revolution in gender roles is incomplete, and the lack of equity in social structures limits the individual experiences in equality. In the face of this reality, the scientific community is demanding a modernised system for measuring GRA. We present adaptation, evidence of factorial and convergent validity, accuracy, ceiling and floor effect, norms of interpretation by sex, and analyses of the GRA easiest or most difficult to modify, for the Gender Role Attitudes Scale (GRAS) in a sample of 1013 Chilean university students. The GRAS has a two-factor structure that allows the evaluation of stereotyped and transcendent attitudes of gender roles in family, social, and work contexts. The scale presents convergent validity with a sexual double standard measure and is more reliable in the low scores of transcendence and the high scores of stereotyped attitudes. Transcendent factor had a ceiling effect, and stereotyped attitudes had a floor effect. Family gender roles are the easiest to change, and work-related roles the most difficult. The authors discuss the need for a structural change to reactivate the revolution of gender roles in Chile.

Has the New Natalism Reduced the Religious Fertility Advantage?

AbstractReligion has historically been a pronatalist force, but because it fosters traditional gender role attitudes, its importance for fertility has the potential to wane if gender equality is emerging as the new natalism. We used World Values Survey (WVS) data from 1989 to 2020 to determine whether the religious fertility advantage has changed over the last three decades, with a particular focus on low‐fertility countries where egalitarian gender role attitudes are most likely to support childbearing. The fertility advantage associated with holding traditional gender role attitudes has indeed decreased over time, but this had at best a minimal effect on the religious fertility advantage.

Three dimensions of the relationship between gender role attitudes and fertility intentions

The relationship between gender role attitudes and fertility intentions is highly debated among social scientists. We emphasize the need for a multidimensional theoretical and empirical approach to extend the two-step behavioral gender revolution approach to a three-step attitudinal gender revolution approach distinguishing between gender roles in the public sphere, mothers’ role in the family, and fathers’ role in the family. Using the Generations and Gender Survey of eight European countries, we demonstrate the usefulness of such an approach. Gender equal attitudes related to the public sphere are more widespread than those concerning mothers’ or fathers’ roles in the family. Our results show that the association between gender role attitudes and fertility intentions varies—in terms of significance and magnitude—according to the dimension considered (gender roles in the public sphere, mothers’ and fathers’ role in the family), gender, parity, and country. We conclude that without a clear concept of and empirical distinction between the various elements of the gender role attitudes/fertility nexus, scientific investigations will continue to send conflicting messages.

The “New Father” Between Ideals and Practices: New Masculinity Ideology, Gender Role Attitudes, and Fathers’ Involvement in Childcare

AbstractCurrent research demonstrates a gap between widely shared ideals of new fatherhood and men’s limited participation in childcare. Previous studies treat gender attitudes primarily in terms of work and family roles. In contrast, this study centers on perceptions of masculinity as a broader cultural-ideological construct. Specifically, it focuses on “new masculinity ideology,” a previously unexplored masculinity perspective associated with values such as authenticity, emotional expressivity, and holistic self-awareness. Using a sample of around 1,400 employed fathers in the United States drawn from the AmeriSpeak Panel conducted by the National Opinion Research Center, we examined how identification with new masculinity relates to gender role attitudes and three childcare involvement outcomes. Results from moderation analyses based on the computation of simple slopes show that new masculinity played an important role in emotional engagement and parental responsibility but not in routine care. New masculinity moderated the association between father involvement attitudes and childcare outcomes, suggesting that fathers who endorse this ideology are more likely to act in ways that are congruent with their inner beliefs. The breadwinning role appeared to remain important. This study highlights the ways in which the often confounded images of the “new man” and “new father” are conceptually distinct.

The Heterogeneous Impact of Gender Diversity on Technological Evolution

This study examines how gender diversity affects innovation outcomes and how countries' formal and informal institutional context impacts this relationship. We argue that societies' written and unwritten rules determine the extent of cognitive differences between men and women and lead to greater diversity in their perspectives and knowledge, particularly in societies where traditional gender role attitudes are dominant. Such increased disparity results in greater returns from gender diverse teams in countries where gender equality is relatively less emphasized by their institutions. Data from the United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO), World Bank's survey on Women, Business and the Law, and GLOBE cultural practice survey allow an inclusive and generalizable conceptualization of the impact of gender diversity on innovation. The findings indicate that increased gender diversity results in better innovation outcomes, and institutional context moderates this relationship. These findings suggest that it is necessary to consider institutional structures related to gender role attitudes in order to understand the impact of gender diversity on the technological influence of inventions.

Evaluation of the Attitudes of Midwifery Students Towards Gender Roles

ABSTRACT Gender is the whole of behaviors, responsibilities, and roles that society expects from women and men. This study was conducted to evaluate the attitudes of midwifery students studying at a university toward gender roles. This is a cross-sectional and descriptive study. This study was conducted at a public university in Istanbul between March and June 2015. The study was completed with 213 midwifery students. During the planning stage of the study, written consent was obtained from the ethics committee and the institution from which the data would be obtained. The “Personal Information Form” and the “Gender Roles Attitude Scale – GRAS” were used in the data collection. SPSS 21 package program was used in the data analysis. It was determined that the age average of the students included in the study was 19.85 ± 1.54 years, 33.3% of them graduated from a Private High School/Anatolian High School, and 38% of them studied in the first grade. The total score obtained by students from the Gender Role Attitudes Scale was 153.48 ± 17.44, and it was found out that they had an egalitarian attitude. It is observed that students who have graduated from a Private/an Anatolian High School have a higher level of scores on the attitude toward gender than those who have graduated from other high school types. It can be stated that midwifery students have an egalitarian attitude toward gender roles and that the education they receive has a positive effect on the egalitarian attitude.

Female Labor Force Status and Couple's Marital Satisfaction: A Chinese Analysis.

While China has decreasing female labor participation and increasing marital instability, compared to the rest of the world, its female labor participation rate is higher on average. The effect of female labor force status on couples' marital satisfaction, as one of the main factors for evaluating marital quality, has been separately discussed, including extensive margins considering whether women are in the labor market and intensive margins on women working hours per week. This study analyzed data from the 2014 China Family Panel Studies (CFPS) using a binary logit model and a stability test. Results showed that the work hours, rather than the occupational status, of women affect marital satisfaction. In addition, regardless of the gender role attitudes held by the couple, marital satisfaction increases when women are in the labor market. This study has retroactively reviewed the effects of women working outside the home on marital quality. The dual roles of Chinese women, as both employee and homemaker, have been socially accepted. However, the requirements of maintaining multiple roles often contradict and present conflicts among the roles, time, and pressure, in the long run, giving rise to marital dissatisfaction.

Gender beliefs and internalized homophobia shape sexual self-labeling and partner choice in gay and bisexual men in China

Sexual self-labeling refers to gay and bisexual men’s preference for dominant (top) or submissive (bottom) sexual positions. This study examined influences of gender beliefs on sexual self-labeling identification and criteria for a romantic partner’s sexual role, along with the related mechanism (N = 543). Gender beliefs were represented through gender roles attitude and gender values regarding couples. Individuals endorsing traditional gender beliefs and having high internalized homophobia were more likely to identify as tops. However, individuals with internalized stereotypical gender-roles were more likely to have fixed self-labeling (e.g. exclusively tops and exclusively bottoms) rather than flexible self-labeling (e.g. versatiles). Gender beliefs indirectly affected sexual self-labeling via internalized traditional gender-roles and internalized homophobia. Gender beliefs directly impacted requiring a partner to be complementary, and indirectly affected this element through internalized traditional gender-roles. The results demonstrate that gender beliefs affect sexual self-labeling identification and partner choice by way of internalized, stereotypical gender beliefs in relation to sexual self-labeling. This study implicated the heteronormative culture’s influences on patterns in same-sex relationships among Chinese gay and bisexual men. Lay summary This study examined the influences of gender beliefs on self-labeling (top, bottom, and versatile) and partner choice in gay and bisexual men in China. Individuals endorsing traditional gender beliefs were more likely to identify as tops. Individuals endorsing the similar beliefs toward sexual roles were more likely to have fixed self-labeling (i.e., exclusively tops or bottoms) than flexible self-labeling (i.e., versatiles). The findings indicated that heteronormative culture has extensive influence on sexual minorities.

"A Dad Can Get the Money and the Mom Stays at Home": Patriarchal Gender Role Attitudes, Intimate Partner Violence, Historical Oppression, and Resilience Among Indigenous Peoples.

Research has shown that gender role attitudes influence a number of health-related outcomes, including intimate partner violence (IPV). Yet the gender role attitudes of Indigenous peoples - a population that experiences persistent health and violence disparities - have received scant scholarly attention. Using the Framework of Historical Oppression, Resilience, and Transcendence (FHORT), the purpose of this mixed methodology was to qualitatively explore U.S. Indigenous peoples' gender role attitudes and quantitatively examine how key social determinants of health, including IPV perpetration, historical oppression, and resilience, relate to gender role attitudes. This research integrates qualitative and quantitative data from two Southeastern tribes with a total of 563 unique data sources. Regression analysis revealed male sex and IPV victimization were associated with higher patriarchal gender role attitudes, while historical oppression and resilience were associated with lower patriarchal gender role attitudes. Resilience was also associated with lower "victim blaming." Ethnographic team-based data analysis methods revealed qualitative themes of patriarchal gender role attitudes and gendered socialization processes. This work highlights how key aspects of the FHORT might explain Indigenous peoples' patriarchal gender role attitudes, suggesting the need to redress historical oppression and patriarchal roles through decolonization.

Does Trust Always Help Gender Role Attitudes? The Role of Individualism and Collectivism.

Social trust has a complex interrelationship with attitudes toward gender equality. Social trust has its origins in exchange relationships in preindustrial societies, lowering uncertainty in transactions and easing interpersonal exchanges. The degree to which this trust was extended to opportunities for women in commercial and societal roles, however, differed across cultures. Prior literature finds attitudes toward individualism and collectivism have significant implications for gender equality and patriarchal attitudes. We combine these ideas arguing that the degree to which social trust fosters gender equality depends upon the degrees of individualism and collectivism. Employing World Values Survey data across countries over time, we find that with low levels of individualism, and high degrees of collectivism, higher levels of trust are not effective in reducing the prevalence of gendered patriarchal attitudes—in fact it entrenches them further, worsening gender equality. However, as individualism rises, and collectivism falls, higher levels of trust become effective in reducing the prevalence of patriarchal beliefs. Thus, collectivistic beliefs stand as a barrier to future improvements in women’s equality and economic rights in many societies; preventing social trust from being extended beyond traditional gendered roles.

Gender differences in quality of life and preferences for location‐specific amenities across cities

AbstractThe quality of life literature revealed the role that natural resources and local consumption amenities play in household preferences for cities and their growing importance in determining the success of cities. As women's control over household resources has increased, a growing body of consumer behavior literature has been documenting gender differences in preferences for consumer goods. Yet, the quality of life literature does not seem to make any distinction along gender lines in determining preferences for local consumption amenities. We estimate the quality of life across US cities separately for unmarried men and women, and using a rich set of location‐specific amenities, examine which amenities cause preferences to differ between men and women. Our results suggest that men and women's valuations of cities are correlated, suggesting commonality in preferences for many location‐based amenities, most notably natural resources, but there are also important deviations in valuations especially for local public goods and gender role attitudes.

When Ethnicity and Gender Align: Classroom Composition, Friendship Segregation, and Collective Identities in European Schools

AbstractUsing survey data on school classes in four European countries, we study how the social relations and identities of adolescents develop depending on the degree to which ethnic and gender boundaries align with each other. Minority students will have mostly same-ethnic friends, we find, when classmates of different ethnic origins tend to be of the opposite sex as well. Within such local topographies of boundaries, minority students will also end up identifying less as members of the nation. In contrast, majority students are not affected by the alignment of ethnic and gender boundaries, and gender identities of both minorities and majorities are less malleable as well: Neither friendship segregation along gender divides nor the development of gender role attitudes depend on the degree to which gender and ethnic origin align. We argue that gender boundaries and feelings of national belonging among majority students are widely taken for granted and thus less sensitive to attribute alignment at the local level. The article builds a bridge between the literatures on ethnic segregation of friendship networks, adolescent ethnic identities, and gender role attitudes by integrating them into a structuralist framework that identifies the conditions under which the local configuration of boundaries affects social life.

Why disagreeableness (in married men) leads to earning more: A theory and test of social exchange at home

AbstractResearch has shown that disagreeableness predicts financial success (especially for men), and this association is attributed to workplace behavior. However, this effect remains puzzling given that disagreeableness is negatively associated with valued workplace behaviors, such as cooperation and prosocial behavior. We theorize that the male disagreeableness premium can be further understood by considering social exchanges at home in which married men are less concerned with and helpful to their wives, especially when harboring traditional gender role attitudes. Such exchanges should allow disagreeable men to demonstrate higher job involvement, resulting in higher pay, especially when their wives demonstrate higher household performance and are highly conscientious. As expected, Study 1 data from 195 married couples indicated that male disagreeableness predicts higher pay as mediated by lower wife‐orientation and higher job involvement, and moderated by traditionalism and a wife's household performance (and conscientiousness). In Study 2, we replicated key aspects of our model in a nationally representative sample of 1,558 married couples: Again, disagreeableness in married men predicts higher pay if they are more traditional and their wives are more conscientious. Our findings build on the literature's conventional wisdom (that organizations seem to reward disagreeable workplace behaviors) and highlight the importance of social exchange at home for success at work.

Intergenerational Transmission of Spousal Inequality

This paper studies whether sons and daughters reproduce in their relationships the same intra-household inequalities observed for their parents in terms of some economic statuses (wages, income, work hours, and education). Additionally, we emphasize the relevance of transmission of preference and gender-role attitude in investigating household issues. Utilizing the Panel Study of Income Dynamics’ data we find that married sons imitate their parents’ household disparities more than married daughters. For parents and their daughter’s family, the similarity in household inequalities is insignificant. The paper also examines the differential patterns of the statuses and the dynamics of educational gap patterns across generations.