Gender Diversity Research Articles

COMPARISON OF THE PROFESSIONAL PROFILE OF MEN AND WOMEN DEANS OF BRAZILIAN UNIVERSITIES

Women are underrepresented in positions of power and leadership in higher education and the challenges faced by women in order to reach these senior positions in academia are complex and have received considerable attention in recent years. In this work, we quantify gender diversity in Brazilian academia using three types of indicators: production of knowledge, temporal evolution in the career, and training of human resources to study in detail the profile of the Deans of Research and Graduate Studies in 215 Higher Education Institutions in the year of 2019. Our analysis shows that around only 36% of positions were occupied by women, a percentage that is not consistent with the number of women professors in Brazilian higher education. Using the National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq) Lattes’ Platform databank, we show that men and women in dean positions publish roughly the same number of paper/scientific articles per year and present almost the same time elapsed in the career path, while women produce more human resources. The fact that women occupy only 1/3 of the positions of dean of research and graduation reveals that for women to reach the top, it is necessary that they adapt to the same metric intended for men while facing additional challenges indicating a persistent glass ceiling.

How to deliver gender diversity education to men: Training algorithms to the rescue

AbstractGender diversity training is typically provided to mix‐gender audiences. This one‐size‐fits‐all approach may be suboptimal because information about gender bias and inequity is often received differently along gender lines: men are less likely than women to believe it. We argue for tailoring gender diversity training via implementing segmentation and tailoring algorithms in training systems. To develop our theorizing, we integrate a learner‐centric approach to diversity training with principles of jiu jitsu persuasion theory. This leads us to test a new approach to diversity training that involves dynamic adaptation and tailoring the training to learners. Specifically, we first identify two distinct segments of men—believers and skeptics—and develop a user‐friendly segmentation algorithm that segments men, in real time, using only five items (Study 1). We then use the algorithm to assign segments of men trainees to tailored or non‐tailored training and show that presenting skeptic men with a tailored message improves training reactions and increases intentions to support gender diversity efforts (Study 2). Thus, we show that dynamic adaptation and tailoring successfully explain training outcomes, particularly for trainees who are skeptical of the diversity message. Practically, our study demonstrates the functionality and value of segmentation algorithms for organizations' training systems.

Does Gender and Ethnic Diversity among Audit Partners Impact Office-Level Outcomes?

SUMMARY Accounting firms have invested significant resources in diversity initiatives related to recruiting, retention, and promotion. Audit regulators suggest these efforts can have positive repercussions on audit quality. This article summarizes the key findings by Condie, Lisic, Seidel, Truelson, and Zimmerman (2023) (CLSTZ) regarding the influence of a more diverse group of audit partners within an audit office on office-level outcomes. Specifically, CLSTZ examines whether gender and ethnic diversity among audit partners within an office influences audit personnel retention and audit quality. CLSTZ finds that greater diversity (greater changes in diversity) among an office's audit partners is associated with less (reduced) turnover among the audit professionals in that office and higher (increased) audit quality. These findings provide empirical evidence regarding the influence of a more diverse group of office audit partners on office-level outcomes and have important implications for accounting firms. JEL Classifications: M41; M42.

Good deeds or exploitation?: Queer parents working for private assisted reproductive technologies companies in urban China.

This article examines the interplay of queer reproduction and private assisted reproductive technologies (ART) companies in urban China. While same-sex marriage has not gained legal recognition in mainland China and childbirth outside heterosexual marriage has been restricted, queer parents who have children through ART have gradually become visible. ART has emerged as an ideal way for Chinese queer citizens to have children, though they are not legally permitted to use ART services in domestic hospitals. Consequently, an increasing number of queer intended parents turned to underground ART businesses, with some of them becoming salespeople or business owners themselves. My ethnographic analysis comes from fieldworks conducted in Guangdong province, China, from 2018 to 2021. This paper shows that the legal and moral debates brought by queer people's use of ART are perceived differently among diverse gender and sexual groups in Chinese society. It founds that queer parents' participation in the ART industry has demonstrated the potential for queer forms of parenthood and family, while reinforcing stratified reproduction and gender inequalities. The tendency to reduce IVF/surrogacy to "womb-for-rent" business among Chinese ART businesses continues to impact queer people's reproductive and parenting rights. This paper hopes to offer insights into queer reproductive justice and reproductive technologies across the globe.

A COMPARATIVE CLINICAL EVALUATION OF THE AESTHETICS AND BIOCOMPATIBILITY OF COMPOSITE VENEER RESTORATIONS WITH DIRECT AND INDIRECT TECHNIQUES

In recent years, dental aesthetics have garnered significant attention, prompting the advancement of noninvasive and minimally invasive techniques to preserve natural dental tissues while addressing aesthetic concerns. This study aims to evaluate and compare the clinical performance and biocompatibility of prefabricated componeers and direct composite veneers by assessing changes in color, surface texture, marginal integrity, and gingival response. Emphasizing the modern landscape of dental materials, the study addresses the challenges associated with tooth wear and advocates for minimally invasive approaches. The utilization of contemporary nanofilled and nanohybrid composites provides a broad spectrum of aesthetic solutions while highlighting the critical importance of biocompatibility. Study Design and Methodology: This investigation is structured as an in vivo, comparative clinical study involving a sample size of 72 teeth from patients aged between 20 and 60, with equal representation of both genders. Conducted under real-life conditions, the study systematically divides participants into two distinct groups for comprehensive comparative analysis. Objective: The primary objective of this study is to assess and compare the clinical performance and biocompatibility of prefabricated componeers versus direct composite veneers.

Assessment Survey and evaluation of LGBT-Psychology in Nigeria: current state and recommendations

There is no gainsaying that individuals with diverse sexual orientations and gender identities are faced with serious socio-legal, and medical discrimination following the enactment of anti-homosexuality law in Nigeria. However, not much is known of the effort of an organized body of psychology in the country to ensure adequate knowledge and competence among Nigerian psychologists. This article, therefore, appraises the stance of Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender (LGBT) psychology in Nigeria in relation to the cardinal quadrants: Advocacy, Education, Research, and Practice. A multi-method design was adopted to sort for both primary and secondary data. Purposive sampling was adopted to involve 124 practicing psychologists. Findings revealed that the Nigerian psychology curriculum limits its scope to sexual and gender disorders (sexual dysfunction, gender dysphoria, and paraphilic disorders) while missing out on sexual and gender diversity content. Furthermore, the outcome shows that not much is documented on the contribution of the field of psychology to the knowledge of LGBT. Many of the participants had a history (and still) working with LGBT clients and did not have formal LGBT-affirmative training. The study concluded that the integration of LGBT psychology is essential for significant achievement in the space of advocacy, education, research, and professional practices.

Back to Industry—Evaluating Women’s Return to Chartered Accreditation Post-Maternity in the Built Environment Sector Professions

Efforts have been made to improve gender diversity in the built environment professions. This sector continues to experience growth restrictions due to skill shortages. Some progress has been made at the entry level; however, the retention of women in professional roles within this sector continues to present a challenge. Support for women during maternity, upon return to work and while working with family has been identified as a barrier to women’s progression in this sector. Professional bodies are uniquely placed to support their female members. Therefore, this study had two aims: to examine current professional body support for members during and after maternity leave and to examine the experiences of female professionals, who have taken maternity leave whilst holding membership in a built environment professional body. This study adopted an embedded, mixed-method design, using a secondary, qualitative data set to augment the primary, quantitative data set, within one phase. Surveys were distributed directly to professional bodies and to professionals via social media (LinkedIn). The survey of the professional bodies identified a varied approach to maternity support. The professional member survey identified a lack of awareness of available support, and generally the need for more support during maternity and on return to work. In summary, professional bodies in the built environment could improve maternity support for members by improving communication and achieving parity in support across the various disciplines.

Gender differences in school leadership: Collaborative and task-oriented styles of principals in Andalusia, Spain

School leadership plays an integral role in meeting educational quality standards. In recent years, the interplay between gender and leadership has emerged as a contentious subject of discussion. This study delves into how the gender of school principals influences their perception and administration of designated professional competencies. Engaging 470 school leaders from state-owned schools from Spain (Andalusia), this analysis uncovers notable distinctions in the leadership styles and approaches employed by male and female principals, underscoring the significance of acknowledging the cultural and societal backdrop. Our findings indicate a pronounced appreciation for competencies linked with collaborative and transformational leadership among female principals. This observation underscores the imperative for the development of inclusive educational policies that recognize and leverage gender diversity as a pivotal resource for augmenting leadership in educational settings. The study accentuates the essential need for the establishment of educational strategies and policies that not only discern gender differences but also valorize them, enhancing the caliber of leadership across educational frameworks.

Female board gender diversity and financing decisions of listed firms: nonlinear threshold evidence using simultaneous equation modeling

Female board gender diversity and financing decisions of listed firms: nonlinear threshold evidence using simultaneous equation modeling

BOARD CHARACTERISTICS AND CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY OF LISTED OIL AND GAS COMPANIES IN NIGERIA

This research investigated the influence of board characteristics on corporate social responsibility of listed oil and gas companies in Nigerian Exchange. Variables examined are bord size, independence, gender diversity, activity, professionalism and equity ownership of board members. While corporate social responsibility was proxy by CSR expenditure. The population consists of twelve (12) listed oil and gas firms from which five (5) firms have consistently published their annual reports within the period covered and extracted data from their respective annual reports. Panel corrected standard error was used for analysis. Findings revealed both board size and board activity have no significant impacts on CSR while in contrast, board independence, female gender, board professionalism and board equity ownership have a significant effect on CSR. It was recommended that the management of listed oil and gas companies need to have more independent outside directors on the board to enhance monitoring and CSR performance. Also, higher participation of female on the board will improve CSR performance because of their concern for environmental issues. In addition, having more members with professional expertise will improve the decision making of the board and equally shape CSR performance. Board members with equity stake will align the interest of the managers with those of shareholders and likewise, focus more on long-term goals of the firm. Listed oil and gas firm should maintain appropriate board size and required number of board meetings as stipulated by code of corporate governance.

The Influence of Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) Performance on Financial Outcomes: The Moderating Role of Board Characteristics in Malaysian Firms

Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) factors are becoming more widely acknowledged as essential elements of corporate performance. The objective of this study is to explore the relationship between ESG performance and financial results, with a particular emphasis on businesses located in Malaysia. This study investigates the ways in which the characteristics of boards, specifically the size of boards and the gender diversity of board members, modify this relationship. Using data from 346 Malaysian enterprises, the study discovers a link between ESG performance and operating income. The association between ESG and financial results is strengthened by larger board sizes, whereas board gender diversity does not have a meaningful influence on moderating this relationship. The findings provide insights into corporate governance practices, suggesting that larger boards can amplify the financial benefits of strong ESG performance.

Does gender diversity on boards improve bank financial performance in a bank-based financial system? A pre-registered report

This pre-registered report aims to reveal whether board gender diversity enhance bank performance in a bank-based (financial) system. Using publicly listed banks in the period (2010−2021), we plan to measure bank performance and adopt a difference in difference method for the analysis. We focus on whether Japan's Corporate Governance (CG) code strengthens the advisory or monitoring roles of women on board (WOB) in the banking industry. We shed light on the effectiveness of Japan's CG code, which aims to increase the number of female directors. Furthermore, we contribute to the discussion of “Who monitors the monitors?” in a bank-based system.

BOARD CHARACTERISTICS AND AUDIT QUALITY OF LISTED CONSUMER GOODS FIRMS IN NIGERIA

The study investigates the effects of board characteristics on the audit quality of publicly traded listed consumer goods firms in Nigeria from 2013 to 2022. An ex-post facto research approach was used in this study. For data analysis, the panel regression technique was used in the study. The study's findings revealed that board independence and board financial expertise have a positive and significant effect on the audit quality of Nigerian listed consumer goods companies. However, board gender diversity had a negative and insignificant effect on the audit quality of Nigerian-listed consumer goods companies. The study concludes that boards with more independent members who are not influenced by management may improve the audit process efficacy. To improve audit quality, listed consumer goods firms should focus on retaining board independence and guaranteeing the presence of directors with significant financial experience. While the relationship between board gender diversity and audit quality is still uncertain, it is critical to promote diversity and inclusivity on corporate boards in order to build a more robust governance structure. Continuous monitoring and research in this area will contribute to a better understanding of the relationship between gender diversity and audit quality.

BOARD ATTRIBUTES AND SUSTAINABILITY REPORTING OF LISTED FIRMS IN NIGERIA

This study investigates the impact of board attributes on sustainability reporting among listed firms in Nigeria from 2013 to 2022, using a correlational research design. The research population encompasses all Nigerian listed firms, with a stratified sampling technique deemed appropriate for the study. Secondary data were sourced from the audited annual reports and accounts of sampled firms available on the Nigerian Exchange Group (NGX) website. The analysis of the extracted panel data was conducted using multiple regression techniques with STATA version 13. The findings of the study reveal that board size, gender diversity, and independence positively influence sustainability reporting, while board commitment has a negative impact on sustainability reporting. Consequently, the study recommends that the management of Nigerian listed firms should view large and diverse boards as an asset for promoting sustainability reporting. Such boards, comprising experienced and knowledgeable members, are more likely to make effective decisions on sustainability-related issues. Additionally, the presence of women on boards should be considered a valuable factor in encouraging comprehensive financial reporting, which includes qualitative and quantitative information on the social, environmental, and economic activities of the business for stakeholders.

Exploring primary care physician biases in adolescent contraceptive counseling

Objective(s)While previous literature has shown clinician bias in adult contraceptive counseling, less is known on the biases clinicians may exhibit when counseling adolescents about contraception. Our study aimed to describe long-acting reversible contraception (LARC) counseling and prescribing practices of adolescent-serving clinicians. Study designThis study used a cross-sectional discrete choice experiment mixed methods design. We sent a survey containing vignettes and items pertaining to demographics and beliefs to a convenience sample of adolescent-serving clinicians across the United States. ResultsOf 296 clinicians, 80% were in pediatrics, and had geographic, practice setting, gender, and racial diversity. Most clinicians reported being up-to-date with current literature regarding contraception. Sixty-eight percent of respondent’s practices administer contraceptive injections, but only 17% place intrauterine devices (IUDs). Of those who do insert IUDs, nearly half inserted five or fewer within the last year. Patients’ younger age and Hispanic ethnicity were associated with lower odds, and history of pregnancy was associated with higher odds, of clinicians’ recommending LARC. Across all vignettes, the top five reasons clinicians chose their first-choice method for the patient were adherence or compliance, efficacy, side effects, patient age, and reversibility. Conclusion(s)Clinicians often recommend contraceptives based on adherence, efficacy, and age, and we found younger age, minoritized race or ethnicity, and history of pregnancy were all associated with LARC recommendations, indicating potential biases against teen parents and assumptions about adolescents’ priorities. This may impede the provision of patient-centered contraceptive counseling for adolescents, and highlights the need for improved education and practice changes post-Dobbs. ImplicationsWe found that clinicians demonstrated several biases in how they provide contraceptive recommendations to adolescent patients. These biases were often associated with their personal beliefs and experiences. Our findings can guide the development of future interventions aimed at improving adolescent reproductive health counseling and care delivery in primary care settings.

Unveiling Gender Portrayals in Indonesian EFL textbooks: A Critical Discourse Analysis

This study aims to describe the representation of genders in five Indonesian EFL textbooks published by Erlangga Publishing and unveil the ideology and attitudes behind the image of genders. The methods of critical discourse analysis (CDA) proposed by Van Dijk, which comprise discourse, social cognition, and discourse and society, are used to unveil the patterns of gender portrayal and the attitudes behind it. Data for this study are the human images in five Indonesian EFL textbooks published by Erlangga Publishing. This study reveals that in terms of frequency, women are more dominant than men; women’s images appear more frequently than men's. In dealing with other aspects under study, men and women are depicted symmetrically. The symmetrical representation between men and women suggests the attitude and ideology of gender equality the authors uphold.

Resistance or motivation? Impact of climate risk on corporate greenwashing: An empirical study of Chinese enterprises

Increasing climate risk (CR) has pushed corporate environmental responsibility into the limelight, requiring a deeper understanding of its impact on corporate environmental behavior. This study examined the impact of CR on corporate greenwashing using data from A-share listed enterprises in China from 2009 to 2022. The findings indicate the following: (1) Augmented CR significantly discourages corporate greenwashing, primarily by improving corporate innovation capabilities; (2) Strong external and internal corporate governance magnifies the inhibitory effect of CR on greenwashing, stimulating authentic environmental actions during crises; (3) The impact of CR on greenwashing is more pronounced in executive teams with greater gender diversity, higher educational levels, shorter tenures, and increased visibility; (4) In the context of CR, greenwashing hinders corporate high-quality development; (5) The impact of CR is particularly notable in state-owned enterprises, enterprises in industries with lower competitive intensity, and enterprises in their maturity or decline stages.

Board gender diversity and employee productivity. The moderating role of female leaders

Drawing on the Motivational Role Modeling Theory and Critical Mass Theory, the main objectives of this paper are to analyze the impact of Board Gender Diversity (BGD) on Employee Productivity (EP) and to investigate the moderating role of a Female CEO or a Female Board Chair on this relationship in Social Economy companies. The methodology used is a fixed-effects regression with panel data for 1,914 Spanish Social economy companies in the agri-food sector from 2017 to 2021. Our findings uncover a non-linear relationship between BGD and EP displaying a descendent curvilinear pattern, though not strictly U-shaped. Moreover, we confirm the moderating influence of a Female Chair, noting that its presence shifts the relationship between BGD and EP from an inverted curvilinear pattern to a U-shaped one. In this context, the board requires a minimum presence of women, set at a critical mass of 13 %. However, the moderating impact of a Female CEO remains inconclusive. This research underscores the significance of investigating board diversity, specifically emphasizing female leadership in understanding the link between BGD and EP. Moreover, to the best of our knowledge, this study is the first to explore the impact of BGD on EP by developing an integrated model based on Motivational Role Modeling Theory and Critical Mass Theory, and calculating the critical mass when a Female Chair is present on the board.

Association of Double-Blind Reviews With Increases in Women as First Authors: An Initial Report From the Journal of Cardiac Failure

Introduction: Women continue to remain under-represented in academic publishing in cardiology. Some evidence suggests that double-blind peer reviews may mitigate the impact of gender bias. In July 2021, the Journal of Cardiac Failure implemented a process for the conduct of double-blind reviews after previously utilizing single-blind reviews with the aim of improving author diversity. The purpose of the current manuscript was to examine the association between changes in authorship characteristics and implementation of double-blind reviews. Methods: Manuscripts were stratified into 3 eras: March – September 2021 (Era 1 – prior to double blind reviews), March – September 2022 (Era 2), and March – September 2023 (Era 3). All article types except invited editorials were included. Data were abstracted, including names, genders, ranks, and discipline of first and senior authors. Results: A total of 310 manuscripts were included in the analysis. The proportion of women first authors increased from 24% in Era 1 to 34% in Era 2 to 39% in Era 3 while the percentage of women authors serving in a senior authorship role remained fairly stable over time around 21-22%. Even after adjusting for region, article type, first author discipline, and last author gender, there was an increase in female first author over time (p= 0.015). Manuscripts with a female senior author were significantly more likely to have a female first author. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that double-blind peer review may contribute to increased gender diversity of first authors and highlight areas for future improvement for JCF and academic publishing.

Insights for enhancing resilience in prolonged crises: impact of COVID-19 pandemic on nurses’ quality of life

Aims and backgroundThe COVID-19 pandemic has had adverse effects on nurses, impacting them physically, mentally and psychosocially. These effects stem from heightened workloads, fears of contracting a life-threatening illness due...