Gender-related Characteristics Research Articles

The system of medical and psychological support of adolescents with obesity

The thesis is devoted to improving the system of psychological support to adolescents with obesity by definition of psychoemotional, cognitive, behavioral, and family components and their relationships in the genesis of psychological maladjustment formation in young patients. Some features of psychoemotional, cognitive, behavioral, and family components of psychological maladjustment have been established in adolescents with obesity, psychographic markers of difficulties in self-perception of our patients have been singled out, and correlations of stylistic peculiarities in their eating behavior with parameters of quality of life have also been identified. Relationships between pronounced disorders in eating behavior, as well as desadaptive psychoemotional characteristics of patients, and some peculiarities in the emotional state of their mothers have been established. The model and the technology of the psychological support of adolescents with obesity have been substantiated, and the system of measures for their employment has been introduced. Age and gender-related characteristics of personality in adolescents with obesity were depicted, and some peculiarities in the attitude to their children of mothers both of boys and girls with different body weight were defined. Due to the analysis and generalization of our study results, the model of medical and psychological support of adolescents with obesity has been scientifically substantiated, developed and introduced into the clinical practice. The proposed model, aimed at correcting psychological maladjustment of adolescent patients and providing involvement of their parents at the diagnostic, consultative, and corrective stages, has demonstrated its effectiveness.

THE NOSOLOGICAL PATTERN OF DISABILITY IN OSTEOARTHRITIS IN THE IRKUTSK REGION

Objective: to investigate the nosological pattern of primary disability due to osteoarthritis (OA) in the Irkutsk Region in 2012–2016, its severity, age- and gender-related features. Material and methods. A continuous method was used to analyze the database on the newly recognized as disabled due to OA in the Irkutsk Region in 2012–2018. The pattern, degree of disability, its age- and gender-related characteristics were studied. Results and discussion. Among those who were the newly recognized as disabled due to OA in 2012–2014, there was the largest proportion of patients with knee OA (46.6 to 52.7%, respectively). There was a preponderance of the disabled due to hip OA in 2015–2016 (55.3% and 65.3%, respectively). Among the OA patients with newly established disability during the analyzed period, there was a preponderance of women, but their proportion in 2016 was smaller than that in 2012 (54.4 and 74.2%, respectively). The decrease was mainly due to women with polyarticular OA (83.5% in 2012; 67.5% in 2016), hip OA (54.3 and 42.0%), or knee OA (87.2 and 80.4%, respectively). Most of the disabled people with OA were pensioners (64.7% for an average of 5 years). Over the past 3 years, the proportion of disabled young people (aged less than 44 years) substantially increased from 7.1% in 2014 to 15.3% in 2016 and that of disabled adult people rose from 21.2% in 2014 to 30.1% in 2016. Among the disabled with hip joint damage, young and adult patients were more and pensioners were fewer than among those with polyarticular OA (16.8 and 3.1%; 31.5 and 23.5%; 51.9 and 73.4% for an average of 5 years, respectively). Knee OA-associated disability was established mainly in pensioners (80.2%), while the proportion of young people was only 2.0%, which was much fewer than in those with hip OA, polyarticular OA, and other variants of the disease (9.2%). The proportion of disabled adult persons was also fewer (18.1% for an average of 5 years). According to the severity of disability due to OA, the largest one was group with class III disability (81.7% in 2012 to 90.9% in 2015). Group with class II disability were much less – from 16.1 to 8.3%, respectively. The minimum number of patients was recognized as having class I disability. The last five years have been marked by an improvement in the pattern of polyarticular OA and osteoarthritis-related primary disability according to its severity, by reducing the proportion of people in the most severe groups with class I and II disability and by increasing the proportion of people having class III disability. The increase in the proportion of people with class II disability due to hip OA to 22.3% in 2016 from 11.4% in 2015 was due to isolated cases of complications after hip replacement.

Gender nonconformity of identical twins with discordant sexual orientations: Evidence from childhood photographs.

Childhood gender nonconformity (femininity in males, masculinity in females) predicts a nonstraight (gay, lesbian, or bisexual) sexual orientation in adulthood. In previous work, nonstraight twins reported more childhood gender nonconformity than their genetically identical, but straight, cotwins. However, self-reports could be biased. We therefore assessed gender nonconformity via ratings of photographs from childhood and adulthood. These ratings came from independent observers naïve to study hypotheses. Identical twins with discordant sexual orientations (24 male pairs, 32 female pairs) visibly differed in their gender nonconformity from mid-childhood, with higher levels of gender nonconformity observed in the nonstraight twins. This difference was smaller than the analogous difference between identical twins who were concordant straight (4 male pairs, 11 female pairs) and identical twins unrelated to them who were concordant nonstraight (19 male pairs, 8 female pairs). Further, twins in discordant pairs correlated in their observer-rated gender nonconformity. Nongenetic factors likely differentiated the discordant twins' gender-related characteristics in childhood, but shared influences made them similar in some respects. We further tested how recall of past rejection from others related to gender nonconformity. Rejection generally increased with gender nonconformity, but this effect varied by the twins' sexual orientation. (PsycINFO Database Record

Y Chromosome Missing Protein, TBL1Y, May Play an Important Role in Cardiac Differentiation.

Despite evidence for sex-specific cardiovascular physiology and pathophysiology, the biological basis for this dimorphism remains to be explored. Apart from hormonal factors, gender-related characteristics may reside in the function of sex chromosomes during cardiac development. In this study, we investigated the differential expression of the male-specific region of the Y chromosome (MSY) genes and their X counterparts during cardiac differentiation of human embryonic stem cells (hESC). We observed alterations in mRNA and protein levels of TBL1Y, PCDH11Y, ZFY, KDM5D, USP9Y, RPS4Y1, DDX3Y, PRY, XKRY, BCORP1, RBMY, HSFY, and UTY, which accompanied changes in intracellular localization. Of them, the abundance of a Y chromosome missing protein, TBL1Y, showed a significant increase during differentiation while the expression level of its X counterpart decreased. Consistently, reducing TBL1Y cellular level using siRNA approach influenced cardiac differentiation by reducing its efficacy as well as increasing the probability of impaired contractions. TBL1Y knockdown may have negatively impacted cardiogenesis by CtBP stabilization. Furthermore, we presented compelling experimental evidence to distinguish TBL1Y from TBL1X, its highly similar X chromosome homologue, and proposed reclassification of TBL1Y as "found missing protein" (PE1). Our results demonstrated that MSY proteins may play an important role in cardiac development.

Gender-related morphological characteristics in preschool children of Kolubara district

Gender-related morphological characteristics in preschool children of Kolubara district

Age- and gender-related characteristics of the pubic symphysis and triradiate cartilage in pediatric computed tomography.

There is little information on the pubic symphysis' normal CT appearance in children. We sought to generate age-, gender- and maturity-related symphyseal width appearances in CT scans. Pelvic CT scans performed for any reason during a 6-year period in patients younger than 18years were retrospectively analyzed. The symphysis width was measured in the axial plane and the triradiate cartilage was classified as open or closed. Four hundred twenty-seven CT scans were evaluated and 350 remained for analysis. Age- and gender-related measurements of the symphysis width are illustrated on various centile graphs. When grouping children by age in years 0-6, 7-11, 12-15 and 16-17, mean (standard deviation) symphysis width was 5.4mm (0.9), 5.3mm (1.1), 4.1mm (1.1) and 3.5mm (1.0), respectively, in girls and 5.9mm (1.3), 5.4mm (1.2), 5.2mm (1.1) and 4.0mm (1.0), respectively, in boys. Boys and girls were significantly different in the age groups 12-15years (P<0.001) and 16-17years (P=0.04). In the mature pelvis, the symphyseal gap is significantly (P<0.001) shorter in both genders, and in girls compared to boys (P=0.04). The pubic symphysis width in children differs according to age, gender and maturity. The reference values published herein may help detect symphyseal injury.

Total antioxidant capacity, catalase activity, and lipid peroxidation changes in seminal plasma of sex-reversed female and male rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) during spawning season

The advantages of gender-related characteristics are used in aquaculture practice to improve production. For instance, all-female stock is preferable than mixed or all-male stock in salmonid culture. The most effective way to obtain all-female populations is the using of sex-reversed (SR) female trouts, genotypically female but phenotypically male, by masculinizing androgen hormones as breeders in artificial insemination. This study was conducted to evaluate changes in the total antioxidant capacity (TAC), protein concentration, catalase (CAT) activity, lipid peroxidation level (LPO; malondialdehyde), and Fourier transform infrared spectra of seminal plasma of SR female and normal (N) male trouts during the spawning season. Seminal plasma TAC values of N male and SR female trouts were determined as 0.015 ± 0.004 and 0.116 ± 0.033 mM of Trolox equivalents, respectively, in the middle of the spawning season. Some regions related to aromatic rings in seminal plasma Fourier transform infrared spectra of SR female trouts differed from N male trouts were indicated to the higher TAC values. At the middle of the spawning season, protein concentrations were determined as 569.5 ± 139.4 mg/dL in SR female trouts and 66.3 ± 22.7 mg/dL in N male trouts. LPO levels in seminal plasma of N male trouts varied from 46.33 ± 12.05 × 10−3 to 270.02 ± 70.64 × 10−3 nmol/mg protein, whereas from 13.87 ± 4.98 × 10−3 to 48.49 ± 17.31 × 10−3 nmol/mg protein in SR female trouts throughout the spawning. CAT activities of seminal plasma in N male trouts ranged from 0.38 ± 0.26 to 0.47 ± 0.32 kU/mg protein, whereas those values in SR female trouts varied between 0.21 ± 0.10 and 0.43 ± 0.15 kU/mg protein. Moreover, there were the pairwise significant correlations among all variables except between CAT and TAC (P > 0.05). Remarkable correlations were found between LPO–protein (r = −0.922, P < 0.05, n = 190), LPO–TAC (r = −0.859, P < 0.05, n = 98), and TAC protein (r = +0.879, P < 0.05, n = 98). Similar to seminal plasma of N male trouts, TAC values, protein concentrations, and CAT activities in seminal plasma of SR female trouts have shown decline, whereas LPO levels increased toward the end of the spawning seasons. Seminal plasmas of SR female trouts were characterized by higher protein concentrations and TAC values and lower LPO levels than that from N male trouts.

The Role of Gender in Chronic Kidney Disease

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a common disease worldwide and is associated with high rates of morbidity and mortality. This review discusses several aspects of the relationship between gender and CKD. While the prevalence of CKD tends to be higher in women, the disease is more severe in men, who also have a higher prevalence of end-stage renal disease. Most of the evidence in the current literature suggests a higher progression rate and mortality risk of CKD in men compared with women, except in post-menopausal women and diabetic patients. However, the decrease in glomerular filtration rate and the increase in the level of albuminuria are more prominent mortality risk factors among women. Sex hormones are thought to play a major role in the biological mechanisms associated with variability in CKD prevalence and characteristics between men and women. Animal studies have demonstrated the harmful influence of testosterone and protective influence of oestrogen on several biological processes that are involved in kidney injury. However, the role of sex hormones in explaining gender-related differences in CKD in humans has not yet been established. In summary, gender has an important influence on several aspects of CKD. Further research is needed to find additional gender-related characteristics in CKD and to identify the mechanisms of sexual dimorphism in CKD.

Sex Versus Gender-Related Characteristics: Which Predicts Outcome After Acute Coronary Syndrome in the Young?: Pelletier R, Khan N, Cox J, et al. JACC. 2016;67:127-135

Sex Versus Gender-Related Characteristics: Which Predicts Outcome After Acute Coronary Syndrome in the Young?: Pelletier R, Khan N, Cox J, et al. JACC. 2016;67:127-135

Sex Versus Gender-Related Characteristics: Which Predicts Outcome After Acute Coronary Syndrome in the Young?

Background“Gender” reflects social norms for women and men, whereas “sex” defines biological characteristics. Gender-related characteristics explain some differences in access to care for premature acute coronary syndrome (ACS); whether they are associated with cardiovascular outcomes is unknown. ObjectivesThis study estimated associations between gender and sex with recurrent ACS and major adverse cardiac events (MACE) (e.g., ACS, cardiac mortality, revascularization) over 12 months in patients with ACS. MethodsWe studied 273 women and 636 men age 18 to 55 years from GENESIS-PRAXY (GENdEr and Sex determInantS of cardiovascular disease: from bench to beyond-Premature Acute Coronary SYndrome), a prospective observational cohort study, who were hospitalized for ACS between January 2009 and April 2013. Gender-related characteristics (e.g., social roles) were assessed using a self-administered questionnaire, and a composite measure of gender was derived. Outcomes included recurrent ACS and MACE over 12 months. ResultsFeminine roles and personality traits were associated with higher rates of recurrent ACS and MACE compared with masculine characteristics. This difference persisted for recurrent ACS, after multivariable adjustment (hazard ratio from score 0 to 100: 4.50; 95% confidence interval: 1.05 to 19.27), and was a nonstatistically significant trend for MACE (hazard ratio: 1.54; 95% confidence interval: 0.90 to 2.66). A possible explanation is increased anxiety, the only condition that was more prevalent in patients with feminine characteristics and that rendered the association between gender and recurrent ACS nonstatistically significant (hazard ratio: 3.56; 95% confidence interval: 0.81 to 15.61). Female sex was not associated with outcomes post-ACS. ConclusionsYounger adults with ACS with feminine gender are at an increased risk of recurrent ACS over 12 months, independent of female sex.

Vocational interests, personality, and sociosexuality as indicators of a general masculinity/femininity factor

Several individual difference domains include variables that show substantial sex differences and may be considered indicators of masculinity/femininity (M/F). We examined the structure of gender-related characteristics from three domains (vocational interests, personality characteristics, and sociosexually relevant sexual fantasies) to determine whether a general factor of M/F can be derived even when participant sex is controlled, and if so, which domains and which variables within those domains are the best indicators of that factor. In a sample of 198 undergraduate students, we found strong intercorrelations between indicators of M/F across domains in the combined-sex sample but only weak intercorrelations within sex. The results also indicated that a general masculinity/femininity factor could be obtained, even when participant sex was controlled, and was defined more strongly by personality characteristics and sociosexuality of sexual fantasies than by vocational interests.

A composite measure of gender and its association with risk factors in patients with premature acute coronary syndrome.

To create a gender index by using principal component analyses (PCA) and logistic regression, and to determine the association between gender, sex, and cardiovascular risk factors among patients with premature acute coronary syndrome (ACS). GENESIS-PRAXY is a cohort study including ACS patients aged 55 years or below, and with ACS recruited between 2009 and 2013 from 26 centres across Canada, the United States, and Switzerland. A sample of 1075 patients was used for this study. Psychosocial variables assumed to differ between sexes (i.e., gender related) were included in PCA. Variables identified on retained components were included in logistic regressions where coefficient estimates of variables associated with sex were used to calculate a gender score. Cardiovascular risk factors were assessed using self-report and chart review data. After the inclusion of 26 psychosocial variables in PCA, we identified 17 variables within retained components; 7 of which were associated with sex in logistic regression. The gender distribution revealed that half of women had a more androgyne or masculine gender score, and 16% of men exhibited a more feminine gender score. In univariable analyses, feminine gender scores and female sex were associated with hypertension, diabetes, family history of cardiovascular disease (only gender), and depressive/anxious symptoms. In multivariable models including both gender score and sex, feminine gender score but not female sex was associated with the presence of risk factors. Sex and gender are distinct constructs, and the derived gender index offers a current and pragmatic option to measure gender within ACS populations. Our results further suggest that traditional sex differences in cardiovascular disease risk factors may be partly explained by patient's gender-related characteristics.

Substance use and treatment of substance use disorders in a community sample of transgender adults

BackgroundTransgender people have elevated substance use prevalence compared with the U.S. general population, however no studies have comprehensively examined the relationship of psychosocial risk factors to substance use and substance use disorder (SUD) treatment among both male-to-female (MTF) and female-to-male (FTM) transgender adults. MethodsSecondary data analysis of a 2013 community-based survey of transgender adults in Massachusetts (N=452) was conducted. Adjusted multivariable logistic regression models were fit to examine the relationship of four risk factor domains with SUD treatment history and recent substance use: (1) demographics; (2) gender-related characteristics; (3) mental health; (4) socio-structural factors. Adjusted Odds Ratios (aOR) and 95% Confidence Intervals (95% CI) were estimated. ResultsTen percent of the sample reported lifetime SUD treatment. Factors associated with significant increase in odds of lifetime SUD treatment alongside recent substance use (all p<0.05) were: (1) older age (aOR=1.02; 95% CI=1.01–1.04), higher educational attainment (aOR=3.59; 95% CI=2.35–5.50), low income (aOR=0.58; 95% CI=0.39–0.86); (2) MTF identity (aOR=3.03; 95% CI=1.95–4.67), gender-affirming medical care (aOR=1.99; 95% CI=1.32–3.00); (3) intimate partner violence (aOR=1.68; 95% CI=1.13–2.49), posttraumatic stress disorder (aOR=2.56; 95% CI=1.69–3.88), depression (aOR=2.30; 95% CI=1.58–3.35), mental health treatment (aOR=1.65; 95% CI=1.11–2.45); (4) discrimination (aOR=1.90; 95% CI=1.22–2.95), unstable housing (aOR=1.80; 95% CI=1.21–2.67), and sex work (aOR=2.48; 95% CI=1.24–4.95). ConclusionsSubstance use and SUD treatment among transgender adults are associated with demographic, gender-related, mental health, and socio-structural risk factors. Studies are warranted that identify SUD treatment barriers, and integrate SUD treatment with psychosocial and structural interventions for a diverse spectrum of transgender adults.

The Isle of Wight Suicide Study: a case study of suicide in a limited geographic area

Suicide is a major public health problem, with mental disorders being one of its major risk factors. The high incidence of suicide on the Isle of Wight has motivated this study, the first of its kind on suicide in this small geographic area. Aim The aim of the study was to identify socio-demographic and clinical risk factors for suicide in the population of service users and non-service users, and gender-related characteristics of suicidal behaviour in a limited geographic region. Data were collected on 68 cases of suicide (ICD-10×60-X84) from residents of the Isle of Wight District between January 2006 and December 2009. All data were statistically analysed using Pearson's χ 2 test and Yates' correction for continuity. The mean annual suicide rates over the period were 5.65 per 100 000 for women and 19.28 for men. Significantly (p=0.0006), more men than women (male/female ratio 3:1) died as a result of suicide. Relatively (p=0.07) more women (56.2%) than men (32.7%), and significantly more (p=0.05) service users (45.3%) than non-service users (13.3%) were unemployed. Significantly, more (p=0.0006) service users (64%) than non-service users (20%) had a history of suicide attempts and relatively (p=0.06) more (50.9%) service users than non-service users (20%) had attended the accident and emergency department before their death; 69% had an adverse life event within a year before their suicide. Depression as the most common Axis-I illness was diagnosed in 36% of all; but significantly (p=0.008) more in women (66.6%) than men (17.3%). Relatively (p=0.07) more women (56.2%) than men (32.7%) have contacted services before their death. Suicide by hanging was the most common cause, accounting for the death of 71% of men and 50% of women. The study found that 80% of all suicides occurred in people suffering from mental disorder. Men are at a significant risk of suicide. Depressive disorders in women and stress-related disorders in men were the most common mental disorders. Treating mental disorders and co-morbid conditions seems to be one of the key elements in suicide prevention strategies.

Gender-Related Characteristics of Pharmacological Treatment in Patients with Spinal Pain

We present here data from our own studies and a review of reports from contemporary Russian and foreign authors on “gender-related features of spinal pain.” These data lead to the conclusion that gender needs to be considered when developing treatment plans for patients with dorsalgias.

The isle of wight suicide study: a case study of 68 suicides in one health district.

Aim The aim of the study was to identify sociodemographic, and clinical risk factors for suicide in the population of service-users (SUs) and nonservice users (NSUs) and gender-related characteristics of suicidal behaviour in a limited geographic region. Method Data of 68 suicide cases (ICD-10 X60-X84) collected for residents on the Isle of Wight District between January 2006 and December 2009. All data were statistically analysed by using Pearson's chi-squared test and Yates’ correction for continuity. Results The mean annual suicide rates were 5.65 per 100.000 for women and 19.28 for men. Significantly (p=0.0006) more men than women (male/female ratio 3:1) died as a result of suicide. Relatively (p=0.07) more women (56.2%) than men (32.7%), and significantly more (p=0.05) SUs (45.3%) than NSUs (13.3%) were unemployed. Significantly more (p=0.0006) SUs (64%) than NSUs (20%) had a history of suicide and relatively (p=0.06) more (50.9%) SUs than NSUs (20%) had attended the A & E. Depression as the most common Axis-I illness was diagnosed in 36% of all; but significantly (p=0.008) more in women (66.6%) than men (17.3%). Relatively (p=0.07) more women (56.2%) than men (32.7%) have contactacted serivces before their death. Suicide by hanging was the most common cause acounting for death of 71% of men and 50% of women. Conclusions 80% of all suicides were conducted by people suffering from mental disorders. Depressive disorders in women and stressrelated disorders in men were the most common mental disorders. Treating mental disorders seem to be one of the key elements in suicide prevention.

Prevalence and Gender-Related Characteristics of Metabolic Syndrome in Korean Community

p for trend=0.123). In young age group (<50 years), the prevalence of metabolic syndrome was higher in men than in women (34.7% vs. 11.7%, p=0.042). This gender difference was not observed in older group (≥50 years). The most prevalent factor of metabolic syndrome was hypertriglyceridemia (49.9%) and hypertension (47.6%) in both genders. Among metabolic syndrome components, central obesity (40.5% vs. 25.2%, p=0.002) and hypertriglyceridemia (54.5% vs. 41.8%, p=0.015) were more prevalent in women than in men, and the prevalence of other components were similar between genders. Conclusions: In the community, metabolic syndrome was highly prevalent in middle-aged and elderly Korean adult. Age related change in the prevalence of metabolic syndrome was gender specific. Age and gender effects should be considered for the effective control of metabolic syndrome in the community.

Levels of Neuroactive Steroids in the Brain and Gender-Related Characteristics of the Formation and Extinction of a Conditioned Reflex in Rats

Model experiments were performed to study the gender-related characteristics of the dynamics of sex steroids in the brain during the acquisition and extinction of a conditioned reflex. Before acquisition of conditioned reflexes, females had greater anxiety and fear than males. On formation of the conditioned reflex, there were no significant gender-related differences between males and females, while extinction of the conditioned passive avoidance reaction in male rats occurred 2–3 days more quickly than in females. On acquisition of the conditioned passive avoidance reflex, adult rats showed increases in testosterone content in several brain structures, especially in the hippocampus and frontal cortex, without any change in the plasma level. There was also an increase in the amygdalar estradiol concentration in females, while extinction of the conditioned passive avoidance reaction was associated with increases in estradiol in the hippocampus and cingulate gyrus. There was no change in plasma testosterone, while the estradiol concentration decreased significantly after extinction of the conditioned reflex. The different dynamics of changes in sex steroid levels in the brain and plasma may point to the possibility that they are synthesized in nervous tissue. Correlation analysis supported the suggestion of the selective involvement of testosterone and estradiol from particular brain structures in mediating learning and memory processes in adult male and female rats.

1025 – The isle of wight suicide study: a case study of 68 suicides between 2006 and 2009

Background The aim of the study was to identify sociodemographic, clinical and service delivery risk factors for suicide in the population of service-users (SUs) and non-service users (NSUs) plus gender-related characteristics of suicidal behaviour; in a limited geographic region. Method Data were collected on 68 cases of suicide (ICD-10 X60-X84) for residents on the Isle of Wight between January 2006 and December 2009. Results Significantly (p=0.0006) more men than women (male/female ratio 3:1) died by suicide. Relatively (p=0.07) more women (56.2%) than men (32.7%), and significantly more (p=0.05) SUs (45.3%) than NSUs (13.3%) were unemployed. Significantly more (p=0.0006) SUs (64%) than NSUs (20%) had a history of suicide and relatively (p=0.06) more (50.9%) SUs than NSUs (20%) had attended the A & E prior to their death. 69% had an adverse life event within a year prior to their suicide. Depression was significantly (p=0.008) more frequent in women (66.6%) than men (23.7%). Suicide by hanging was the commonest cause acounting for death of 71% of men and 50% of women. 57.3% of deaths occurred at their place of residence and 75% of on weekdays. 50% of women died in autumn, compared to 28.8% of men. There were three inpatient deaths (4.4%). Relatively (p=0.08) more women (56.2%) than men (32.7%) have contactacted serivces before their death. Conclusions 80% suicides were conducted by people suffering from a mental disorder. Men are at a significant risk of suicide. Anxiety disorders in men and depression in women are the most common mental disorders.

Politics of representation in the digital media environment: presentation of the female candidate between news coverage and the website in the 2007 Korean presidential primary

This study analyzes how a female candidate was presented in the news media and on her campaign website, in order to compare the politics of gender representation in news coverage and campaign communication. Content analysis of news coverage of a Korean female candidate and the candidate's website shows that the female candidate was differently portrayed in the two media in presentations of personal trait frames, the linkage between issues and personal traits, and other gender-related characteristics, although the quantity of issue frames did not differ significantly. The findings suggest that although the news coverage still tends to reinforce gender stereotypes regarding a female candidate, the candidate used or articulated gender identities in her campaign website to oppose framing stereotypes in the traditional news media.