Gendered Power Structures Research Articles

Dangerous Fictions

Dangerous Fictions

Closing the renewable energy gender gap in the United States and Canada: The role of women’s professional networking

The renewable energy sector is already more gender diverse than the fossil fuel industry, and promises to provide an increasing number of jobs for women as well as men, particularly in high growth solar and wind industries. Yet while more women are currently employed in the renewables sector than in the carbon-based energy sector, their presence in renewable energy industries falls short of that in other areas of the economy that require commensurate levels of training and experience. This observation is particularly true for the world’s wealthiest nations. Where are the women in the U.S. and Canadian renewables sectors? How did they get there? Did concern for the natural environment or worries about climate change play any role in their education, training, and career choices? How did gender affect their education or training and career trajectories? In what ways have women’s networking organizations contributed to their success and advancement in the workplace? In response to these questions, we review the relationship between gender and the natural environment, especially energy conservation, discuss the role of women’s professional development via networking organizations, and present the results of interviews with women working in U.S. and Canadian renewable energy companies. We find that such women tend to be passionate about the environment and; well educated; employed in a range of occupations throughout the renewables sector; and intimately aware of gendered structures of power in her industry and workplace that might be remedied via connections with women, especially those who have achieved leadership roles.

Does Gender Mean Women in International Development? Focusing on the Bureaucratization of the Gender Discourse

연구목적: 이 글은 다양한 페미니스트 학자들의 선행연구에 기반 하여 국제개발 규범에서 젠더의 개념이 확산되어 성주류화라는 개념으로까지 발전되어 온 상황에서, 젠더와 여성이라는 용어가 명확한 구분 없이 함께 쓰이고 있는데 대한 문제의식에서 출발하였다. 이 글은 국제개발 규범에서 ‘젠더’가 ‘여성’과 등치되는 현상에 대해 의문을 제기하고, 성평등 달성을 위한 성주류화 전략 속에 젠더 개념이 얼마나 적용되었고 실천되고 있는지 분석하고자 하였다. 연구의 중요성: 국제개발 규범과 현장에서 젠더와 개발 담론이 어떻게 적용되고 있는지에 대해 SDGs 지표와 CIDA 등 국제개발 현장의 현실을 통해 분석함으로서 젠더와 여성이라는 언어가 어떻게 정치적으로 혹은 실용적으로 사용되고 있는지 보여주고 있다. 연구방법론: 국제개발 규범으로 대표적인 MDGs와 SDGs의 성평등 목표와 관련 지표에 대해 젠더관점에서 분석하고, 국제개발 현장의 사례를 보여주기 위해 캐나다와 한국의 사례를 분석하였다. 연구결과: 국제개발 규범과 양자기구 문헌을 분석한 결과 성주류화가 확산되는 과정에서 젠더의 개념이 기술관료제화 되었고, SDGs 젠더통합적 목표의 지표들은 젠더의 개념보다는 여성이라는 접근으로 구성되어 있다는 점, 한국을 비롯한 해외 국제개발의 현장에서도 젠더라는 용어는 정치적 저항이나 일반인과 소통의 어려움 등의 이유로 여성이라는 언어로 사용되고 있다는 점을 확인하였다. 결론 및 시사점: 국제개발에 있어서 젠더는 기술관료제화 된 여성이라는 언어로 대체되고 있는데, 이는 단기간에 성과를 측정해야하는 정부의 압박과 궁극적으로는 젠더 관계 변화에 대한 저항 등의 원인이 있었다는 점을 상기해야 한다. SDGs가 내걸고 있는 젠더 통합적 목표들이 전환적인(transformative) 변화를 가져올 수 있기 위해서는 젠더 개념을 기술관료적 개념이 아닌 젠더권력 구조 안에서 이해하고 실천에 옮길 때 가능해질 것이다.Purpose: This paper aims to review how discourses on gender have evolved in the midst of transformation from MDGs to SDGs and how gender has been reflected in international development norms. Moving from MDGs to SDGs, feminists have raised their voice to point out gender issues that are missing in MDGs and have demanded that SDGs include fundamental agenda required to achieve gender equality. In international development, gender discourses have developed from WID to GAD from the 1970s through to the mid-1990s. How deeply these discourses are reflected in and embraced by MDGs and SDGs is the main question, because it has been witnessed that the terminology has gone back to “women” instead of “gender.” Originality: It shows how the language of gender and women is being used politically or practically. Methodology: In the international development norms, gender equality goals and related indicators of representative MDGs and SDGs were analyzed from the gender perspective, and case studies of Canada and Korea were analyzed to show cases of international development. Result: The first part of the paper illustrates how gender discourses have evolved in the field of development cooperation, focusing on WID, GAD, and gender mainstreaming. In the second part, the paper highlights the difference between the norms and the actual practice of gender mainstreaming strategies. Next, it analyzes how WID and GAD discourses have been embedded in MDGs and SDGs, along with their limitations. The last section looks into the meaning of “gender mainstreaming” and women and girls’ empowerment in the actual practice of development projects and gender mainstreaming strategic tasks that are required to achieve gender equality goals within the frame of SDGs. Conclusion and Implication: Finally, it attempts to draw attention to two points. The first is the concept that gender in development cooperation has been de-politicized to name a biological woman in contrast to the one that the feminists used. The second point is how the gender-integrated goals of the SDGs can bring about a transformative change; this is possible when the gender concept is understood and practiced in a gendered power structure rather than in a technical bureaucratic concept.

Masculinity, power and intersectionality

Studies on men and masculinity focus on men’s identities and values, and on the normative, accepted cultural practice of being a man in a specific context. This research field has contributed significantly to gender studies and has produced new knowledge, which is useful for the social sciences in general, for instance in terms of understanding processes of social differentiation and political values. Theoretically, studies on men and masculinities have been dominated by the theory of hegemonic masculinity and a focus on patriarchal power structures. The article introduces an intersectional approach as a fruitful alternative in studies of the complexities and ambiguities of gendered identities, inequalities and power structures. The intersectional argument is illustrated by two empirical examples: 1) men as the extreme gender at the top and bottom of society, and 2) new masculinity ideals.

Female Sexuality and Corporeal Agency in Christian Schad's Zwei Mädchen

A study of female sexuality and corporeal agency, Christian Schad's 1928 painting Zwei Mädchen challenges long-established notions of women's sexual desire and of the visual depiction and reception of the human body. It undermines gendered power structures, denying viewers the culturally endorsed role of the active male observer looking at the passive female figure and hence control over their visual and erotic experiences. As the models reject what Laura Mulvey termed "to-be-looked-at-ness," the painting emphasizes women's sexual independence, and autoeroticism emerges as a practice of female empowerment. Viewers are confronted with their own beliefs regarding women's sexuality as ori-ented toward men and with the transformation of male and female social roles, including in the sexual arena, taking place during the Weimar era. To analyze the work's complex visual power dynamics and the role of the averted gaze, this study draws on research from film, gender and sexuality studies, art history, and psychology.

Gender relations in Bedouin communities in Israel: local government as a site of ambivalent modernity

In this article, we examine the perceptions towards women and gender relations maintained by male, local authority officials within two Bedouin towns in Israel. As such, the current research lies at the intersection of local politics, gender, space and culture. We argue that analysis of these perspectives provides insights into the ambivalent nature of modernity: into the tension between the desire to preserve the traditional role of women in maintaining the family, and the recognition of the powerful potential of women to act as agents of change. Based on an analysis of personal interviews, the study traces the ways in which both power and vulnerability impact the attitudes and perspectives of these men officials. By applying narrative analysis, gendered power structures are examined within Bedouin society in the context of the local authority – zooming in on the narratives provided by the male authority officials. The findings reveal that the officials maintain a series of ambivalent and conflictual attitudes towards the role of women. Bearing in mind their potential impact on the quality of women's daily lives in local public spaces, it seems vitally important to account for the entire matrix of tensions and vulnerabilities that impact the municipal policy instruments at their disposal. The findings are relevant beyond the Bedouin communities in Israel and may serve as a platform for a wider discussion of the dilemmas of minority women in rapidly changing cultural environments, and ambivalent modernity.

Doing ‘enough’ of the ‘right’ thing: the gendered dimension of the ‘ideal activist’ identity and its negative emotional consequences

ABSTRACTThis article explores how the activist identity is constructed within a local anti-austerity activist culture, how it is implicitly gendered, and the emotional implications of this. Drawing on in-depth interviews with 30 individuals engaged in local anti-austerity activism, the author argues that although presented as an abstract, genderless, individual, the ‘ideal activist’ is actually male. Despite participants defining activism broadly to include small acts in the everyday, the ‘ideal activist’ identity is narrowly defined by doing ‘enough’ of the ‘right’ type of activism – direct action. It is argued that this identity is easier to achieve for men than women, and that the negative emotional consequences of not achieving the identity are more likely to be experienced by women. The criterion of doing the ‘right’ amount of activism excludes those who cannot commit to constantly doing activism; women tend to face structural availability barriers to political participation, often related to caring responsibilities. The binary construction of direct action as ‘real’ activism versus online ‘slacktivism’ minimizes online activism, which is a form of accessible activism that women can combine with caring responsibilities. While women participants identify and challenge gendered barriers and exclusions to local anti-austerity activism, the implicit gendered nature of the ‘ideal activist’ identity and its damaging gendered consequences are not recognized, resulting in women feeling guilt and blaming themselves for their perceived failure to adequately perform the identity. This article thus reveals the complex ways that spaces of resistance can reinforce dominant gendered power structures, while ostensibly fighting against them. By utilising a feminist approach, the author establishes the importance of paying attention to the gendered differences between activist experiences in counter-hegemonic movements and contributes to understanding the complexities of the activist identity in the context of anti-austerity activism.Abbreviations: PA: the People’s Assembly Against Austerity; BME: Black Minority Ethnic; LGBT: Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender

Feminist everyday political economy: Space, time, and violence

AbstractIt goes without saying that feminist International Political Economy (IPE) is concerned in one way or another with the everyday – conceptualised as both a site of political struggle and a site within which social relations are (re)produced and governed. Given the longstanding grounding of feminist research in everyday gendered experiences, many would ask: Why do we need an explicit feminist theorisation of the everyday? After all, notions of everyday life and everyday political struggle infuse feminist analysis. This article seeks to interrogate the concept of the everyday – questioning prevalent understandings of the everyday and asking whether there is analytical and conceptual utility to be gained in articulating a specifically feminist understanding of it. We argue that a feminist political economy of the everyday can be developed in ways that push theorisations of social reproduction in new directions. We suggest that one way to do this is through the recognition that social reproductionisthe everyday alongside a three-part theorisation of space, time, and violence (STV). It is an approach that we feel can play an important role in keeping IPE honest – that is, one that recognises how important gendered structures of everyday power and agency are to the conduct of everyday life within global capitalism.

\u201cBefore we asked for permission, now we only give notice\u201d: Women\u2019s entrance into artisanal fisheries in Chile

Small-scale fisheries (SSF) in the Global South are increasingly subjected to the internationalisation of food systems. Guided by a feminist political ecology approach, we examine how gender relations and power structures within SSF are changing through policy interventions and market linkages. Chilean women working in SSF have traditionally been unregistered direct producers. Since the early 2000s, however, women have formally entered as fishers within this hitherto male-dominated space. Today, women constitute almost a quarter of artisanal fishers in Chile. While women have become more visible, among others, in their engagement in territorial use rights in fisheries (TURFs), little research attention has been paid to women’s roles within SSF. We redress this shortfall by examining the struggle to obtain TURFs by an all-women seaweed gatherers union in Coliumo (Bio-Bio Region, Chile). Using participatory research tools, we describe key gendered interactions and events over a local struggle for resources. Our findings show how closely related episodes of cooperation and conflict were involved in realising TURFs, which included differently-gendered relationships. While the women implicated in formalising fishing entitlements accrued individual benefit and enhanced their collective standing, the conflict left a deep scar among women in the community.

Queering Indian Classical Music: An Exploration of Sexuality and Desire

This article explores representations of gendered power structures and the notions of sexuality in Indian Classical Music. Hindustani music has evolved over the past eight centuries, from folk music, through the medieval courts, into wider public acclaim in modern times. This tradition of art has been conferred an almost ‘sanctimonious’ status, owing to the pedantic nature of its development and structuring by male artists, the ustads and pandits, purists who followed strict standards and specifications to maintain the conventions of the music form. Following the structure of the ragas as melodies, and the bandish for lyrics, Hindustani music has maintained a puritanical approach to desire and sexuality. Ironically, the subject and discourse of this classical art form have predominantly been themes of passion, pathos and pining, from a feminine perspective. The Feminine is portrayed as insufficient and incomplete, while the Masculine and masculinity are characterised as absolute and the supreme subject of desire. The article examines traditional and historical compositions, the bandish, situating them within the customs and manners of the time and the art form, to suggest the queer characteristics of Hindustani music, the art and the tradition. Pursuing contemporary discourses on ‘Queering’ and applying them to reinterpret Indian Classical Music, illuminates and questions hetero-normative cisgendered conventions in creative expressions, in an art form, which has largely been promoted, performed and accorded patronage by men. This article demystifies notions of sexuality and desire, within an unquestioned domain of male hegemonies in artistic expression.

One Small Step for Man: Change and Continuity in Perceptions and Enactments of Homosocial Intimacy among Young Australian Men

While recent scholarship has documented a growth of same-sex, nonsexual kissing among young men in Western societies, this may reflect a weakening, rather than complete transformation, of hegemonic gender structures. Critically engaging with current theorizing of “inclusive masculinities,” this article reports the findings from a study of young Australian men’s views on what constitutes acceptable forms of homosocial intimacy and how they attach meaning to these behaviors. Using qualitative data from focus groups with twenty-two men from five different subcultural peer groups and eight follow-up individual interviews, we illustrate that exaggerated intimate behaviors are not considered authentic displays of affection, and therefore do not meaningfully challenge gendered power structures. Rather, they have been adopted into the repertoire of ways men can perform masculinity. However, this hybridity is neither a means of reconfiguring male power, nor evidence of entirely inclusive masculinities, but instead constitutes an initial step toward inclusivity.

‘Do I score points if I say “no”?’: Negotiating sexual boundaries in a changing normative landscape

Recently #MeToo visualised worldwide the scale of sexual coercion and the connection of sexual coercion to gender norms and power structures. Negotiating sexual interactions with a partner is deeply intimate, yet it is also fundamentally influenced by surrounding social norms. We conducted in-depth interviews with 68 ethnically diverse Dutch young men and women (16–21) about their sexual experiences to understand how norms and values shape their sexual negotiations. Narratives showed the continued relevance of heteronormative gender roles, with participants framing sexual negotiations as a contest between opposing sides, dictated by different rules for women and men. Other narratives suggested that the normative landscape may be changing, with women drawing on discourses of autonomy and men using mutuality as a guiding principle. Our findings indicate that while conventional gender norms and scripts continue to prescribe sexual negotiations, many Dutch youth also exercise alternative discourses in their sexual relationships. Efforts to reduce sexual coercion must incorporate attention to both the old and emerging gender norms that govern sexual negotiations.

The Gendered Classroom: Masculinity and Femininity in Pakistani Universities

Our gendering experiences begin with our birth. The formal educational gendering process begins the moment we enter school and continue throughout our educational journey. Sitting in the same classroom, reading the same books, listening to the same teachers at the same time, boys and girls have different experiences. Giving close attention to the temporal, physical/embodied and discursive dimensions of classroom life and relations in Pakistan, I highlight the extent to which the university classroom functions as gendered space in which masculinity and femininity are exhibited by young men and women (students). The data for the paper comes from in-depth semi-structured qualitative interviews with universities’ teachers, focus group discussion with students and classroom observation. Foucauldian discourse analysis will be employed as a methodological and theoretical tool to unpack a number of concerns including the constitutive and constituted nature of teachers’ and students’ gendered practice and ideology. By employing discourse analysis, I take into account teachers’ and students’ classroom practices (sitting, walking and talking) as powerful discourses and analyse how these construct frameworks of meaning that define categories and specify domains of what can be said and done. The study, as stated earlier, attempts to delineate how the gendered practices in the classroom contribute to the construction of gendered identities, perpetuation of gendered power structure and disciplining young men and women as gendered individuals. It is pertinent to mention here that some of the study findings challenge the popular assertion regarding ‘gendered experience’ unpacked by feminist research in the global north.

M Archive. After the End of the World by Alexis Pauline Gumbs

Reviewed by: M Archive. After the End of the World by Alexis Pauline Gumbs Chandra Frank (bio) M Archive. After the End of the World by Alexis Pauline Gumbs. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2018, 248 pp., $82.45 hardcover, $19.02 paper. How would future archives and archivists interrogate life beyond the present? What does Black feminism look like "after the end of the world"? For feminist and queer research and activism, the archive is a generative and yet complex site that continuously poses questions on racialized and gendered power structures. Black feminism and queer of color critique have challenged the conditions of existing archives and discussed the possible future of archival research for next generations. In this sense, the M Archive: After the End of the World by Alexis Pauline Gumbs opens up a set of questions on how archives are not only rewritten, but also reconstituted for a Black feminist speculative project. The archive emerges here in a new form that provides innovative methodological and theoretical insights on relationality. The arrangement of the book enables the positioning of the archive not as an end-goal, but rather as contemplation, an opening, and source of ancestral knowledge. The M Archive is written in the space between refusal and embrace. The book breathes a refusal to write known grammar and embraces an unmapped universe full of traces of the lives of new stories. The M Archive is the second iteration of a planned experimental triptych by Gumbs. The work engages with the groundbreaking Pedagogies of Crossing by M. Jacqui Alexander. Through offering a set of poetic artifacts, Gumbs uses a Black feminist speculative approach to the archive and unpacks the conditions of living "after the end of the world." Similar in format to Gumbs's earlier book Spill: Scenes of Black Feminist Fugitivity, which was written in engagement with Hortense Spiller's work, the M Archive footnotes every poetic offering with a reference to Pedagogies of Crossing. The book offers a set of necessary and stimulating interventions that grapple with "late capitalism, antiblackness, and environmental crisis" (Duke University Press description, back cover). This is a generous work that challenges dominant views that assume that ancestral speculative work has no place in feminist theory. M Archive is situated "after and with the defunding of the humanities," and will no doubt provoke questions about scholarly practice [End Page 214] and its location in the continuous unfolding of the academic institution (xi). Academic conventions and knowledge production are broken down by prose, which offers readers a set of possible guidelines to undo the default in their own practice. M Archive opens with "A Note" by Gumbs on its overall intention: "this book centers Black life, Black metaphysics, and the theoretical imperative of attending to Black bodies in a way that it does not seek to prove that Black people are human" (xi). Conversing with scholars such as Sylvia Wynter, M Archive brings a compelling Black feminist perspective on the conditions and possibilities of the human. Drawing on future witnesses, indigenous knowledge systems, and the making of geography, multiple worlds emerge. Conceptualized as "speculative documentary work," M Archive is "written from and with the perspective of a researcher, a post-scientist sorting artifacts after the end of the world" (xi). Throughout the work, Gumbs models creative practices of citation and purposefully writes the book with Black writers, thinkers, and artists such as Audre Lorde, Octavia Butler, Alice Coltrane, and Rihanna in mind. The deliberate, layered politics of citation recalls Sara Ahmed's Living a Feminist Life, in which she argues, "Citation is how we acknowledge our debt to those who came before; those who helped us find our way when the way was obscured because we deviated from the paths we were told to follow" (2017, 15). M Archive includes the "Periodic Kitchen Table of Elements" homage to Kitchen Table Press, referencing a broad range of text, sound, and cinematic work to guide the reader through the poetics of destruction discussed in the text. The book speaks to forms of self-imposed destruction from heavy reliance on the digital world to the remnants of racial capitalist and colonial production. Orientation and movement are...

Women's Parliament: The Israeli Experience

The Women's Parliament in Israel is a platform for politics from a feminist perspective, established in November 1989. The article discusses the aims, activities and achievements of this framework on the background of political marginalization, economic discrimination, religious oppression, and cultural objectification of women. The Parliament strives to raise awareness of this reality; to change public discourse and policies; to support women competing over leadership positions. The article also addresses the financial and organizational barriers faced by the Women Parliament's endeavors to bring about fundamental change in the gendered power structure. Consequently, it examines the idea of establishing Women's Parliaments around the world, as a means for global gender change.

“Computer Cowboys” and “Ass-kicking Techno-babes” Challenging Cyberpunk’s Conventional Representations of Gender and Sexuality in the Futuristic Digital World of Moxyland

SummaryThis article analyses the effects created by Lauren Beukes through her use of the cyberpunk genre in her first novel, Moxyland (2008). Because of its challenge to conventional ideas of embodiment and identity formation, together with its counter-cultural punk ethos, cyberpunk would seem to offer the prospect of transgressive versions of gender and sexuality. However, various critics note that instead of realising this potential, cyberpunk endorses heterosexual masculinity in its narratives, while repressing or marginalising the feminine and homosexual relations. In Moxyland, Beukes actively engages with the conventions of cyberpunk in order to subvert such reactionary reiterations and the conventional gendered power struc-tures that underpin them. Through techniques such as exaggeration, splitting and exploring contrasted forms of masculinity she criticises the cyberpunk genre's conventional treatment of gender, as well as the patriarchal power relations it promotes. Beukes also refutes cyberpunk's tendency to restrict the transgressive potential of its empowered female characters by portraying them in terms of sexualised femininity. She challenges essentialist notions of gender as she depicts women characters in active relation to technology. Her version of the female cyborg conveys a potentially transgressive blending of technology and biology, dramatised outside the conventional lens of the masculine gaze.

Fathers as Frauds: On the Criminalization of Fathers in the Parental Leave for Fathers Program in Israel

The criminalization of poverty, the process in which recipients of social security benefits are construed as frauds, is a well-documented phenomenon. Two aspects of this process are the use of stereotypes as a tool in fraud accusations and the targeting of marginalized populations. In this article, I wish to expand the gendered discussion of this phenomenon to men by examining the process of the construction of Israeli fathers wishing to take parental leave as welfare frauds. I will claim that this process is based on gendered assumptions that deny the possibility of fathers wishing to care for their children. The program that allows fathers to share parental leave experiences a high reported rate of fraud by fathers claiming parental leave benefits. However, analysis shows that the evidence does not support these reports and that claims on fraud and abuse are the result of a tendentious interpretation of the data by bureaucrats. This tendentiousness is based, I argue, on implicit assumptions about the nature of men. As this case shows, criminalization of benefit recipients can be targeted at nonmarginalized or even privileged groups. This sheds new light both on the criminalization process and on the workings of the gendered power structure.

‘And They Never Spoke to Each Other of It’: Contemporary Southern African Representations of Silence, Shame and Gender Violence

Literary texts open up creative spaces where authors can expose the persistence of patriarchy; simultaneously, they can resist and oppose widespread patriarchal views by positing alternative, less oppressive understandings of women and their experiences in societies. A number of Southern African women authors have produced work that is both innovative and exciting in this regard, and this article will offer a critical analysis of representations of silence, shame and gender violence in three such works. Representations of the intertwined dynamics of these issues have received scant attention from literary critics, and this also applies to the texts selected for discussion. Gender violence extends beyond physical abuse: indeed, physical gender violence is enabled by a much more pervasive problem, a kind of structural gender violence that arranges our societies at institutional, discursive and epistemic levels. The selected texts are Dark Whispers by Joanne Macgregor (2014. Pretoria: Protea Book House), What About Meera by Z. P. Dala (2015. Cape Town: Umuzi) and We Need New Names by NoViolet Bulawayo (2014. London: Virago). The elision of women’s narratives of gender violence and shaming knows no barriers of class, race or sexual orientation, and I trace the common thread of the silencing back to gendered power structures. This common thread notwithstanding, all manifestations of gender, shame and violence are always already shaped by and embedded in very specific contexts. Without losing sight of either the mechanisms of patriarchy or the myriad forms of women’s agency within environments of gendered structural oppression, this article seeks to create a scholarly space where the uncomfortable conversations about the persistence of misogynistic constructions of gender and sexuality can take place in a way that both recognizes the differences among female characters, and identifies points of commonality as potential sources of strength and resistance.

The process of developing a nutrition-sensitive agriculture intervention: a multi-site experience

Nutrition-sensitive agriculture (NSA) interventions are of increasing interest to those working in global health and nutrition. However NSA is a broad concept, and there are numerous candidate NSA interventions that could be implemented in any given setting. While most agriculture interventions can be made “nutrition-sensitive”, there are few guidelines for helping to decide what agriculture component should be tried in an NSA intervention. Based on previous models, we developed a framework with explicit questions about community factors (agricultural production, diets, power and gender), project factors (team capacity, budget, timelines) and external factors that helped our team of agriculture scientists, nutritionists and local officials identify NSA interventions that may be feasibly implemented with a reasonable chance of having positive agricultural and nutritional impacts. We applied this framework to two settings in upland Vietnam, and one setting in upland Thailand. From an initial list of nineteen interventions that have been tried elsewhere, or may reasonably be expected to be appropriate for NSA, five or six candidate interventions were chosen per site. Based on the criteria, three to four interventions were selected per site and are being implemented. Poultry rearing and home gardening were selected in each site. They and the other selected interventions, hold promise for capitalizing on underused agricultural potential to improve diets, while working with (or improving) existing gender relationships and power structures. The process for identifying NSA interventions was thorough and identified reasonable candidates, but it was very time consuming. Further efforts should focus on streamlining the process, so that promising and appropriate NSA interventions can be identified quickly and reliably.

V. An examination of women's professional visibility in cognitive psychology

Mainstream psychological research has been characterized as androcentric in its construction of males as the norm. Does an androcentric bias also characterize the professional visibility of psychologists? We examined this issue for cognitive psychology, where the gender distribution in doctoral degrees has been roughly equal for several decades. Our investigation revealed that, across all indicators surveyed, male cognitive psychologists are more visible than their female counterparts: they are over-represented in professional society governance, as editors-in-chief of leading journals in the field, as Fellows in professional societies, and as recipients of prestigious senior level awards. Taken together, our findings indicate that a gender parity in doctoral degrees in cognitive psychology does not translate into a parity in professional visibility. We discuss a variety of potential reasons for the observed gender gap and suggest that, without attention to gendered structures of status and power, as noted by Shields, existing gender hierarchies may persist and be reproduced.