Gender Perception Research Articles

Gender Equity Perceptions Among Social and Administrative Sciences Pharmacy Faculty: An AACP-APhA Task Force Report

ObjectiveThe American Association of Colleges of Pharmacy’s Social and Administrative Sciences Section and the American Pharmacists Association-Academy of Pharmaceutical Research and Science’s Economic, Social and Administrative Sciences Section formed a Gender Equity Task Force to determine if there is evidence to suggest that there is gender disparity in pay; responsibilities; treatment by peers/colleagues, students, and administration; leadership opportunities; and rank, tenure status, and career advancement for Section members; and to develop recommendations to address existing disparities. MethodsA Qualtrics survey was emailed in December 2020 to all American Association of Colleges of Pharmacy’s Social and Administrative Sciences and American Pharmacists Association-Academy of Pharmaceutical Research and Science’s Economic, Social and Administrative Sciences Section members. The questionnaire included items regarding favorability toward men or women in various academic domains (research, teaching, service, recruitment, mentoring, and advancement). Participants were asked if they had experienced gender inequity, and if so, at what type of institution and academic rank. The χ2 tests of independence and post hoc comparisons were used to assess item responses according to gender. ResultsOf the respondents, 72% indicated that they had experienced gender inequity. Women and persons of color were more likely to do so. Women commonly reported that men received more favorable treatment in nearly all academic domains, whereas men reported that women and men were treated equally. ConclusionPharmacy faculty specializing in social and administrative sciences reported experiences of gender inequity and perceptions of gender inequity. Perception gaps existed between male and female faculty in numerous academic domains. Colleges and schools of pharmacy should increase awareness of, and strive to self-assess, gender inequity in their institutions.

Sunscreens: potential hazards to environmental and human health

The increasing demand for natural products in the United States reflects a cultural shift towards health and sustainability. This trend infiltrates consumer sectors such as the sunscreen industry, amidst concerns about health and environmental impacts of chemical ingredients. The Hawaii Sunscreen Ban has intensified sunscreen formula safety discussions, particularly regarding butylparaben, oxybenzone, and octinoxate. Even at low concentrations, these compounds bleach hard corals eventually leading to their death. As well, these chemicals pose threats to marine ecosystems and raise concerns about human health, particularly systemic absorption and the possibility of causing endocrine disruption. While some argue for chemical-based sunscreens for skin cancer prevention, others advocate for mineral-based alternatives that avoid harmful ingredients. However, public opinion on sunscreen varies, influenced by adverse reactions, socioeconomic status, gender, and cultural perceptions. Future studies should explore diverse demographic perspectives and long-term health and environmental impacts of products containing potentially toxic ingredients. As well, effective communication strategies to promote sunscreen safety and encourage sustainable sun protection practices is needed.

Menelusuri Pemahaman Patriarki Dalam Tafsir Q.S. An-Nisa:34 dan Impikasinya Terhadap Tren Penurunan Pernikahan di Indonesia

This study explores the understanding of patriarchy in the interpretation of Q.S. An-Nisa:34 and examines its implications for the declining marriage trend in Indonesia. The interpretation of Q.S. An-Nisa:34 is often seen as supporting patriarchal values, which significantly impact social structures and gender perceptions. With social changes, Indonesia has experienced a decline in marriage trends, which may be influenced by more egalitarian religious interpretations. This study aims to understand how the verse is interpreted in society and how this understanding contributes to the declining marriage trend This research uses a qualitative approach with the maudhu'i method and a little touch of hermeneutics. It interprets Q.S an-Nisa':34 by putting forward the views of the mufassir. The findings show that the interpretation of Q.S. An-Nisa:34 is understood as a basis in the household where men are qawwam (leaders or protectors). This means that there is a big task that men must do, namely providing for their wives and children. If the task of earning a living is not done, then the nature of leadership is lost. The misunderstanding of Q.S. An-Nisa:34 contributes to the changing perception of marriage, which in turn affects marriage trends in Indonesia.

The Representation of Women in Kamnodo of the Chosŏn Dynasty and Its Significance

In the Buddhist paintings known as Nectar Ritual Painting (Kamnodo 甘露圖), which depicts the ritual of food offering (sesik 施食) for hungry ghosts (agwi 餓鬼), there are various representations of women, including nuns and laywomen, engaged in different roles. Although Chosŏn society was built upon Neo-Confucian ideals that imposed restrictions on women's religious activities, Buddhism, which promote religious practice without gender discrimination, offered female practitioners a sense of equality, fulfillment in their vows, and liberation. Of the seventy known works of Kamnodo, around forty feature depictions of nuns, providing valuable historical evidence about Buddhist nuns and their representation. In addition, women in professional roles within Chosŏn society, such as court ladies (sanggung), female shaman and female entertainer (sadang), are depicted as central figures in Kamnodo. Importantly, these women often acted as patrons for the creation of such painting. The continued Buddhist sponsorship from female devotees contributed to the translation of sacred scriptures into Han'gŭl and fostered the development of narrative painting genres like Kamnodo, which were used as visual aids in Buddhist lectures. While Kamnodo is primarily a religious painting aimed at making intangible spiritual beliefs visible, it also serves as a historical record. Created for the salvation of souls, it reflects the ideals, desires, and, at times, the fears of the community, offering key insights into the social conditions of the time. By examining the meanings and transformations seen in Kamnodo, we can gain a deeper understanding of gender perception in Chosŏn Buddhist art.

Role of Verbal Encouraging Phrases (VEP) on Students Academic Achievement at Secondary School Level

The role of verbal encouraging phrases (VEP) in education has garnered significant attention in recent years, as educators and researchers alike seek to understand the factors that enhance student motivation and academic performance. The researchers designed two research objectives to execute the study were as; to find out the difference based on gender perceptions in the role of verbal encouraging phrases and the academic achievement of students in secondary level; to examine the relationship between the scores of verbal encouraging phrases and students' academic achievement. The current study was a descriptive research that was designed to investigate the role of verbal encouraging phrases in students' academic achievement at secondary school level. The researchers selected the sample of 350 secondary school students from the population. A research questionnaire was developed to collect data from the respondents. The evaluation of academic performance was based on task completion time and accuracy. Preliminary findings suggest a significant positive correlation between the use of verbal encouraging phrases by educators and heightened academic motivation among students. Further analysis reveals that the used of verbal encouraging phrases (VEP) is strongly associated with improved academic achievement, underscoring the importance of verbal reinforcement in educational settings. The study's outcomes highlight the critical of verbal encouragement in fostering a motivating learning environment, thereby contributing to enhanced academic performance. These insights provide valuable implications for educational practices, suggesting that educators should strategically employ verbal encouraging phrases to boost students' motivation and academic success.

Shaping the Visually Impaired Perception of Gender through Netflix Audio Description of Movies and Series

Shaping the Visually Impaired Perception of Gender through Netflix Audio Description of Movies and Series

Gender perceptions of generative AI in higher education

PurposeThis study explored the themes and sentiments of online learners regarding the use of Generative Artificial Intelligence (AI) or “generative AI” technology in higher education.Design/methodology/approachEnglish-language tweets were subjected to topic modelling and sentiment analysis. Three prevalent themes were identified and discussed: curriculum development opportunities, lifelong learning prospects and challenges associated with generative AI use.FindingsThe results also indicated a range of topics and emotions towards generative AI in education, which were predominantly positive but also varied across male and female users.Originality/valueThe findings provide insights for educators, policymakers and researchers on the opportunities and challenges associated with the integration of generative AI in educational settings. This includes the importance of identifying AI-supported learning and teaching practices that align with gender-specific preferences to offer a more inclusive and tailored approach to learning.

Public’s Visual Preferences Survey Facilitates Community-Based Design and Color Standards Creation

According to research, there is a disparity in the aesthetic design preferences of the public and architects. This is especially noticeable in urban areas environments, where there is a wide range of demographic variables and a lack of active public involvement in decision-making. The study included a visual preference survey to evaluate the perception and ranking of two dominant color schemes in local development projects in Stockholm across different age, ethnicity, and gender groups from Sweden. Over 400 people participated in the survey, which used photo-elicitation and a literature review. The objective was to determine the extent of divergence and disparities in the ranking of color schemes. The first dominant color schemes are a group of four analogous colors related to the Natural Color System’s (NSC’s) basic colors. The second is a group of four neutral colors that are related to grayscale colors. The study demonstrates that one could also measure building color schemes using visual preference ranking. Moreover, the research introduced a unique method for city planners to understand diverse ethnic, gender, and age group perceptions of color schemes in current projects, promoting active participation in decision-making and providing valuable insights. These insights can enhance people’s sense of belonging, a prerequisite for social sustainability, and improve the quality and profitability of future projects.

The Impact of Gender Perceptions on Attitudes towards Violence and Equality

Film production is the process of creating a film, involving stages such as progress, pre-production, invention, post-production, and sharing. It encompasses planning, scripting, shooting, editing, and finalizing the film for public viewing. The process of imagination drives innovation in scripting, directing, and cinematography, resulting in unique, engaging experiences that captivate audiences with their emotive stories. The principle of this investigation is to assess how psychological factors add to enhancing imagination in film production, focusing on their impact on creative processes and outcomes. A study surveyed 680 students from college film program students to analyze their creative personality and imaginative capabilities using structured questionnaires. Key psychological constructs included Creative Self-Efficacy, Emotional Resilience, Cognitive Flexibility, and Intrinsic Motivation. The study investigated the impact of psychological factors on college cinema students' creative imagination in filmmaking, demonstrating high validity and reliability with Factor Loadings exceeding 0.76, Composite Reliability higher than 0.88, and Average Variance Extracted (AVE) range as of 0.59 to 0.67. Discriminant validity was confirmed as every construct AVE was better than its square correlations by other constructs. Psychological factors significantly influence film production imagination, fostering creative thinking and emotional depth. Understanding and harnessing these factors enhances storytelling, character development, and audience engagement, ultimately enriching the cinematic experience.

The Effect of Healthcare Professionals’ Gender Perceptions on Their Reporting of Intimate Partner Violence Against Women

The research was conducted as a descriptive, cross-sectional study aimed at determining the factors influencing the effect of healthcare professionals’ gender perceptions on their reporting of intimate partner violence against women. The sample of the study consisted of 191 people working in the emergency departments of public hospitals affiliated to the GaziantepG Provincial Health Directorate. A personal information form, the Gender Perception Scale, and the Scale of Health Professionals’ Intentions/Behaviors Regarding Reporting Intimate Partner Violence were used as data collection tools. Data were evaluated using descriptive statistics, the Mann-Whitney U Test and the Kruskal-Wallis Test. The healthcare professionals’ mean Gender Perception Scale score was determined as 90.79 ± 18.28, while their mean score on the Scale of Health Professionals’ Intentions/Behaviors Regarding Reporting Intimate Partner Violence was determined as 107.05 ± 24.32. A positive and significant relationship was found between the healthcare professionals’ gender perceptions and the behavior scale for reporting intimate partner violence against women (r = 0.178; p < 0.05), and it was determined that healthcare professionals with higher gender perception levels had a higher intention to report intimate partner violence against women.

Connecting gender balance, crisis resistance and innovativeness in the forestry sector: Women in leadership and management

Much of the research on forestry innovation is based on models of economic rationality that are presumed to be universal and “a-gendered.” This article understands that economic processes are not “neutral” and seeks to produce empirical insights into the perceptions of gender in the male-dominated forestry sector. How does perceived gender balance in a forestry-related organisation contribute to its resilience to economic, ecological, climate-related and other contemporary crises, as well as its innovativeness? To examine the importance attributed to gender balance for resilience and innovation, we undertook a representative web survey amongst the principal Austrian forestry-related companies, institutions and agencies. The results show some links between gender and innovation, but not between gender and resilience. We then complemented the survey with in-depth interviews with high-level female representatives from the Austrian forestry sector, focusing on their personal experiences and opinions as both experts and the sole ones who made it in a sector of skewed gender balance and strong misrepresentation. Our findings reveal a contradiction between the survey results on the importance attributed to gender balance within forestry-sector organisations and the inequalities that successful women in high-level leadership positions reported in the interviews. The article discusses how gendered norms are relevant for economic outcomes and must be integrated into all related research efforts. Our findings challenge academic positions that regard economic issues and societal questions like gender balance to be strictly separated.

A - 69 The Use of Neuropsychological Assessments in the Diagnosis of ADHD among Racial and Ethnic Minorities in the US

Abstract Objectives Neuropsychological evaluations provide information that can potentially minimize the risk of poor outcomes and enhance the quality of life for children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Black and Brown students have higher incidences of misdiagnosis of Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD) and being funneled into Emotional and behavioral disorders (EBD) classrooms. There is support for the incremental efficacy of neuropsychological evaluation compared to routine care in the diagnosis and management of ADHD. This study analyzes neuropsychological assessment practices and diagnosis trends by race, ethnicity, and gender, incorporating teacher and parent perceptions through behavioral rating scales. Data Selection The following selection criteria were utilized: -published in peer-reviewed journals focusing on neuropsychological evaluations for ADHD among black and brown clients -employed a variety of assessment tools and methodologies - reporting on cultural considerations, validity, and reliability of neuropsychological assessments in black and brown populations. Data Synthesis Gender and racial differences in the timing and rate of diagnosis have delayed the onset of treatment. Additionally, there has been a difference in how parents and teachers endorse symptoms of ADHD by race on rating scales included in comprehensive neuropsychological evaluations. Conclusions Early intervention is associated with improved outcomes for individuals diagnosed with ADHD. However, there is a significant imbalance between the growing numbers of ethnic/racial and linguistic minority children in the United States who need neuropsychological services and the limited number of neuropsychologists trained to handle the cultural complexities. Accurate, culturally informed neuropsychological assessments are needed to ensure equitable behavioral health services are provided.

What does a scientist look like? Children's perceptions of scientist gender and skin tone

AbstractWhen asked to draw a scientist, children typically draw a gender stereotypical male representation; however, research has not yet assessed these representations in terms of scientist stereotypical skin tone. The current study examined children's (N = 69, 66.7% female, Mage = 7.60, SD = 2.13) scientist perceptions by analyzing both the gender and skin tone of their scientist drawings as well as stereotypical features represented (lab coats, scientific instruments, etc.). This study also examined how these perceptions as reflected in the drawings were related to children's explicit gender stereotypes and their science growth mindset. Boys were less likely to draw a female scientist than were girls. Additionally, children with higher growth mindset were more likely to draw a female scientist. Lastly, with age, children were less likely to draw a female scientist, or a darker skin‐toned scientist as compared with a male or lighter skin‐toned scientist and were more likely to draw a scientist with stereotypical features. This study furthers our knowledge of children's perceptions about scientists.

EYoung men's experiences of violence and poverty and the relationship to sexually transmissible HIV: a cross sectional study from rural South Africa.

Young (ages 18-35 years) men are inadequately engaged in HIV prevention and treatment globally, including in South Africa, increasing the likelihood of them having sexually transmissible HIV (i.e. living with HIV but with high viral loads). We sought to understand how men's experiences of poverty and violence, impacted on transmissible HIV, directly or indirectly via mental health and substance misuse. Rural communities in northern KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Cross-sectional population-based random selection (September 2018-June 2019), assessing transmissible HIV (living with HIV and viral load ≥400 copies/mL) via dried blood spots, and socio-demographic data. Structural equation models (SEM), assessed direct and indirect pathways from food insecurity and violence experience to transmissible-HIV, with mediators common mental disorders, alcohol use, gender inequitable attitudes and perceptions of life chances. 2,086 young (ages 18-36 years) men and 8.6%(n=178) men had transmissible HIV. In SEM no direct pathways between food insecurity, or violence experience, and transmissible HIV. Poor mental health and alcohol use mediated the relationship between violence experience and food insecurity and transmissible HIV. Life chances also mediated the food insecurity to transmissible HIV pathway. There was a high level of transmissible HIV in a representative sample of young men. The analysis highlights the need to address both the proximate 'drivers' poor mental health and substance misuse, as well as the social contexts shaping these among young men, namely poverty and violence experience. Building holistic interventions that adequately engage these multiple challenges is critical for improving HIV among young men.

The perception of gender and the approach taken towards female physicians

AimThe aim of this study is to evaluate gender perception among patients in the emergency department (ED) and to examine the effect of gender perception on patients' preference of physician's gender. MethodsThis was a cross-sectional survey study. The survey comprised three sections. The first section collected general information, while the second section inquired about patients' preferences for physicians' gender in the ED, in general examinations, and regarding “sensitive” medical issues. The third section of the survey, entitled the “Perception of Gender Scale,” comprised a series of questions designed to assess the participants' perceptions of gender. The scale employed a Likert-type response format, with scores ranging from 25 to 125. Higher scores indicated a more egalitarian gender perception. ResultsThe number of participants in the study was 431, with 194 males and 237 females. The median age of the participants was 38.5 years (interquartile range [IQR] 28–48). Over half of the participants had completed university education. The study population exhibited a Perception of the Gender Scale (PGS) score of 96 (IQR 78.5–109). With regard to the patient's preference for physicians' gender, in emergency settings (ES) and in general examinations (GE), over three-quarters of the participants indicated that they do not have a preference. However, for sensitive medical issues (SMI), the proportion of participants indicating no preference decreased to 45 %. Among those with the lowest quartile of PGS scores, the percentage of individuals who expressed no gender preference in ES, GE and SMI was 65 %, 60 %, 26 % and who expressed a preference for male physicians was 13 %, 19 %, 43 % respectively. In contrast, of those with the highest quartile of PGS scores, the percentages of those who had no gender preference were 86 %, 90 %, 68 %, while the percentages of those who preferred male physicians were 1.9 %, 1 %, and 4.8 %, respectively. ConclusionIn the context of emergency settings and general examinations, approximately three-quarters of the participants indicated no preference regarding the gender of the physician. However, in the case of sensitive medical issues, the proportion of participants with no gender preference was less than half. For patients with a gender preference for their physician, perception of gender is a significant predictor.

Can large language models help predict results from a complex behavioural science study?

We tested whether large language models (LLMs) can help predict results from a complex behavioural science experiment. In study 1, we investigated the performance of the widely used LLMs GPT-3.5 and GPT-4 in forecasting the empirical findings of a large-scale experimental study of emotions, gender, and social perceptions. We found that GPT-4, but not GPT-3.5, matched the performance of a cohort of 119 human experts, with correlations of 0.89 (GPT-4), 0.07 (GPT-3.5) and 0.87 (human experts) between aggregated forecasts and realized effect sizes. In study 2, providing participants from a university subject pool the opportunity to query a GPT-4 powered chatbot significantly increased the accuracy of their forecasts. Results indicate promise for artificial intelligence (AI) to help anticipate-at scale and minimal cost-which claims about human behaviour will find empirical support and which ones will not. Our discussion focuses on avenues for human-AI collaboration in science.

Exploring Gender Differences, Perceptions, and Behaviors: The Interplay Between Social Media Addiction and Social Appearance Anxiety Among Young Adults

The pervasive influence of social media has significantly impacted the mental health and well-being of young adults, particularly through increased social media addiction (SMA) and social appearance anxiety (SAA). Our study investigates the relationship between social media addiction and social appearance anxiety among young adults, highlighting the interplay between compulsive social media use and concerns about physical appearance. A sample of 549 undergraduate students from Turkey, including 339 females and 210 males, completed the Social Media Addiction Scale (SMAS) and the Social Appearance Anxiety Scale (SAAS). Data were analyzed using correlation, independent t-tests, and linear regression to explore the relationships and differences between variables. Our study found significant relationships between SMA and SAA, with higher levels of addiction linked to increased appearance anxiety. Social comparison tendencies and photo-editing behaviors were also associated with higher SMA and SAA. No significant gender differences were observed, suggesting a universal impact of social media on these psychological issues. The findings underscore the intertwined nature of SMA and SAA, emphasizing the need for comprehensive interventions that address both aspects to improve mental health outcomes. Promoting positive self-comparisons and reducing photo-editing behaviors online can help mitigate the negative effects of social media use on young adults’ mental well-being.

Gender differences in adolescents' perceptions of condom use in Ebonyi State, Southeast Nigeria.

This paper assessed gender differences and perceptions towards condom use among in-school adolescents in Ebonyi State, Nigeria. This was a cross-sectional study undertaken in six local government areas in Ebonyi State, Nigeria. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire and summarised using frequencies and proportions. Chi-square test and binary logistic regression were used in the analysis. The level of statistical significance was a p-value of <0.05. Findings showed that a significantly higher proportion of male respondents (58.8%) had a good perception of condom use when compared to female respondents (45.8%). Gender, level of schooling, and working for pay had significant associations with good perceptions of condom use, while the significant predictors in the logistic regression model were gender, level of schooling, and working for pay. Interventions that promote the sexual and reproductive health and rights of adolescents and those that empower women with relevant skills by addressing unequal gender power relations in relationships should be prioritized.

Exploring the Challenges and Unveiling the Glass Ceiling Effect on Career Progression among Turkish Women in 3 to 5 Star Hotels

Purpose: Despite the significant growth in women’s participation in the hotel industry workforce, Turkish women continue to encounter limited access to senior management positions. This study investigates the obstacles faced by Turkish women in their pursuit of top managerial roles within the hotel industry and explores potential strategies to break through the glass ceiling. The purpose of this study is to investigate challenges and unveil the effect of the glass ceiling on the career development of Turkish women in 3-to-5-star hotels. The research endeavors to examine the experiences and challenges stemming from gender perceptions encountered by individuals within the hotel industry. Additionally, it seeks to discern the underlying social, organizational, and individual factors contributing to the disparity in leadership or senior positions held by women within this sector. Design/Methodology/Approach: The study utilizes a qualitative research approach, employing semi-structured, in-depth interviews with employees from 3 to 5-star hotels in Antalya, conducting an inductive thematic analysis approach the research aims to investigate the challenges faced by women in advancing their careers within the hotel industry and the diverse factors influencing their workplace performance. The statistical sample of the research includes people who have different viewpoints on the subject of the research. Findings: Twelve women working within the hospitality industry were interviewed. A thematic analysis revealed three interconnected barriers contributing to the glass ceiling faced by Turkish women: cultural and social obstacles, organizational challenges, and personal hindrances. These primary barriers encompass sub-barriers that collectively reinforce the glass ceiling, impeding numerous women from attaining senior positions. This research demonstrates that overcoming the barriers—especially organizational ones—can empower Turkish women to break through the glass ceiling and realize their leadership aspirations. Additionally, the study explores the implications for policymakers, academics, and practitioners regarding the impactful contributions of Turkish women to the hotel labor market." Practical Implications: This research showed evidence that there are real barriers for these women and the findings from this study offer implications that overcoming these barriers, particularly cultural and social barriers, could help Turkish women to crack the glass ceiling and achieve their dream of leadership. Originality/Value: The Hotel industry faces a worldwide shortage of Women in Leadership positions. This study aims to explore the challenges faced by the hotel sector in retaining highly skilled female employees who aspire to pursue managerial career trajectories. In addition, this research can add value to revealing gender inequality problems faced by Muslim women employees in the hospitality industry.

Analisis Wacana Stereotip Perempuan dalam Berita Kriminal di Viva.co.id

Mass media plays a significant role in shaping public perceptions of issues such as sexual and domestic violence. This study focuses on how text structure, word choice, and gender representation in news articles influence public understanding of violence. The aim of this research is to analyze how news about sexual violence and domestic violence constructs narratives and social responses through language use and text structure, and how gender representation affects public perception. The study employs critical discourse analysis based on Norman Fairclough's theory. Two news articles were selected for analysis: one about sexual violence in front of a young girl and one about domestic violence. The articles were examined for text structure, word choice, and gender representation to understand how they construct narratives. The analysis reveals that the news about sexual violence emphasizes the perpetrator's actions and the authorities' responses, using sensational language to create a negative image of the perpetrator. In contrast, the news about domestic violence focuses more on the victim's suffering and power dynamics, with detailed descriptions of physical and emotional abuse. Media shapes public perceptions of violence and gender through word choice and text structure.