Gender Mainstreaming Policies Research Articles

Gender Mainstreaming in Women-Friendly Village Development Policies in Siak Regency, Riau Province - Indonesia

Even though Indonesia has adopted a Gender Mainstreaming policy through Presidential Instruction No. 9 of 2000, gender inequality remains a significant issue in Indonesia’s development process. Inequality in Indonesia is largely due to a lack of commitment from the Government and Regional Governments to implementing Gender Mainstreaming (PUG), especially in Siak Regency. Women’s participation is necessary at every stage of development, so gender mainstreaming needs to be supported and implemented. If the policy is implemented in a village it will be more pronounced because it is implemented directly by the community. However, this policy is not yet women-friendly because women’s involvement in the policy formulation process is still low. Women are still used as policy objects, not subjects so women’s interests have not been accommodated much in village development policies. Gender Mainstreaming (PUG) also aims to provide protection to women so that women’s rights are guaranteed and fulfilled to grow, develop and participate optimally in accordance with human dignity, as well as receiving protection from economic and sexual exploitation. This research was designed using a justice theory approach and a public policy theory approach. In these two quite different approaches, various data and in-depth information regarding gender mainstreaming in development policy in the village were obtained. In the previous research, which was related to “Gender Mainstreaming in the Green Siak Policy: Design of a Women-Friendly Ecology-Based Regency Budget Transfer (TAKE) Policy in Siak Regency, Riau Province - Indonesia”, it was also not seen how this policy was only intended for the public interest, not especially the participation of women. Women in the development process are expected to participate where BPS data shows that in 2022 there will be 12.72% of female heads of households, a decrease compared to the previous year, namely 14.38%. Women have the same potential human resources as men, although in general, in Indonesia, the participation of men is more dominant than that of women. The birth of the Green Siak policy gave rise to the TAKE policy (ecology-based budget transfer) with the aim of realizing environmentally sound development only and not creating women-friendly villages. Gender mainstreaming in various government programs at the local level is still only a discourse (narrative policy). Gender issues have not yet become a central issue in local policy discussions, so gender issues are drowned out in the midst of other issues such as environmental issues, employment issues, poverty issues and infrastructure issues. Policies that should accommodate women’s interests amidst demands for achieving the SDGs have, in fact, not become mainstream in regional policies. The findings of this research indicate that village development policies are not yet fully inclusive of women or women-friendly. The policies issued still dominate the general interest and are not specific to women, such as women’s empowerment programs, women’s protection, and strengthening the capacity of women heads of households. Efforts to empower women are preventive of the occurrence of domestic violence. This effort is not solely through a juridical approach but can be accompanied by sociological, economic, psychological, criminological and cultural approaches that prevails in Siak Malay society. Keywords: Gender Mainstreaming, Policies, Women Friendly

Mainstreaming gender in Korean development assistance: A review of Vietnam's “selective ownership” and the local gender network

Korea, once a recipient turned donor, faces deficit in addressing gender mainstreaming within its Official Development Assistance (ODA). This paper asserts that it is imperative to close gender gaps, as it seeks to consolidate its standing as a reliable donor. The article starts by examining efforts to establish a Korean development model rooted in the historical Saemaul Undong (SMU). Recognizing that SMU lacks a substantial legacy in terms of gender projects and acknowledging the dissenting points of debate regarding the model's contribution to the partner country's local ownership, this research dissects the meaning and practical application of local ownership. Shifting to the specific context of Vietnam, a major partner country of Korea where the preference for ODA loans has been increasing, the article draws from field research to expose the selective ownership of the government. The research emphasizes the crucial role of the local gender network in such selective ownership, where the government shows interest solely in the lending terms of loans, with no attention to gender mainstreaming. Alongside the active involvement of national women's machinery and civil society activists, the significance of national gender consultants in loan projects is stressed, who play a pivotal role in bridging the gap between global donors' gender mainstreaming policies and on-the-ground local implementation.

Analisis Pengarusutamaan Gender di Indonesia, 2000-2023: Pendekatan Institusionalisasi

The institutionalization of gender mainstreaming is an important and decisive step in encouraging successful implementation at both the Central and Regional Levels in Indonesia. After almost two decades (2000-2023) the establishment of gender mainstreaming policies in Indonesia still faces institutionalization obstacles. These institutional barriers are an important factor in the stagnation of implementing gender mainstreaming in Indonesia. The research method used was a qualitative approach related to gender mainstreaming policy issues in Indonesia. Data collection was carried out through literature studies of official documents, online news, books and previous research articles using an institutionalization approach. The research results explain that the stagnation of gender mainstreaming policies in Indonesia, both in Ministries/State Institutions and Regional Governments, is due to weak institutionalization efforts by the government and regional governments which has an impact on the slow integration of gender analysis into gender planning and budgeting.

The Effect of Gender Inequality in Employment on Economic Growth in Batam City

This study aims to examine the effect of gender inequality in employment on economic growth in Batam City. The associative quantitative research method is used with multiple linear regression analysis techniques to describe the relationship between variables in the study. The results show that simultaneously, labor force participation rate (LFPR), wage equality, and work progress have an influence on economic growth, where any reduction in gender inequality in employment contributes to boosting economic growth. Therefore, a collaboration between the government, private sector, and non-governmental organizations is expected to encourage the implementation of gender mainstreaming policies and programs that support gender equality in the employment sector and have the potential to make a positive contribution to economic growth.

Bureaucratic Representation and Gender Mainstreaming in International Organizations: Evidence from the World Bank

How does the representation of women in international organizations affect the implementation of gender mainstreaming policies? Many international organizations have adopted policies to prevent gender discrimination in their operations, but their implementation is often lackluster. We argue that these shortcomings appear due to a combination of institutional incentives and an underrepresentation of women in their staff. We test the argument in the case of the World Bank, drawing on highly disaggregated staffing data, an instrumental variable strategy, and an elite survey experiment. Our results show that most staff incorporate at least shallow gender mainstreaming in their projects. Deeper implementation of gender mainstreaming is more likely when women staff supervise projects, hold positions of authority, and are more represented as coworkers. These results contribute to understanding the disconnects between talk and action on mainstreaming policies and inform debates on representation in global governance.

Unlocking gender dynamics in food and nutrition security in Ghana: assessing dietary diversity, food security, and crop diversification among cocoa household heads in the Juaboso-Bia cocoa landscape.

Malnutrition is a worldwide problem that impacts every country, affecting one in three individuals, including Ghana. According to estimates from the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), 690million people were undernourished globally in 2019. Malnutrition is no exception in rural cocoa communities in Ghana. The expansion of cocoa is causing food insecurity and low dietary diversity in most cocoa-growing areas. There is little information on the food security status and dietary diversity among male-headed and female-headed cocoa households in the Juaboso-Bia cocoa landscape. Thus, this study sought to explore the dietary diversity distribution, food security status, sources of staple food, food unavailability periods, food production status, themes contributing to low dietary diversity and food insecurity, and perception of the impact of cocoa expansion on crop diversification among male-headed and female-headed cocoa households in the study area. Both quantitative and qualitative research methods were employed to address the research questions. The study collected 200 semi-structured questionnaire data and 14 in-depth interview data from cocoa household heads in the Juaboso-Bia landscape. The survey data was cleaned and analysis, such as household dietary diversity status, food security status, and binary logistic regression were performed in the Statistical Package for Social Scientists (SPSS). The in-depth interviews were analyzed using thematic analysis. Through this study, it was revealed that 62.8% of the male-headed cocoa households had medium to high dietary diversity compared to their female counterparts 39.3%. About 47.9% of the male-headed households were food secure than the female-headed households (29.1%). Moreover, the months that both male and female-headed households recalled facing severe food unavailability were July and June. In addition, climate change/variability, unavailable lands, poverty, large household size, and gender stereotypes were themes promoting low dietary diversity and food insecurity among male and female-headed households. Furthermore, sex, total household income, and cropland conversion to cocoa were the variables influencing household heads' perception of the impact of cocoa expansion on crop diversification. The study showed that the male-headed cocoa households had high dietary diversity and were food secure than the female-headed cocoa households, lending credence to the conceptual framework applied in this study. There is a significant relationship between household head gender and food security status. Therefore, this study recommends the following interventions to improve dietary diversity and food security among male and female-headed cocoa households: raise awareness about the need for diverse diets and provide practical information on how to incorporate a greater variety of food groups into their daily meals; and promote gender equity and inclusivity in food security interventions. Future research could investigate how gender mainstreaming policies in agriculture have helped empower and improve the food security of female-headed households in Ghana.

National Policies Supporting Gender Equality in Academic Careers: Are the “Global Leaders” Doing What It Takes?

ABSTRACT National policies used to advance gender equality in academic careers in higher education in Sweden, Norway, and Finland, are examined based on publicly available documents from 1990 to 2023. Drawing on theoretical perspectives from public policy research and feminist political theory, we investigate to what extent policies are likely to lead to organizational transformation, in line with the intentions of gender mainstreaming. The analysis maps the policy instruments according to their behavioral assumptions, as well as the type of gender equality strategy they entail. The analysis suggests that policies aiming at organizational transformation typically are associated with weak policy instruments where it is up to the individual institution to decide how to implement them. This makes policy instruments particularly sensitive to contestations over the prioritization of goals and power relations in the organization. The analysis suggests that gender mainstreaming policies lack sufficient constraint and/or accountability to lead consistently to organizational transformation.

The Implementation of Gender Mainstreaming Policy in Indonesian Local Government – The Case of Salatiga City 2017-2022

The rise in women’s representation as public officials in Salatiga City is a crucial indicator of democracy. This progress must be accompanied by supportive knowledge about gender mainstreaming (PUG) in policymaking. There are many studies on women's representation, yet few are directed to examine how increasing women's representation as public officials is related to the improvement of gender-responsive development policies. This study uses a qualitative approach with a single instrumental case study in Salatiga City Government 2017-2022. The increase of women’s representation as public policymakers has achieved remarkable achievements nationally as stated in the Human Development Index (HDI) and Gender Development Index (IPG) of Salatiga City. However, qualitatively, the understanding of gender- responsive policies that ensure access, participation, control, and benefits has not been owned by the women representatives. Accordingly, despite its rising number, women are still lagging behind men in development. Then, having the fact that the Priority of 2017- 2022’s RPJMD (Regional Medium Development Plan) of Salatiga City is gender mainstreaming, it is found that the formulation of women's involvement in decision- making at the local level is not explicitly mentioned. Although the implementation of PUG has been outlined in PERWALI Regulation No. 5 of 2021, the policy must be carried out by recognizing problems and listening to the voices of local women to ensure that no one is left behind in development.

Implementation of Gender and Ecology Mainstreaming Policies at Sekolah Penggerak and Eco Green Schools in Surabaya: Ecofeminism Study

This research aims to discuss the implementation of gender and ecology mainstreaming policies in Sekolah penggerak in elementary schools and eco-green schools in Surabaya through an ecofeminist approach. This research uses a qualitative multi-case study approach, with the research subjects being four schools, namely SD Negeri 2 Benowo, SD Muhammadiyah 4 Surabaya, SD Al Khairiyah Surabaya, and SD Kristen Kalam Kudus Surabaya. The research results show that schools with the Adiwiyata or similar labels can better implement ecological awareness programs such as green and eco-green schools. They adopt programs such as hydroponics, recycling, and zero-waste healthy canteens and integrate them into the curriculum with relevant themes. Apart from that, these schools also apply the principles of gender-oriented, child-friendly schools. This research examines how gender mainstreaming and ecology are practised in schools. Both in the form of policies, learning design and related infrastructure. The results of this research illustrate that although there has been progress in implementing gender mainstreaming and ecology policies in schools, further efforts are still needed to increase students' understanding and awareness of these issues. In some aspects, gender and ecological approaches still seem symbolic and insubstantial.

Influence of Gender Mainstreaming Policy Implementation on Women Political Representation in Baringo County Assembly

Global advances have been made towards the recognition of the principle of women’s political, socio-economic and equity in governance. However, some counties, including Baringo have not fully implemented the gender rule as provided for in the Kenyan 2010 constitution, hence little has changed. This study sought to analyze the influence of gender mainstreaming policy implementation on women political representation in Baringo County Assembly. The study was guided by Equity Feministic Theory by Sommers (1994). The study used cross-sectional survey design and mixed method approach where both quantitative and qualitative data collection and analysis approaches were utilized. The target population was 2446 respondents comprising of employees, members of the County Assembly and Members of the Public Service Board. The sample size was based on Krejcie and Morgan (1970) where a sample size of 329 respondents was attained. Questionnaires, Interview guides and FGDs were used to collect data. The quantitative data were analysed using frequencies, percentages, mean and Standard deviation. Qualitative data were thematically classified and arranged before they were reported in narrations and quotations as per the research objectives. The study found out that there was a significant positive correlation between gender mainstreaming policy implementation on women political representation and women governance (r = .581; p = .000). The study recommends that there is need for streamlining of women appointment to senior positions in the county to allow for efficiency and inclusivity in governance.

Level of women involvement in gender mainstreaming policy implementation on decision making in Baringo County

The need to visibly engender women's participation in decision-making became a growing global concern through the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW). Despite the Kenyan 2010 constitutional provisions for gender mainstreaming, little has changed. This study sought to examine the level of women involvement in gender mainstreaming policy implementation on decision making in Baringo County. The study was guided by Equity Feministic Theory by Sommers (1994). The study used cross-sectional survey design and mixed method approach. The target population was 2446 respondents comprising of employees, members of the County Assembly and Members of the Public Service Board. The sample size was based on Krejcie and Morgan (1970) sample size determination to arrive atsample size of 329 respondents. Questionnaires, Interview guides and FGDs were used to collect data. Reliability was determined through test-retest approach. The quantitative data were analysed using frequencies, percentages, mean and Standard deviation. Pearson Correlation and linear regression analysis were employed to determine relationship that exists between the independent and dependent variables. Qualitative data were thematically classified and arranged before they were re ported in narrations and quotations as per the research objectives. The study found out that there was a significant positive correlation between gender mainstreaming policy implementation on women political representation and women governance (r = .581; p = .000). The study recommends that there is need for streamlining of women appointment to senior positions in the county to allow for efficiency and inclusivity in governance

Construct a gender-friendly medical environment

<p>本文主要探究如何藉由我國推動性別主流化政策，以性別觀點去評估立法、政策與方案等具計畫性的行動，尤以深具醫學、科學、科技等專業領域的醫療環境中能夠去如何落實、推動、實踐性別主流化，皆為醫療場域配合國家重要政策，甚至這是與國際世界各國互相接軌、密不可分的過程與趨勢。再者，文中探討在現行醫療場域如何可以透過性別主流化的六大工具，包括性別統計、性別分析、性別預算、性別影響評估、性別意識培力與性別平等機制運作的執行，藉此發現淺藏於不同醫療場域可能造成性別刻板印象或是欠缺性別意識的情況下而影響到醫療環境下出現性別差異。其次，我們能夠思考透過性別主流化方式改善醫療場域中性別盲點，不僅能夠提升對於病人健康照護品質提升，進一步能夠幫助弱勢族群能享有更加便利與友善的醫療專業服務，使醫療資源能成為全民共享的服務，甚至極力達成性別平等目標，讓醫療現場亦能成為性別友善的優質環境。</p> <p> </p><p>This article mainly explores how to promote gender mainstreaming policies in China and evaluate planned actions such as legislation, policies and programs from a gender perspective, especially how to implement them in medical environments with deep expertise in medicine, science, technology and other fields. , promote and practice gender mainstreaming, all of which are in line with important national policies in the medical field. This is even a process and trend that is inseparable from the international standards and countries around the world. Furthermore, the article explores how six major tools of gender mainstreaming can be used in the current medical field, including gender statistics, gender analysis, gender budgeting, gender impact assessment, gender awareness training and the implementation of gender equality mechanism operations. It was found that being hidden in different medical fields may cause gender stereotypes or a lack of gender awareness, thus affecting the emergence of gender differences in the medical environment. Secondly, we can think about improving gender blind spots in the medical field through gender mainstreaming, which will not only improve the quality of patient health care, but also help disadvantaged groups enjoy more convenient and friendly medical professional services, so that medical resources can become The service is shared by all and even strives to achieve the goal of gender equality, making the medical site a high-quality gender-friendly environment.</p> <p> </p>

Effect of Per Capita Income on Youth Unemployment in Kenya

Purpose: The objective was to determine the effect of per capita income on youth unemployment in Kenya.
 Methodology: The study was anchored on Okun’s law, which predicts a 1% drop in employment from a 2% drop in GDP. The study used the World Bank Database’s quantitative time series data from 1991–2021. The choice of the ARDL was based on the ability of the model to give long-run and short-run analyses of stationary and non-stationary variables. Pre-estimation procedures and diagnostics tests were used to determine the stability of the model.
 Findings: Findings revealed a significant negative relationship between per capita income (-0.3666, p = 0.013) and youth unemployment in the long-run. The speed of adjustment (-0.89999, p = 0.0001) from the short-run to the long-run is evident.
 Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: This study may help academicians develop their knowledge of youth unemployment. It may increase understanding of per capita income as an indicator of growth and its application in Okun’s law. The Salaries and Remuneration Commission (SRC) may benefit from this study by creating better packages of salaries, allowances, and mortgages that may attract and improve the standard of living of Kenyan youth. The Public Service Board (PSB) may establish youth-friendly offices to motivate youth to stay in the labour force. Moreover, this study may guide the State Department for Youth Affairs to promote youth employment and increase labour productivity in Kenya. The State Department of Gender may use the study in gender mainstreaming and gender policy management. Policymakers will assess the effectiveness of the curriculum in preparing youth for the job market. An increase in labour productivity will result from increasing youth employment.

Women Representation in the Military: The Case of the South African National Defence Force, Limpopo Province

Promoting gender equality and women empowerment is a long standing item on the development agenda nationally and internationally. It is also item number five of the 2030 millennium development goals; gender equality, ending all discrimination against women and girls is not only a basic right but a human right. Research has proven that empowering women and girls helps economic growth and development. Empowering women is necessary for women’s enhancement in society and the workplace, the military is no exception. This paper argues on the gender mainstreaming policies in the South African National Defence Force (SANDF) and whether they are adequately implemented to ensure equal representation of women in all military ranks including combat. The researchers used Liberal Feminist Theory (LFT), which advocates for women’s right to be seen and acknowledged as human rights. The researchers employed a feminist qualitative research methodology and exploratory design. Snowballing sampling technique was used to select participants in the SANDF military air-force base in Hoedspruit, Limpopo and saturation was reached after the fifteenth participant for in-depth interviews. Data was analysed using Thematic Analysis (TA). Findings in the study revealed that women in the military are of the view that the military is making strides in ensuring an equal representation between men and women, however women view themselves as less represented than their male counterparts, regardless of the policies put in place. Results also revealed that that the lack of representation of women in the military is due to the SANDF not being meant for women. The paper therefore concludes that women are not equally represented to their male counterparts in the military and that there is need for improvement towards this in senior and management positions within the SANDF. The study recommends that the SANDF as a government institution could also create a sense of urgency to all the units in the quest to ensure equal representation of women. Creating a sense of urgency not only will ensure that more women can be part of the military, but will also create an awareness of the necessity for women to join the army.

Gender communication: Gender mainstreaming and gender differences in the age of gender equality

The implementation of Gender Mainstreaming (Pengarusutamaan Gender, PUG) policies in Indonesia has had a problematic impact on the advancement of women's resources. This is due to a discrepancy between the value system from the West (secular) which is the essence of PUG policy and the value system in Indonesian society. This study was conducted to provide an explanation of the impact of PUG policy implementation in producing a transformation of women's gender identities and roles that are becoming more modern towards the phenomenon of gender communication. This study uses critical discourse analysis from Van Dijk which includes 3 (three) dimensions, namely discourse, cognition, and society, with a micro-macro and power analysis approach. This study found that there is a potential for abuse of power in the interpersonal communication practices of men and women. There are 3 things that become factors: the structure of the mind, the structure of the text (conversation), and the meaning of the message. The operation of gender differences in gender communication practices is supported by sources of legitimacy of cultural belief systems and interpretations of religious teachings. Understanding gender differences and how they operate is beneficial in equal and comfortable communication practices. Gender intelligence will form subjectivity based on the meaning of the coherence or togetherness of the relation pair.

Does National Culture Influence Global Policy Diffusion: Evidence From Gender Mainstreaming Policy Using Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA)

This study aims to pinpoint the combinations of national cultural traits that influence the global diffusion of gender mainstreaming. First, we have updated national culture indices using factor analysis. Then, we employ fuzzy-set QCA to identify potential configurations in line with theories of cultural contingency. A sample of 41 countries is examined. We find that the current diffusion requires a non-Islamic environment, while a high level of autonomy, weak uncertainty avoidance, and gender quotas are sufficient. This study serves as the starting point for further research on the relationship between national culture and the diffusion of gender mainstreaming policy.

Challenges and strategies for gender mainstreaming policy in smart city development in Indonesia

A smart city is an urban policy innovation that can improve the community's quality of life by promoting environmental, social, and economic sustainability issues. The involvement and participation of civil society in developing smart cities is a major issue in implementing inclusive smart cities. However, gender issues are often forgotten in developing sustainable smart cities. This article examines two issues. First, the importance of gender issues integration in the development of sustainable smart cities in Indonesia. Second, the importance of gender mainstreaming policy in the development of smart cities in Indonesia. This is a desk study or literature study. Data were obtained from research results published in national and international journals. Data was obtained through accredited journal search engines, namely google scholar, SagePub and Researchgate. The research results show that development of smart city in Indonesia is not yet gender responsive, causing gender inequality gender and excluding women from development. To respond to this, thus there is a need for gender mainstreaming policies in developing smart cities through an overview of the challenges of gender mainstreaming in developing smart cities. Thus, this research recommends a gender mainstreaming strategy as a policy in developing smart cities in Indonesia. Gender mainstreaming policy in smart city development need to be to create a smart city life that is just, inclusive and involves women in development.

ANALYZING COMMUNICATION STRATEGIES OF PT OMRON MANUFACTURING INDONESIA IN GENDER MAINSTREAMING POLICY IMPLEMENTATION

PT. Omron Manufacturing of Indonesia has performed a set of communication strategies to implement gender mainstreaming policies. The present study aims to analyze the implementation and constraints in the process of implementing the aforementioned policy. The present research applies a descriptive qualitative approach by conducting an in-depth analysis toward the effectiveness of communication strategies that have been used to implement gender mainstreaming policies. Furthermore, the present study uses a Miles and Huberman model to examine the communication strategies used by PT. Omron Manufacturing of Indonesia to perform gender mainstreaming policies. The results of the present study suggest the effectiveness of the intermediary and liaison between the management and employees. It can be said that the approaches taken by PT. Omron Manufacturing of Indonesia has been successful in carrying out the gender mainstreaming policies.

Challenging gender mainstreaming through the narrative of Islamic youth organization: A case study on Persis in Indonesia

ABSTRACT Implementing gender mainstreaming policies has become one important strategy for solving gender-based issues in society, especially in developing countries like Indonesia. However, one anomaly that becomes a concern in Indonesia’s gender mainstreaming strategy is how religious youth organizations would conflictingly react to this issue, as they may become a determining factor in how society would shift in dealing with gender issues. This study investigates the youth in Persis, a prominent Islamic youth organization in Indonesia, to understand gender mainstreaming in Indonesia. Using a qualitative approach and case study design, the study revealed that informants have doubts, skepticism, and slight conflict towards gender mainstreaming policies, due to misunderstandings and differences in personal and religious beliefs. This study provides insights into the gender mainstreaming views of a religious youth organization and how gender-based policies, programs, and research on gender have been and could be implemented in Indonesia.

Potrait Legal Protection Women’s Human Rights Through the Establishment of Gender Mainstreaming Local Regulations

Human rights are basic rights inherent in every human being, including women. However, the stigmatization of women, which often makes the appearance of women's human rights limited, makes it difficult for them to develop themselves. Based on data from the UNDP Gender Inequality Index, Indonesia occupies the highest score in ASEAN with a gender inequality percentage of 48%. The participation of women in development is one of the reasons for the high preference for gender. The government has made various efforts to improve the dignity of women, one of which is through gender mainstreaming. In the context of decentralization, local governments need to elaborate on gender mainstreaming policies in local regulations as an effort to protect women's human rights laws in the regions. This paper aims to portray legal protection through gender mainstreaming within the framework of regional autonomy. The results of the study show that: first, local governments have the authority and responsibility in realizing gender-responsive regional development, both based on local government legal regimes and sectoral legal regimes. Regional autonomy should be able to address gender in accordance with the locality of the region. Second, gender mainstreaming is a necessity as well as a challenge for local governments, in the optics of law as a means of development, regional regulations regarding gender mainstreaming become the juridical basis for regions to ensure and realize conditions of gender equality at the regional level; increasing the contribution and role of women in the regions; and encourage gender-responsive regional development as a form of efforts to protect and fulfill women's rights.