Gender Inequality Research Articles

Intersectionality, gender norms, and young adolescents in context: a review of longitudinal multicountry research programmes to shape future action.

Discriminatory gender norms can intersect and interact with other dimensions of discrimination-such as age, race, ethnicity, disability, education status, and sexual orientation-to shape individuals' experiences and impact their health and wellbeing. This interaction is referred to as intersectionality. Although the theory has been in circulation since the late 1980s, only recently has it gained traction in low-income and middle-income settings, and it has yet to fully penetrate global research on adolescence. The social and structural intersectional drivers of adolescent health and wellbeing, particularly during early adolescence (age 10-14 years), are poorly understood. The evidence base for designing effective interventions for this formative period of life is therefore relatively small. In this Review, we examine how gender intersects with other forms of disadvantage in the early stages of adolescence. Analysing data from hybrid observation-intervention longitudinal studies with young adolescents in 16 countries, our aim is to inform the health and wellbeing of girls and boys from a range of social contexts, including in conflict settings. Adolescents' perceptions about gender norms vary by context, depend on individual opinion, and are shaped by socioecological drivers of gender inequalities in health. Shifting those perceptions is therefore challenging. We argue for the importance of applying an intersectionality lens to improve health and wellbeing outcomes for young adolescents and conclude with five practical recommendations for programme design and research.

Legislation for advancing women’s leadership in the health sector in India and Kenya: a ‘law cube’ approach to identify ways to strengthen legal environments for gender equality

ObjectivesThis paper examines the availability of legal provisions, or the lack thereof, that support women to progress equitably into leadership positions within the health workforce in India and Kenya.MethodsWe adapted...

Challenges in Islamic Education Curriculum Development: A Comparative Study of Indonesia, Pakistan, and India

This study identified the challenges in Islamic education curriculum development in Indonesia, Pakistan, and India. By using a paradigmatic interpretive approach, data were obtained from interviews with 15 international students enrolled for the Islamic studies doctoral program in Malaysia; these students were from Indonesia, Pakistan, and India. These students each have more than five years of experience teaching Islamic education subjects in their respective countries. The study found that, in Indonesia, the main challenges in Islamic education curriculum development are integrating the national curriculum with local and global diversity and increasing the accessibility of education for people at all levels of society. The gap between Islamic education patterns in madrasas and public schools should also be addressed. In Pakistan, the main challenge was the accessibility of education, especially in rural areas, and overcoming limited infrastructure and facilities that are the result of the government’s low education budget. Complex challenges, such as gender inequality, ethnic discrimination, and political conflict also hamper curriculum development efforts. In India, challenges center on the conflict between Islam and Hinduism; furthermore, disputes over history and religious identity complicate the integration of Islamic values into the broad curriculum. Another significant barrier is shortcomings in the technological expertise of teachers. While the challenges in the different countries differ, they share similarities in terms of the complexity of crafting a curriculum that is relevant to technological developments, and the needs of a dynamic job market. This study can contribute to policy-making, so that these three countries can work together to improve and enhance the quality of Islamic education.

Trend In Gender Inequality In Primary Education In India

Trend In Gender Inequality In Primary Education In India

Gender stereotypes in physical education: state of the art and future perspectives in primary school

Background and Study Aim. Given the recent mandate by the Budget Law 2022 for compulsory two hours of physical education (PE) in IV and V classes of Italian primary schools, understanding the dynamics of gender stereotypes during movement activities becomes crucial. This review aims to summarize the scientific evidence of the gender gap in PE lessons and identify barriers to female participation in movement activities. Material and Methods. The methodology employed was a systematic literature review guided by the PRISMA 2020 guidelines. The literature search was conducted in April 2023, utilizing a range of databases including Web of Science and Scopus. The search strategy applied MeSH terms and text words, connected by AND: "gender stereotypes" OR "gender gap", "PE" OR "physical education" OR "school" OR "children". Additionally, relevant articles were manually selected from Google Scholar to supplement the database findings. The inclusion criteria were centered on studies within the school context. Only articles published in English within the time frame of 2012 to 2023 were considered. Exclusion criteria ruled out conference proceedings, literature reviews, articles published before 2012, and non-English language publications. Results. Thirteen items met the inclusion criteria. The main barriers included personal beliefs of pupils towards sporting activities, particularly highlighting concerns from the female gender. Other significant barriers were attitudes of teachers and the perpetuation of gender stereotypes in PE textbooks. Several interventions were conducted, primarily focused on co-educational methodologies. These interventions proved effective in dismantling some gender stereotypes. Conclusions. The results demonstrated the presence of gender stereotypes during PE lessons. There was a need to improve teacher training, which was perceived as inadequate to work on gender inequality from primary school onwards.

Kadına Yönelik Şiddet: Kalıcı ve Yükselen Bir Sorun

Violence against women is a widespread global public health problem. It is also a serious violation of women's human rights. Violence has traumatic effects on the health and well-being of women and the children who witness it. Violence against women is associated with physical, mental, emotional, sexual health, reproductive health problems and death. Violence and gender norms, which are one of the risk factors causing the continuation of violence; also have significant effects on families and societies, and these negative effects cross social and economic boundaries. However, it is also clear that current prevention initiatives and policy responses are insufficient. Mental health professionals have an important role to play in identifying, preventing and responding appropriately to violence against women and may take primary, secondary and tertiary measures to reduce the risk of violence against women. While providing mental health services, İt is very important to be aware of interpersonal violence and to provide gender-sensitive services. When providing these services, the impact of violence against women on mental health and knowledge of potential treatments are considered as a prerequisite. Along with the knowledge about the dynamics of violence, it is considered extremely important to take measures against the risks that weaken women who are disadvantaged due to problems such as gender inequality. For this reason, in this review, the concept of violence against women and the types of violence are explained and in this context, the initiatives that can be made in the field of mental health are included. It is thought that this review will contribute to the awareness of professionals working in the field about the seriousness of the problem and how violence affects women's mental health. It is also hoped that the present study will provide insight into the complex relationship between violence and health outcomes to help improve health policies and prevention responses in the relevant field.

Gender analysis in selected agricultural practices in Gedeo and Halaba zones in Southern Ethiopia

Identification and recognition of gender-dis aggregated constraints, gender imbalances, differentials in gender roles, and decision-making on agriculture production, technology transfer, and input utilization are essential to the transformation of research output to benefit women and men. This study aimed to assess gender integration in selected agricultural practices and gender division of labor in the Gedeo and Halaba Zones. The study employed a cross-sectional design. The sample respondents were randomly 86 men and 69 women farmers, and a total of 155 farmers were selected to collect the data through triangulation of key informants interviews, focus group discussion, and household survey. The data was analyzed using descriptive statistics. Data analysis results in the frequency of men and women's participation computed. Different gender participation factors evaluated. According to the data analysis result, the effect of community norms was assessed among 155 respondents, men 54 (34.8%), 0 (0%), and 15 (9.7%), responded as yes, no and undecided, respectively. Similarly, women participants believed that 64 (41.9%), 1 (0.6%), and 36 (23.2%), responded as yes, no and undecided, respectively. Decision-making could affect gender participation. Men 66 (42.6%), 1 (0.6%) and 20 (12.9%) responded as yes, no and undecided, respectively. Likewise, women participants believed that 53 (34.2%), 1 (0.6%) and 15 (9.7%), responded as yes, no, and undecided, respectively. Concerning care workmen 65 (41.9%), 0 (0%) and 21 (135%), responded as yes, no and undecided, respectively. Similarly, women participants believed that 54 (34.8%), 0 (0%) and 15 (9.7%), responded yes, no and undecided, respectively. Average task share of the household is 30%, 15%, 43% and 12% for men, boys, women and girls, respectively. Women and men performed a larger share of the gender role in rural households than boys and girls. The reproductive work of women in the household covered 67% of the total household care work. The gender participation index in selected agricultural practices was 0.709. However, the Participation Index of men was found to be 0.55 and that of women was 0.45. According to this statistical result, household members spent agricultural labor hours differently, as converting this labor share into daily labor hours indicated that women, men, boys, and girls are spending 10, 7, 4 and 3 hours per day on average, respectively. Int. J. Agril. Res. Innov. Tech. 14(1): 1-9, June 2024

The Substance of Gender Equality in the Perspective of Islamic Law and Its Implications before the Law

Islam is a religion that highlights equality between men and women. Men and women are both slaves, caliphs on earth, and receive the primordial covenant. Adam and Eve are both active in the cosmic drama that leads them both out of heaven. Men and women have the potential to optimum performance. Despite this, there are still gender differences. This study attempts to describe the implementation of gender equality from an Islamic perspective using literature/ library studies. The conclusion of this study is that there are relationships in the field of professions, such as the presence of women judges and trigger the birth of legal products that are specific to equality and gender justice.

‘The Private is Political’. The Problem of the Private/Public Divide in the Light of Feminist Theory of the Second Half of the 20th Century

Starting from the slogan ‘The Private is Political’, resounding in the American women’s liberation movement, a feminist critique of the separation of the private (domestic/family) sphere and the public sphere, in its early modern form, is presented. The private sphere, with women assigned to it, is, on the grounds of early modern political theory, outlawed from the rules deemed to apply to the public world, and impregnated from sound analysis and possible reform. The separation of the private and the political masks the interdependence between the two spheres and serves to legitimise gender inequality. Feminist theory problematizes this divide and reveals the complex interplay between private and public. Two themes stand out in the analysis: the subsumption of women under the family based on liberal theories of the social contract, and the idealisation of the domestic sphere, imagined as an emotional and moral refuge, in opposition to the public world, marked by egoism and impersonality. This construction serves an ideological function, reinforcing the separation attributing women to the home and family.

Fiqh Contestation on Women's Public Leadership in Indonesia and Malaysia: Reproducing Qur'anic and Hadith Interpretations

This paper discusses the contestation of women's public leadership discourse among feminist activists in Indonesia and Malaysia and how the reproduction of fiqh on women's public leadership in both countries takes place. This research is a field study with data collection through interviews and direct interaction with women activists in both countries and documenting their works. Using the Islamic activism approach, it was found that: 1) The issue of women leaders in Indonesia and Malaysia is complex. Women are often held back by culture, religion and politics. Muslim feminist groups face resistance from conservative groups when they try to challenge gender inequality. Furthermore, some sharia law make it harder for women to get legal protection and justice. More legal rights and support for women are therefore required to make politics more equal. 2) Feminist activists in Indonesia and Malaysia have reinterpreted Islamic texts to promote gender equality. They offer gender-responsive interpretation of the Qur'an and Hadith deemed to be fairer while supporting support social justice and gender equality. 3) The fiqh product of leadership concludes that the moral ideal in the Qur'an and hadith is for leaders to be competent (qawwām). People who fit this profile are well-suited to lead, particularly in a country that adheres to democratic principles.

Media and Social Networks about Labor Discrimination of Women in 21st Century

The issue of media coverage of women’s workplace discrimination is being considered. The relevance of the study is due to the increased influence of mass media and social networks on shaping public perceptions of various social issues. Publications from newspapers such as “Izvestia,” “Kommersant,” “Rossiyskaya Gazeta,” and “Arguments and Facts,” which are among the top 10 Russian media outlets, as well as articles from social networks, were used as materials for the study. It is shown that these resources address gender inequality issues in various fields such as industry, construction, business, etc., where men have social preferences. It is noted that women in these fields can have high professional status and not feel discriminated against according to statistical data. However, there are typically “female” spheres where women find it easier to advance in their careers, yet their salaries are lower. The authors emphasize that in some publications, women’s independent choice in favor of family or the ability of successful women to balance career and family values are highlighted. The article’s authors conclude that the same topics are represented in social networks as in the media. In conclusion, it is noted that the government has been attempting to address the issues raised in publications over the past five years by enacting appropriate laws.

Gender inequality, poverty, and the digital divide amidst COVID-19: An integrative literature review (2020-2022)

Gender inequality, poverty, and the digital divide amidst COVID-19: An integrative literature review (2020-2022)

Challenging Gaslighting of Women in Academia: A Call for Gender Equality and Inclusive Environment

Gaslighting is a pervasive form of manipulation that psychologically dents its victims. In the context of academia, women frequently face gaslighting. Unfortunately, only a few women are cognizant of this psychological abuse. This research explored the concept of gaslighting, its manifestations in academic settings, and its detrimental impact on women's experiences along with the possible solutions. Therefore, this research emphasizes the importance of challenging gaslighting behaviors, fostering gender equality, and creating inclusive environments that empower women in academia. During the research mostly primary data along with secondary data were used, because the actual victims can more effectively describe the issues. Therefore, it includes interviews with working women in academia from sampled institutions. Findings showed that, 33% of participants reported direct experiences or witnessing instances of gaslighting in the academic workplace, with an additional 21% admitting to experiencing gaslighting to varying degrees, while a notable proportion of participants (32%) reported challenges in accessing equitable resources, opportunities, or support compared to male colleagues, highlighting systemic gender disparities in academia. This research has recommended that the vicious circle of gaslighting can be controlled if academic institutions prioritize the creation of supportive and empowering spaces that value and amplify women's contributions. Keywords: Gaslighting, Women’s Empowerment, Women’s Rights, Psychology, Gender inequality

Bibliometric Analysis of Key Findings in Studies on Gender Disparities in Education and Employment

This study employs bibliometric analysis to explore the evolving landscape of research on gender disparities in education and employment from 1985 to 2024. Utilizing VOSviewer for data visualization, we identified key thematic clusters, analyzed trends over years, and pinpointed less-researched areas that present opportunities for further inquiry. Our findings revealed that while traditional topics like wage disparities and labor market participation continue to dominate the research, newer areas such as the impact of global events (e.g., COVID-19) and intersectional identities on gender inequalities are gaining prominence. Notably, the analysis highlighted significant gaps in research related to poverty, household dynamics, and health care's role in gender disparities. These findings suggest a need for a more nuanced exploration of how gender disparities affect various socioeconomic outcomes and call for targeted research efforts in underexplored areas to develop a more comprehensive understanding of the issues at hand.

Expression of Gender Inequalities in Wage Differences in the European Labor Market

Expression of Gender Inequalities in Wage Differences in the European Labor Market

Genetic and Epigenetic Association of FOXP3 with Papillary Thyroid Cancer Predisposition.

Papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) is the most common type of thyroid malignancy with an increased female incidence ratio. The specific traits of X chromosome inheritance may be implicated in gender differences of PTC predisposition. The aim of this study was to investigate the association of two X-linked genes, Forkhead Box P3 (FOXP3) and Protein Phosphatase 1 Regulatory Subunit 3F (PPP1R3F), with PTC predisposition and gender disparity. One hundred thirty-six patients with PTC and an equal number of matched healthy volunteers were enrolled in the study. Genotyping for rs3761548 (FOXP3) and rs5953283 (PPP1R3F) was performed using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism assay (PCR-RFLP). The methylation status of FOXP3 was assessed using the combined bisulfite restriction analysis (COBRA) method. The SPSS software was used for statistical analyses. Gender stratification analysis revealed that the CA and AA genotypes and the A allele of FOXP3 rs3761548 variant are associated with PTC predisposition only in females. Moreover, different methylation status was observed up to the promoter locus of FOXP3 between PTC female patients, carrying the CA and CC genotype, and controls. Both revealed associations may explain the higher PTC incidence in females through reducing FOXP3 expression as reported in immune related blood cells.

Gambaran Fear of Success pada Wanita Single Pemilik Online Shop di Kalimantan Tengah

It is widespread in society to see the division of labor between women and men based on gender. The daughter helps her mother, and the son helps her father, showing that a woman is more productive in housework. Gender inequality is generated by discriminatory behavior against women caused by this injustice in the division of roles. However, this is different for single women. Until now, they still have problems carrying out responsibilities that must be done, such as running work and taking care of their families. Based on these events, single women experience feelings of fear, known as fear of success. Because of the fear of the negative consequences that may occur if successful, fear becomes a mental barrier to achievement. Every woman must have dreams to achieve, but inadequate circumstances and societal demands make her afraid to succeed. This study uses qualitative methods and is a type of phenomenological research. Theme-driven analysis is used in theory. The information in this study is collected from three single women selected through purposive and snowball sampling. The results of this study show that single women who have experienced fear of success experience the following: fear of themselves, pessimism, doubt about living both roles, pessimism, and difficulty starting new things due to environmental factors.

Modelling the asymmetric impact of economic growth and poverty on gender inequality: Evidence from India using nonlinear ARDL analysis

Modelling the asymmetric impact of economic growth and poverty on gender inequality: Evidence from India using nonlinear <scp>ARDL</scp> analysis

Education and gender (in)equality in wage employment in sub‐Saharan Africa

Education and gender (in)equality in wage employment in sub‐Saharan Africa

Desafíos del Derecho Penal Internacional: Perspectivas de Género y Justicia Global. Reseña del libro: Gender and International Criminal Law de Indira Rosenthal et al. (2022)

The International Criminal Law (IPL) has become a significant tool in the international system, not only to contribute to the maintenance of order, but also as a means of assigning responsibilities to States that violate international norms. As a branch of law, it is grounded in a long-standing and evolving transcendence that seeks to adapt to global realities. More recently, the relevance of the gender perspective within IPR and how it can be perspective within IPR and how it can bring about a radical change in the way in which in the way in which States have perceived IPR up to the present time. Along the same lines, the book Gender and International Criminal Law, edited by Indira Rosenthal edited by Indira Rosenthal, Valerie Oosterveld and Susana SáCouto (2022) comes to question the established dynamics within the question the dynamics established within International Criminal Law, which, according to the authors that, according to the authors, exclude and violate populations during the implementation of legal frameworks. implementation of legal frameworks.