Gender In India Research Articles

Changing Trends in Socio-Economic Conditions of Transgender in Chennai City

The term Transgender (TG) is generally used to describe those who transgress social gender norms. The third gender in India has emerged as a strong fashion in LGBTQI rights. Transgender people come from all walks of life and experience many of the same socio-economic problems as other people. This means that every organizational policy and procedure may impact the experience of Transgender people. In contemporary times, the government of India introduced many welfare policies and schemes to improve the Socio-economic economic conditions and constitutional safeguards for the TG people. This paper focuses on the social inclusion of TG's in India and provides an overview of the current situation regarding community engagement. The present study is an empirical study in which socio-economic conditions of the TG’s were extracted by using an interview schedule. Fifty-five respondents were selected in Chennai city through a non-probability sampling method using snowball and convenience technique. Data collected were analyzed using SPSS. It is clear that after the landmark judgment of the Supreme Court for the acceptance of TG as ‘third gender’ have given them recognition in the society. Levels of representation to voice out their needs have increased. To conclude, society needs to take care of the social stigma towards TG community and give them a chance to stand equally and to participate together in the process of community development.

Gender-Based Wage Discrimination in Indian Urban Labour Market: An Assessment

This study attempts at verifying the pattern of the wage gap between gender in India’s urban labour market using NSS 50th (1993–1994), 61st (2004–2005), and 68th (2011–2012) Employment and Unemployment Surveys. The wage gap between sexes in the urban labour market is verified among the regular and casual workers over a period of two decades (1993–1994 to 2011–2012). Using Blinder–Oaxaca decomposition as well as Recentered Influence Function (RIF) quintile decomposition analysis, it is observed that there is a male bias in wages in both the categories, namely, regular and casual workers. Female workers are also at a disadvantaged position via-a-vis male counterparts, and there is considerable disparity exists with regards to employment and earning standard between sexes. The decomposition exercise shows that the role of the discrimination component effect is larger than that of the endowment component across the regular and casual workers. Controlling for characteristic homogeneity, it is observed that female workers have a systematic wage disadvantage against their male counterparts in the urban labour market of India.

Responsible Investment Issues in Special Economic Zone Investment in Mainland Southeast Asia

Responsible Investment Issues in Special Economic Zone Investment in Mainland Southeast Asia

The History of Feminism and Doing Gender in India

Abstract: The present paper looks at the historical background of the rise of feminism and women’s movement and doing gender in India. Not only in India but all over the world there has been a close link between feminism and the women’s movement, each inspiring and enriching the other. In the Indian context, while the women’s movement is a much earlier phenomenon, the term Feminism is a modern one. Feminism comprises a number of social, cultural and political movements, theories and moral philosophies concerned with gender inequalities and equal rights for women. In the pre-independence era, the women’s movement began as a social reform movement in the 19th century. At this time, the western idea of liberty, equality and fraternity was being imbibed by our educated elite through the study of English and the contact with west. This western liberalism was extended to the women’s question and was translated into a social reform movement. In the post-Independence period during the first few decades, the major concern was for overall economic growth. This was immediately followed by another decade, which witnessed an increased concern for equity and poverty alleviation. Gender issues were subsumed in poverty related concerns and there were no such specific programs, which aimed at women. In the post-independence period, the women’s movement has concerned itself with a large number of issues such as dowry, women’s work, price rise, land rights, political participation of women, Dalit women and marginalized women’s right, growing fundamentalism, women’s representation in the media etc. and a large number of Non-Government organizations have taken up this issue. Women’s studies and now Gender studies is also an off shoot of the long history of women’s movement in India. Various women’s studies Centres have been set up and today again these are at the brink of disappearing from the radar and there is a struggle which is now going on. Though a lot needs to be achieved and there are various impediments in making this reality available to a large section of women, the women’s movement has brought women’s issues center stage and made them more visible.

WOMEN PROPOSITION IN THE INDIAN JUDICIARY

There have been innumerable debates about gender in India over the years. Much of it includes women’s positing in society, their education, health, economic position, gender equality etc. What one can conclude from such discussions is that women have always held a certain paradoxical position in our developing country.
 The women position in Indian Judiciary has again been a debatable, topic which has henceforth never been into exact numerical representation. The women clan involved into the legal network of benches has been notably less. The women position has been the highest in the Supreme Court of India with ‘Nine’ Judges.
 The research work includes statistical data with the research of Vidhi legal policy. “The District Courts and the courts below them comprise the ‘lower’ or ‘subordinate’ judiciary. These courts lie under the administrative control of High Courts. Each judicial district in India has one District Court, below which lie civil and criminal courts of original jurisdiction,” the study notes, and finds that 71% judges in the subordinate judiciary across India are male.
 Motivation/Background: The women position has been the highest in the Supreme Court of India with ‘Nine’ Judges. The women clan involved into the legal network of benches has been notably less.
 Method: The fundamental protestant of the research are ‘women’, their count in the benches of Indian Judiciary, specifically over the High Courts and the Supreme Court. So what has been the reason behind such a low count of women?
 What has been the numerical denomination of women benches in High Courts and Supreme Courts over the past years?
 Results: Women were relegated to the household, and made to submit to the male-dominated patriarchal society, as has always been prevalent in our country. Indian women, who fought as equals with men in the nationalist struggle, were not given that free public space anymore. They became homemakers, and were mainly meant to build a strong home to support their men who were to build the newly independent country.
 Conclusions: Women were reduced to being second class citizens. The national female literacy rate was an alarmingly low 8.6%. The Gross Enrolment Ratio (GER) for girls was 24.8% at primary level and 4.6% at the upper primary level (in the 11-14 years age group). There existed insoluble social and cultural barriers to education of women and access to organized schooling.

Maia Ramnath and the Search for a Decolonised Antiauthoritarian Marxism

In her two books, Maia Ramnath attempts to construct an antiauthoritarian/anarchist anti-colonialist politics through an analysis of India’s freedom struggle. Ramnath reconstructs a history of Indian anti-colonial movements from an anarchist perspective, while seeking to locate forgotten possibilities such as the ‘libertarian Marxism’ of the Ghadar party and its successors. Haj to Utopia is an important addition to the literature on early communism in India inasmuch as it allows us to revisit said history in India in a renewed and critical manner. On the other hand, Decolonizing Anarchism is an ambitious book that seeks to unearth an antiauthoritarian account of India’s struggle for independence, but falls far short of its intended goal because of Ramnath’s inattentiveness to the implications of Hindu revivalism on caste and gender in India. Thus, she reproduces many of the characteristics of mainstream nationalist narratives.

A cross-sectional study on prevalence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in India: rationale and methods

BackgroundChronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a common preventable and treatable chronic respiratory disease, which affects 210 million people globally. Global and national guidelines exist for the management of COPD....

Interpretation of Gender in Indian Context

This article seeks to explain the meaning of gender in general terms and explain the context of gender in India in particular. The article explains the Gender context in India from Ancient to cotemporary times. This article highlights the gender context through review of literature of the books written on Gender experts in India i.e. Tarabai shinde, Uma Chakravarty, Kamla Bhasin, Polly O’ Hanlon, Prem Chaudhary, Flavia Agnes, Lakshmi Narayana Tripathi, Sharmila Rege, Bina Agarwal, Maitrayee Chaudhuri, Nivedita Menon, Charu Gupta, Clara Nubile, Sreemanthini Niranjana. Indian Gender expert's writings are clearly the expression of Indian culture and society. I have raised certain themes of the Indian society and then analyzed it according to the available text written by Gender analyst. This article is divided into few sections based on certain themes related with Indian Gender context. Introduction of Gender, Gender in Historical Context of India, Gender and Patriarchy, Third Gender Perspective in India, Gender and Law in India, Gender and Gender Neutral Policies in Indian Context, Literature review on Gender in Indian Context. Muslim interpretation of Gender in Indian Context. Gender perception, context and nature are changing in India on many grounds. Since the beginning we “Indians” always understood the meaning of gender only through women empowerment. We presume that women are always been under the exploitation since ages, Giving special benefits, privileges proved advantageous for women in term of establishing gender equality in India. Now the definition of gender is broadening & changing. The main objective of this article is to analyze the long journey of the constant struggle of the changed dimension of Gender in India.

Mobilizing Religion and Gender in India: The Role of Activism, by Nandini Deo

Mobilizing Religion and Gender in India: The Role of Activism, by Nandini Deo

Intersectionality and Primary Accumulation: Caste and Gender in India under the Sign of Monopoly-Finance Capital

The overarching goal of this article is to explain how the relations between capitalist imperialism, primary accumulation—often misleadingly called "primitive accumulation"—and intersectionality operate in contemporary global political economy. From many recent studies, it is clear that certain populations are more vulnerable to processes of primary accumulation than others, and that many people in the global South now experience the dispossession and displacement caused by primary accumulation without any subsequent incorporation into waged work. Understanding how ethnicity, gender, and class intersect within contemporary patterns of global accumulation is important in order to develop clear political strategies against ongoing dispossessions.… To do so, imperialism, primary accumulation, and intersectionality all need to be rethought, especially in relation to each other.Click here to purchase a PDF version of this article at the Monthly Review website.

Passionate Producers: Corporate Interventions in Expanding the Promise of the Information Society

Based on ethnographic research in New Delhi, this article explores the culture of corporate intervention in India through a focus on the “social sector” work of new middle-class IT professionals. It focuses on the well-recognized Information and Communication Technologies for Development (ICTD) initiatives of the transnational IT education and training firm International Training Institute. The article argues that corporate professionals are “passionate producers” who create a contradictory work ethos that incorporates both neoliberal principles and development initiatives. These professionals train workers to absorb appropriate “values” and to acquire “skills” that ultimately prevent these workers from realizing their aspirations. The ICTD project reinforces divisions of class, caste, and gender in India's globally acclaimed information society.

Tariffs, Social Status, and Gender in India

This paper shows that trade policy can have significant intergenerational distributional effects across gender and social strata. We compare women and births in rural Indian districts more or less exposed to tariff cuts. For low socioeconomic status women, tariff cuts increase the likelihood of a female birth and these daughters are less likely to die during infancy and childhood. On the contrary, high-status women are less likely to give birth to girls and their daughters have higher mortality rates when more exposed to tariff declines. Consistent with the fertility-sex ratio trade-off in high son preference societies, fertility increases for low-status women and decreases for high-status women. An exploration of the mechanisms suggests that the labor market returns for low-status women (relative to men) and high-status men (relative to women) have increased in response to trade liberalization. Thus, altered expectations about future returns from daughters relative to sons seem to have caused families to change the sex-composition of and health investments in their children.

A Study of Influence of Gender differences of the Children of Working & Non-Working Mothers in Perception of Parental Behaviour

An attempt has been made to investigate the influence of gender differences of the children of the working and non-working mothers in perception of parental behaviour. The sample consisted of 180 boys and girls studying in the institutions of Dehradun District, Uttarakand. The perception of parental behaviour(mother's behaviour) was assesses with the help of PCRQ developed by Dr. R.A. Sing (1981). The data were analysed by Mean, S.D. and 't' ratio. The results indicate that parental behaviour (mother's behaviour) changes with respect to gender. It was found that influence of gender difference of the children of working and non-working mothers different. However, significant difference was observed in non-working mothers behaviour on dominating, rejecting and disciplining variables for boys and girls. It was also found that girls perceived their working and non-working mothers more loving than boys. I. Introduction The most characteristic feature of all close relationship is interdependence , an interpersonal association in which two people consistently and reciprocally influence one anothers lives and focus their thoughts and emotions on one another. And all these close interdependent relationship begin in the family. Family is one of the basic social institutions plays a pivotal role in shaping the personality structure of an individual. A person is socialized in the family. Therefore, naturally plays a significant role in determining the behaviour pattern which child will exhibit. Researches show that home and child rearing practices influence the personality development of the child (Hurlock, 1959 ; Mccord et al. 1992 ; Schaefer, 1969 and Desousa, 1970). Child rearing practices are influenced by culture of the community and hence these vary from culture to culture. An individual is obviously both a biological and social fact . Biological predispositions interact with the impact of social experiences which in turn shape the psychological make up of the person. The amount of interaction between parent and young child does not consistently depend upon the gender of the child. The kind of family in which children are grown up and its effect on their development can be determined by the kind of relationship child has with his mother Because a women plays an important role in family. The role of female in the society has been remarkably changed after the technical and cultural changes in the society. Two earner families are now very much prevalent due to increase in the number of employed mother (Hayghe, 1982) .It is the result of employment of both husband and wife that family roles of men and women are also changing (Pleck, 1985). It is therefore reasonable to expect that home environment in dual and single earner families will differ. Working women feel satisfied by doing work but face special challenges as she try to balance work and family responsibilities. Non-working mothers stay at home for most of the time and interfere with the life of their children. This might be cause of family conflict. Owing to competitiveness in academics children need the presence and help of their parents. Maternal employment can have both kinda of effects, positive or negative on the family environment. In view of the above, the present study has been undertaken to find out the influence of gender differences of the children of working and non- working women in perception of parental behaviour. Parental behaviour changes to according to conditions of working and non- working situations of mother. According to the official documents released to mark the SAARC that discriminative practices are adopted for female gender in India. Culture of the community and attitude towards gender influences parental behaviour and there by the development of the child. Moreover, how children of working and non-working women perceive their parental behaviour is more important, accurate and trustworthy than parents perceive about with their children. Justification of study Present study has more behavioural importance. The study will be useful to develop the personality pattern of of the individual. Leosa and Brophy (1972) reported that girls perceived their mothers to more affectionate and more accepting. Two earner families are now very much prevalent due to increase in the

An exploration into self concept: A comparative analysis between the adolescents who are sighted and blind in India

The purpose of this study was to explore the self concept of adolescents who are sighted and blind with respect to gender in India. The sample was made up of 160 participants aged 15 to 18 years: of whom 100 were sighted and 60 were blind. The results of the t-tests illustrated that sighted male adolescents scored higher in the overall self-concept scores as compared to sighted female adolescents. However such significant differences in the self-concept scores were not found between the male and female adolescents who are blind. The sighted adolescents scored higher than the adolescents who are blind in three of the total six dimensions of self concept, thus also scoring higher on the overall self-concept score.

“Good Women Do Not Inherit Land”: Politics of Land and Gender in India. By Nitya Rao. New Delhi: Social Science Press and Orient Blackswan, 2008. 356 pp. $95.00 (cloth).

“Good Women Do Not Inherit Land”: Politics of Land and Gender in India. By Nitya Rao. New Delhi: Social Science Press and Orient Blackswan, 2008. 356 pp. $95.00 (cloth).

Ageing and Gender in India

For women specifically, ageing has added problems of institutionalized gender hierarchies deeply ingrained in their cultures. This paper related issues of ageing in India to a feminist discourse on gender inequality and hierarchies and social norms rooted in patriarchy. The conclusion to this analysis is that serious and urgent efforts have to be made to address issues of gender imbalance in society and to better understand the problems of an ageing population which is now leading to a feminization of ageing.

The Iconography of Gender: The Indian Uprising of 1857

In this paper we consider the influences of the Indian Mutiny or Uprising of 1857 on gender formations in Anglo-India. The first part of our paper provides a concise background to the 1857 Uprising, while the second part explores the reconstructions of Anglo-Indian masculinity and femininity in response to the events of 1857 which shook Britain's confidence in its ability to control India. In particular we look at three examples of Mutiny iconography which open up a discourse on the status of whiteness in both Anglo-India and Britain with their implications for the relationship between race and gender in India.

The kinship, marriage and gender experiences of Tamil women in Sri Lanka's tea plantations

The organisation of labour on tea plantations in Sri Lanka is based on a spatial, functional and ideological integration of kinship, marriage and ritual practices within a capitalist system of plantation production. This article foregrounds the household, kinship, and work experiences of women who constitute one half of the community of plantation workers of south Indian origin, to provide a balanced perspective to the discourse on south Indian kinship systems and practices. Its focus is on the reinforcement of kinship and gender inequalities within households and within the plantation labour organisation. In privileging women's experiences of kinship and marriage, this article adds to recent studies on kinship and gender in India that challenge the more traditional accounts based on androcentric perspectives, geographical generalisations, and the essentialisation of women.

The Study of Gender in India

The main purpose of this article is to broaden U.S. scholars' awareness of the similarities and differences of gender literature in another part of the world. In providing this partial review of gender scholarship in India, the authors hope to foster critical reflection on the inequities of global knowledge production and consumption and the role of U.S. academic institutions and scholars in this project. The article is written not by scholars who are based in India but by those who are based in U.S. academies. Given their location, linguistic and cultural competencies, and scholarly expertise, the review, at best, can be described as a glimpse of gender scholarship in India. The four sections of this article feature theoretical and methodological issues, the women's movement, and violence against women in India.

Poor Women as Economic Agents: The Neo-Liberal State and Gender in India and the US

Drawing on neo-liberal economic norms, India and the US are increasingly marking and constituting women in poverty as new economic agents. Though based in vastly different socio-economic polities, poor women in both countries are subject to state- led agendas that seek to alter their economic conditions and their subjectivities. Discourse in the US seeks to shift women from welfare to that of workfare and thereby integrate them into the normative structures of dual-parent families. In India the state draws cn the rhetoric of enabling economic empowerment and yet fails to provide the required structural support. Details from the various programmes in the two countries and their impact indicate the extent to which there is a 'serial collectivity' between women in the two countries who share similar shifts in their identities, cul tures and life conditions despite being located in vastly different structural conditions.