Gender In Brazil Research Articles

Incorporating sex and gender into health research funded by the Brazilian Ministry of Health: lessons learned in 15 years and prospects for change

Incorporating sex and gender differences into health research demonstrates the inequalities in the health of women, men and intersex people. This study analyzed funding provided by the Brazilian Ministry of Health’s Department of Science and Technology (Decit/MS) for research incorporating sex and gender in Brazil between 2004 and 2018, stratified by year, region, funding format, and type of research. This is a descriptive retrospective study based on public secondary data provided by Decit/MS. A total of 171 studies were funded, with a value of 30.5 million PPP$, most conducted in educational and research institutions in Southeast Brazil (78.4%). Stratified analysis revealed no significant difference in the amount of funding provided under different government administrations. The largest investment was for national research funding (57.9%). Ten institutions received most of the financial resources provided (82.8%). The most funded research was on population and public health (62%). The most studied topic was chronic noncommunicable diseases (CNCD) (29%). Investments in research were insufficient and unequally distributed among regions, receiving institutions, and types of research. Government and funding agencies need to implement specific action plans to encourage understanding of sex and gender disparities in the Brazilian health sector.

Journalistic Careers and Gender in Brazil: Impasses and Inequalities between Men and Women in the Profession

ABSTRACT This study analyzes the trajectory of Brazilian women journalists. It compares the position of women and men journalists in the workplace and in the configuration of journalistic careers. It also analyzes how bot groups make their choices within this organizational system. This study also discusses how work-family balance mechanisms affect both genders differently. To meet these objectives, two sets of data were explored: a survey conducted with 496 Brazilian journalists and in-depth interviews conducted with 21 professionals. Results coincide with findings from literature in the area regarding structural inequalities in the profession: women earn less; they are under-represented in leadership and directorial positions in media companies while simultaneously being in the majority in less legitimate and more precarious segments of the profession. Women appear to limit their career choices to less ambitious positions in the workplace. In addition, female journalists are more likely to be constrained by the effects of balancing work and family when building their careers. The study argues that the literature on journalism careers should take gender studies into account when proposing different typologies of journalists’ careers.

Years of Potential Life Lost due to COVID-19 according to race/color and gender in Brazil between 2020 and 2021.

Mortality caused by the COVID-19 pandemic has impacted indicators of Years of Potential Life Lost (YPLL) worldwide. This study aimed to estimate the YPLL due to mortality caused by COVID-19, according to sex, age group, and race/color in Brazil, from March 2020 to December 2021. Deaths caused by COVID-19 were characterized, in which the rates and ratios of standardized YPLL rates, the average number of years of potential life lost (ANYPLL), and the average age at death (AAD) were estimated and compared. Overall, 13,776,969.50 potential years of life were lost, which resulted in an average loss of 22.5 potential years not lived. A greater loss of potential years of life was identified in men (58.12%) and in the age groups from 0 to 59 years in the black (58.92%) and indigenous (63.35%) populations, while in the age groups of 60 years and over, a greater loss of YPLL was observed in the white (45.89%) and yellow (53.22%) populations. Women recorded the highest ADD, with the exception of indigenous women. White men (1.63), brown men (1.59), and black men (1.61) had the highest rates when compared to white women. Although COVID-19 has a greater impact on the elderly, it was the black and indigenous populations under the age of 60 who had the greatest loss of potential years of life.

Geographic disparity of pathophysiological coronary artery disease characteristics: Insights from ASET trials

BackgroundThe geographical disparity in the pathophysiological pattern of coronary artery disease (CAD) among patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) is unknown. ObjectivesTo elucidate the geographical variance in the pathophysiological characteristics of CAD. MethodsPhysiological indices derived from angiography-based fractional flow reserve pullbacks from patients with chronic coronary syndrome enrolled in the ASET Japan (n = 206) and ASET Brazil (n = 201) studies, which shared the same eligibility criteria, were analysed.The pathophysiological patterns of CAD were characterised using Murray law-based quantitative flow ratio (μQFR)-derived indices acquired from pre-PCI angiograms. The diffuseness of CAD was defined by the μQFR pullback pressure gradient index. ResultsSignificant functional stenoses pre-PCI (μQFR ≤0.80) were more frequent in ASET Japan compared to ASET Brazil (89.9% vs. 67.5%, p < 0.001), as were rates of a post-PCI μQFR <0.91 (22.1% vs. 12.9%, p = 0.013). In the multivariable analysis, pre-procedural μQFR and diffuse disease were independent factors for predicting a post-PCI μQFR <0.91, which contributed to the different rates of post-PCI μQFR ≥0.91 between the studies. Among vessels with a post-PCI μQFR <0.91, a consistent diffuse pattern of CAD pre- and post-PCI occurred in 78.3% and 76.7% of patients in ASET Japan and Brazil, respectively; only 6.3% (Japan) and 10.0% (Brazil) of vessels had a major residual gradient. Independent risk factors for diffuse disease were diabetes mellitus in ASET Japan, and age and male gender in Brazil. ConclusionsThere was geographic disparity in pre-procedural angiography-based pathophysiological characteristics. The combined pre-procedural physiological assessment of vessel μQFR and diffuseness of CAD may potentially identify patients who will benefit most from PCI.

The role of nursing in a day center for patients with Alzheimer

Introduction: This article addresses the complex composition of the diagnosis of probable dementia caused by Alzheimer's disease, as well as the course of action necessary to access the subjects. Objective: to analyze the trajectory of the disease and/or care through re-reading reference materials for the pathology, considering the trajectory of the disease and care. Methodology: The literature review focused on the phenomenon of dementia and the care of elderly patients with Alzheimer's, their caregivers, and family members. The research supports the writing that was carried out through observations and experiences with the elderly and families who attend the institution Day Center for the Elderly (DCE). This institution receives elderly people with this diagnosis and offers day care through an individual plan related to personal care, medications, food, and therapeutic and memory activities aimed at elderly patients with Alzheimer's. Results and discussion: Next, the care itineraries adopted by the families with the mediation of the CDI, inserted in a broad and unequal context to gender in Brazil, were analyzed. From there, we start with the descriptions and interpretations of the so-called "perceptual dilemmas", faced by those with dementia, both in terms of memory and reasoning disorientations and in terms of everyday skills with their own body. Conclusion: After defining the particularities of subjects with dementia, an analysis of the inter-subjective relationships of care has been proposed, perpetrated in the constant exercise of the caregiver in establishing perceptual alterities to understand the demands of the other to meet them.

From the Yoga Mat to the Social Realm: Yoga and Gender in Brazil

From the Yoga Mat to the Social Realm: Yoga and Gender in Brazil

Deepening and widening the gap: The impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on gender and racial inequalities in Brazil.

Shaped by inconsistent policy decisions, the COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil has made structural gender and racial inequalities more acute. Black and low-income women are overburdened with unpaid domestic work, increased domestic violence, and more vulnerable due to informal and exploitative working regimes. These structural aspects are intensifying, since the pandemic has broadened inequalities at the intersection of gender, race, labor market, and social class. We examine pre- and during pandemic inequalities on three dimensions: (a) unpaid domestic and care work, (b) women's labor market participation, and (c) domestic violence. We link the care diamond model and racial stratification forwarding a feminist perspective by examining how the interlocking of race and gender in Brazil renders different socioeconomic dynamics to the detriment of Black and low-income women. Based on this evidence, we stress that a more equal future requires a better social protection and policies targeting the articulation of gender, race, and class.

Doing Gender in Brazil: An Examination of the Motivations for Cultural Consonance

AbstractCultural consonance is both a theoretical and methodological approach that provides a means of locating an individual within a cultural space via their degree of adherence to a particular shared cultural norm or model. Yet, lacunae remain in the cultural consonance approach, namely, the mechanisms that motivate putting cultural knowledge into practice. Using the performance of gender roles in Ribeirão Preto, Brazil, as a backdrop, this paper examines the roles of social network conformation (defined as the perceived adherence of one's social network with norms) and internalization of cultural norms (taken from Melford Spiro's theory of the same name) on cultural consonance. We show that the performance of cultural models is domain‐specific, with Brazilian men motivated by their social network, whereas women are motivated by their own internalized understandings of gender.Resumo Consonância cultural é ambos, uma teoria e uma abordagem metodológica, que fornece uma maneira de localizar um indivíduo dentro do espaço cultural por meio de seu grau de adesão a uma determinada norma ou modelo cultural compartilhado. Ainda permanecem lacunas na abordagem de consonância cultural, a saber, os mecanismos que motivam colocar o conhecimento cultural em prática. Usando o desempenho de papéis de gênero em Ribeirão Preto, Brasil como pano de fundo, esse trabalho examina a conformação dos papéis das redes sociais (definido como a aderência percebida da rede social de alguém com as normas), e internalização de normas culturais (retirada da teoria de Melford Spiro com mesmo nome) em consonância cultural. Nós mostramos que o desempenho de modelos culturais é específico de um domínio, com homens brasileiros motivados por suas redes sociais, enquanto as mulheres são motivadas por suas próprias compreensões internalizadas de gênero.

0177 Relationship Between Sleep Architecture and Age by Gender in Brazil: Baependi Heart Study

Abstract Introduction Sleep stage duration has been associated with age. However, few studies have examined sleep stages across adulthood in both men and women. The objective of this analysis was to describe sleep architecture across age by gender in a large cohort of Brazilian adults. Methods This ancillary study added polysomnography (PSG) recordings to the Baependi Heart study, a prospective family-based cohort of Brazilian adults. Preliminary analyses used data from 812 participants (517 women). Sleep was staged following standard criteria. Generalized linear models were used to assess associations between age (cubic polynomial) and sleep outcomes in analyses stratified by gender. Results Age ranged between 18 and 88 years. Mean age was 50.0 (SD = 13.3) for women and 49.9 (SD = 14.9) for men. Expected means for women at age 50 were 6.35 hours total sleep time (TST) (95% CI: 6.22, 6.48), 213.5 minutes in N2 (95% CI: 207.2, 219.9), and 75.6 minutes (95% CI: 71.9, 79.3) in REM. These were similar to expected means for men at age 50, which were 6.3 hours TST (95% CI: 6.12, 6.48), 212.9 minutes in N2 (95% CI: 204.0, 221.8), and 78.3 minutes (95% CI: 73.7, 82.8) in REM. Expected N3 at 50 years was higher in women (44.7 minutes i, 95% CI: 44.0, 45.5) than men (30.2 minutes,95% CI: 29.4, 31.1) and WASO duration was lower for women (62.6 minutes; 95% CI: 61.7, 63.5) than for men (69.8 minutes; 95% CI: 68.5, 71.1).Non-linear relationships with age were demonstrated for N3, REM, and WASO. For example, in women there appears to be a steeper decline in N3 between approximately ages 20-40 years, a plateau until approximately 55-60 years and then another decline. Men also exhibit a steeper decline at younger ages followed by a more gradual decline that begins around 35-40 years. By contrast, TST showed a stable, linear decline with age in men and women. Conclusion Preliminary analyses suggest that the relationship between age and some sleep outcomes differ by gender. Future analyses on the full sample will consider splines for age to investigate further these non-linear relationships. Support (If Any) 1R01HL141881

Proportion of people identified as transgender and non-binary gender in Brazil

Studies estimate that gender-diverse persons represent 0.1 to 2% of populations investigated, but no such assessment was performed in Latin America. In a representative sample of Brazil’s adult population (n = 6000), we investigated participants' sociodemographic characteristics and possible associations between these and current gender identity, categorized as cisgender, transgender or non-binary gender. We also investigated transgender individuals' distress associated with gender-related body characteristics. As main results, we found that transgender individuals represented 0.69% (CI95% = 0.48–0.90) of the sample, whereas non-binary persons were 1.19% (CI95% = 0.92–1.47). These percentages were not different among Brazil’s 5 geographic regions. Preliminary analyses showed that transgender individuals were on average younger (32.8 ± 14.2 years, CI95% = 28.5–37.1), compared to cisgender (42.2 ± 15.9, CI95% = 42.5–42.8) and non-binary (42.1 ± 16.5 years, CI95% = 38.3–46.5) groups. Non-binary persons are less likely to be in a relationship compared to cisgender individuals (OR = 0.57, CI95% = 0.35–0.93). In the transgender group, 85% of transgender men and 50% of transgender women reported distress due to gender-related body characteristics. Our main findings draw attention that gender-diverse Brazilian individuals represent around 2% of the country's adult population (almost 3 million people), and are homogeneously located throughout the country, reiterating the urgency of public health policies for these individuals in the five Brazilian sub-regions.

Inequalities in lung cancer mortality trends in Brazil, 2000\u20132015

The present study was conducted to evaluate the socioeconomic inequality related to lung cancer mortality rates and trends between 2000 and 2015 according to gender in Brazil. We retrieved the death records for cases of lung cancer (ICD-10 C33 C34) from 2000 to 2015 in adults age 30 years and older in Brazilian Regions from official databases (DATASUS) and corrected for ill-defined causes. The Prais-Winsten regression method and Pearson correlation were applied. The results were considered statistically significant when p < 0.05. The correlation between the lung cancer mortality rates and the HDI decreased when the rates for the first and last years of the historical series were compared in men (r = 0.77; r = 0.58) and women (r = 0.64; r = 0.41). However, the correlation between the trends in the lung cancer mortality rates and the HDI was negative in men (r = − 0.76) and women (r = − 0.58), indicating larger reductions (or smaller additions) among the Federative Units with the highest HDI, in contrast to trends reflecting a greater increase in those with the lowest HDI. Our results suggest a relevant inequality in the trends of mortality from lung cancer in Brazil.

Um estudo sobre a relação do gênero versus temática abordada nos artigos publicados nas revistas científicas da área contábil no Brasil

O presente estudo teve como objetivo apontar o perfil de produção científica em contabilidade por gênero no Brasil, mostrando qual a relação entre o gênero sexual e a temática abordada e publicada pelos pesquisadores(as) brasileiros(as). Assim, a estratégica metodológica caracterizou-se pela utilização de uma abordagem de pesquisa descritiva cujo problema de pesquisa é quantitativo. Na busca ao alcance do objetivo da pesquisa foi utilizada uma amostra intencional, que compreendeu sete revistas científicas, sendo que seis estão relacionadas a programas de pós-graduação em contabilidade e uma à entidade de classe ou de pesquisa. Os resultados apontam que a pesquisa científica em contabilidade está em crescente evolução, com predominância de autorias do gênero masculino, explorando temas principalmente relacionados às áreas de finanças e contabilidade gerencial, já as publicações de autoria feminina estão associadas aos temas de ensino, contabilidade financeira e contabilidade para instituições sem fins lucrativos/pública. Cabe ressaltar que as publicações, independente do gênero sexual, estão concentradas nas regiões Sul e Sudeste.

Brazilian Women With Lung Cancer Have a Higher Overall Survival Than Their Male Equivalents: A Cohort Study

BackgroundLung cancer is the principal cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide; however, there has been controversy as to whether there is a difference in survival rate according to gender in Brazil. The aim of the present study, therefore, was to compare the epidemiologic and clinical profile and the overall survival of patients with lung cancer according to gender. Patients and MethodsA retrospective cohort study was performed involving 1283 patients diagnosed with lung cancer between 2006 and 2014 at a single cancer center. Survival analysis was conducted using Kaplan-Meier statistics. A log-rank test was used to assess differences between survival curves, and Cox proportional hazards regression analysis was performed to quantitate the relationship between gender and overall survival. ResultsCompared with men, women were more frequently younger (P < .001), nonsmokers (P = .007), diagnosed with adenocarcinoma (P < .001), had early stage disease (P < .001), received surgery or surgery in combination with chemotherapy (P < .001), and had a better survival rate (P < .001). The median overall survival rate was higher in women (14.2 vs. 10.5 months in men; P < .001). Cox regression-adjusted analysis shows that women were 16% less likely to die than men (hazard ratio, 0.84; 95% confidence interval, 0.72-0.98; P = .03). ConclusionsA higher overall survival rate was found in women with lung cancer as compared with men with lung cancer in Brazil.

Gênero e raça em Xica da Silva

Este trabalho realiza uma leitura da interseccionalidade entre raça e gênero no Brasil do período colonial, tendo como corpus a obra Xica da Silva: a cinderela negra, de Ana Miranda, e o cenário político e sócio-histórico do País do século XVIII. O objetivo central é analisar o espaço ocupado pelas mulheres nas produções literárias feministas da atualidade, interessando verificar como esse espaço reflete a formação cultural do país, tendo em vista a interseccionalidade gênero/raça na obra em questão. Na perspectiva de interlocução entre literatura e política, os procedimentos metodológicos do estudo estão embasados na pesquisa bibliográfica e na análise de conteúdo, com o aporte da noção de interseccionalidade. A ideia defendida é a de que o registro da história das mulheres propicia outras releituras da história oficial, com narrativas que podem ser marcadas pela passagem de uma postura social de subalternidade para a de valoração e legitimação da voz social aceita entre a produção literária circulante no campo cultural. Nesses termos, a obra literária servirá de proposta para uma leitura da interseccionalidade entre raça e gênero no contexto histórico colonial. Os resultados do estudo indicam que Xica da Silva foi única, considerada como um caso de exceção da condição da mulher negra no Brasil.

An ecological study of publicly funded elective hip arthroplasties in Brazil and Scotland: do access inequalities reinforce the inverse care law?

ObjectivesTo compare elective hip arthroplasty rates funded by the public sector in Brazil and Scotland.DesignEcological study, 2009–13, of crude and directly standardised rates of elective primary hip arthroplasty rates (per 100,000) funded by the public sector at national and regional level for age (30 + years) and gender in Brazil and Scotland.SettingNational Health Service Scotland and Unified Health System in Brazil.ParticipantsOver 30 s who had undergone an elective hip arthroplasty funded by the public sector.Main outcome measuresPublicly funded standardised elective hip arthroplasty rates in Brazil and Scotland.ResultsBetween 2009 and 2013, there was a seven-fold difference in treatment rates between Brazil and Scotland, and an eight-fold regional difference in Brazil; Brazil (7.8–8.3/100,000, increase of 0.5 per 100,000, 95% confidence interval (CI) (0.3, 0.7) from 2009/10 to 2012/13) and Scotland (from 61.1 to 57.7/100,000, decrease of 3.4 per 100,000, 95% confidence interval (1.4, 5.8) per 100,000); a two-fold difference in number of public beds per head of population (Brazil 158.3/100,000 vs. Scotland 305.1/100,000) and general medical workforce (Brazil 198.8/100,000 vs. Scotland 327.4/100,000); numbers of orthopaedic surgeons per head of population in the two countries were similar in 2013 (Brazil 5.2/100,000 vs. Scotland 4.3/100,000).ConclusionAlthough the ‘inverse care law’ is seen in both countries, access to publicly funded hip arthroplasties in Brazil is worse than in Scotland; the distribution of specialists and higher treatment rates in Brazil is highly skewed towards wealthier areas, perpetuating historical regional inequalities.

From School to University: An Overview on STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics) Gender in Brazil

Since centuries ago, women have been seeking gender equity’s guarantee and even with the right to poll, divorce, work and education, it didn’t mean an equality of place in universities. Even though they are majority in Brazilian universities, this doesn't reflect itself in what relates to the permanence and career’s ascension in Exact Sciences field. A minimum number of women graduating in licentiate and bachelor degrees, though when they become researchers few ones achieve a productivity fellowship. Moreover black women’s situation is even more vulnerable. In basics education, a little number of women teaches disciplines related to Physics or Mathematics, making that students don’t fell represented. In this work is brought about a survey on ethnic/gender representativeness in database and together with students from middle/high school. The results of our study demonstrate that affirmative policies are needed to gender and ethnic equity in exact sciences yet. Not only in what refers to representativeness in researches and universities, but also aiming basics education’s schools. Encouraging the deconstruction of stereotypes and that more women, especially the black ones, can ingress on those graduation courses related to this scientific knowledge’s field.

Tendências na alocação do tempo no Brasil: trabalho e lazer

O objetivo deste artigo é documentar as tendências na alocação do tempo no Brasil entre 2001 e 2015. Em particular, pretende-se analisar a evolução das jornadas semanais de trabalho no mercado e em afazeres domésticos, além do tempo semanal dedicado ao lazer. A análise é feita por gênero e tem como base a Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicílios (PNAD), do Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE). Os resultados revelam que os homens desfrutam de mais horas de lazer do que as mulheres, ainda que haja uma tendência de redução dessa diferença ao longo do tempo. Há uma elevação do tempo dedicado ao lazer para ambos os sexos, mas este aumento se dá de forma mais acentuada para as mulheres. Os resultados mostram ainda que a ampliação do número de horas de lazer ao longo do período foi ocasionada por razões diversas entre homens e mulheres. Para eles, a elevação do lazer (de quatro horas semanais) pode ser explicada pela redução expressiva nas horas trabalhadas no mercado, enquanto para elas, o ganho de sete horas semanais de lazer deve-se à redução nas horas dedicadas aos afazeres domésticos.

P2‐059: Reversal proportion of Hepatitis C as underlying cause of death by age and gender in Brazil, 2000–2015

P2‐059: Reversal proportion of Hepatitis C as underlying cause of death by age and gender in Brazil, 2000–2015

Leprosy and gender in Brazil: trends in an endemic area of the Northeast region, 2001-2014.

ABSTRACTOBJECTIVE To analyze, stratifield by gender, trends of the new case leprosy detection rates in the general population and in children; of grade 2 disability, and of proportion of multibacillary cases, in the state of Bahia, Brazil from 2001 to 2014.METHODS A time series study based on leprosy data from the National Information System for Notifiable Diseases. The time trend analysis included Poisson regression models by infection points (Joinpoint) stratified by gender.RESULTS There was a total of 40,054 new leprosy cases with a downward trend of the overall detection rate (Average Annual Percent Change [AAPC = -0.4, 95%CI -2.8–1.9] and a non-significant increase in children under 15 years (AAPC = 0.2, 95%CI -3.9–4.5). The proportion of grade 2 disability among new cases increased significantly (AAPC = 4.0, 95%CI 1.3–6.8), as well as the proportion of multibacillary cases (AAPC = 2.2, 95%CI 0.1–4.3). Stratification by gender showed a downward trend of detection rates in females and no significant change in males; in females, there was a more pronounced upward trend of the proportion of multibacillary and grade 2 disability cases.CONCLUSIONS Leprosy is still highly endemic in the state of Bahia, with active transmission, late diagnosis, and a probable hidden endemic. There are different gender patterns, indicating the importance of early diagnosis and prompt treatment, specifically in males without neglecting the situation among females.

Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde 2013: relação entre uso de álcool e características sociodemográficas segundo o sexo no Brasil

To analyze sociodemographic factors associated with alcohol use according to gender in Brazil. Cross-sectional study using data from 2013 Brazilian Health Survey about 60,202 adults. We analyzed recent alcohol use and heavy episodic drinking in the 30 days prior to the research stratified by gender. The covariates were: age, educational level, skin color, marital status, and place of residence. The prevalence of recent alcohol use was 26.5%. In women, the prevalence was 14.4%; in men, 38.1%. In women, recent alcohol use was associated with younger age, higher educational level, being single or separated/divorced, and living in urban areas. In men, there was association with white skin color in addition to these factors. Among adults who used alcohol, 51.5% reported heavy episodic drinking - in women, this proportion was 43.4%; in men, 55.0%. In women, heavy episodic drinking was associated with younger age, being single or separated/divorced and living in urban areas; white skin color and higher educational level had negative association with this pattern. In men, heavy episodic drinking was directly associated with younger age and being single or divorced and inversely to white skin color; there was no significant relation with education and place of residence. We observed that men consume more alcohol than women. There is a convergence of alcohol consumption, including heavy episodic drinking, between men and women who are younger, single and divorced, and residents of urban areas. Skin color, educational level, and place of residence showed variations in the models by sex.