Gender Expression Research Articles

Beyond Stereotypes: A Socialist Feminist Exploration of Female Characters in Shoujo Anime and Their Impact on Traditional Gender Roles in Japanese Society

This study explores the complex portrayal of female characters in shoujo anime, focusing on how they challenge or subvert traditional gender roles and stereotypes in Japanese society. Through the examination of three popular shoujo anime series—“Nana”, “Skip and Loafer,” and “Violet Evergarden”—the paper investigates how the shoujo genre has evolved within the context of Japan’s cultural, historical, and political landscape. Utilizing a socialist feminist perspective, the research highlights the intersectionality of gender, class, and power, providing insights into gender equality’s universal challenges and opportunities. This investigation emphasizes shoujo anime’s potential to shape perceptions of gender roles among viewers, inspire alternative narratives, and contribute to the ongoing struggle for respectful and empowering representations of women. The study concludes with recommendations for fostering a culture that respects and values diversity in gender roles and expressions.

How Much Bullying and Discrimination Are Reported by Sexual and Gender Minorities in Orthopaedics?

Discriminatory practices against minority populations are prominent, especially in the workplace. In particular, lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer or questioning (LGBTQ+) individuals experience several barriers and stressors more often than individuals who do not identify as LGBTQ+. Mistreatment is common among these individuals in their personal and professional lives. However, representation and perceptions of discrimination and bullying among attendings, residents, medical students, and other professionals who identify as LGBTQ+ and are "out" (openly acknowledging and expressing one's sexual orientation or gender identity) is seldom studied in orthopaedic surgery. (1) How often are orthopaedic trainees and professionals who identify as LGBTQ+ out in their workplaces? (2) What proportion of these individuals report experiencing discrimination, bullying, or differential treatment? (3) Is there regional variation in these reported experiences of bullying and discriminatory behaviors by orthopaedic trainees and professionals in the LGBTQ+ community? Individuals registering for Pride Ortho, a community of LGBTQ+ individuals and their allies established in 2021 to provide mentorship, networking, and a sense of community among its members, completed an internet-based survey developed by organization leadership. A total of 156 individuals registering for the Pride Ortho community were eligible to participate in the internet-based survey. In all, 92% (144 of 156) fully completed the survey, 6% (10 of 156) partially completed it, and 1% (2 of 156) did not complete any part of the survey. Most respondents (64% [100 of 156]) identified as being LGBTQ+, with 77 members at the attending level of their careers. More than half of LGBTQ+ members (56% [56 of 100]) identified as cisgender women (individuals who identify as women and who were born female). Demographic information was privately collected and deidentified, and included sex assigned at birth, gender expression or identity (the social constructed role that an individual chooses to inhabit, regardless of that individual's assigned sex at birth), sexual orientation, self-identified race, location, level of training, and orthopaedic subspecialty. Ninety-four percent (94 of 100) of LGBTQ+ respondents reported being out at their workplace, with nearly one-third of respondents indicating they were only partially out. Most (74% [74 of 100]) respondents reported either "yes" or "maybe" to perceived experiences of bullying, discrimination, or being treated differently. All individuals who partially completed the survey were straight or heterosexual and did not answer or answered "not applicable" to being out in their workplace. These individuals also all answered "no" to experiencing bullying, discrimination, or being treated differently. There was no geographic variation in reported experiences of bullying and discriminatory behaviors by orthopaedic trainees and professionals. Most LGBTQ+ orthopaedic trainees and professionals are out in their workplaces, although they report experiencing discrimination and bullying more than do non-LGBTQ+ individuals. Bullying and discrimination can deter individuals from beginning and completing their training in orthopaedic surgery. We recommend that orthopaedic institutions not only enforce existing antidiscrimination legal mandates but also increase the visibility of LGBTQ+ faculty and residents. This effort should include the implementation of diversity and sensitivity training programs, strengthened by a structured process of monitoring, reporting, and integrating feedback from all members in the workplace to continuously refine policy adherence and identify the root cause of the reported perceptions of bullying and discrimination. To deepen our understanding of the experiences faced by sexual and gender minorities in orthopaedic surgery settings, it is crucial to quantify reports of perceived bullying and discrimination. Addressing these issues is key to creating a more diverse and empathetic workforce within orthopaedic institutions, which in turn can lead to improved patient care and a better work environment. Recognizing and understanding the specific contexts of these experiences is an essential starting point for developing a truly inclusive environment for both trainees and attending physicians.

Comic Elements as a System of Queer Expression: A Close Analysis of Maia Kobabe's Gender Queer: A Memoir

The paper analyses the relationship between queer and comics, with a particular emphasis on Maia Kobabe's graphic memoir Gender Queer: A Memoir. It explores the narrative significance of comics and the convergence of queerness within the medium, framed within the theoretical frameworks of Scott McCloud, Richard Walsh, Ramzi Fawaz, and Darieck Scott. The primary objective of the study is to demonstrate how words and images interact to communicate Maia's gender and sexual identities in a way that defies accepted cultural norms. It analyses and exhibits the ability of the visual narrative to convey nuanced facets of queer identity, ranging from representations of physical discomfort during medical exams to the presentation of romantic fantasies defying binary gender norms. The paper concludes that Maia employs an effective tool to convey the subtleties of eir queer identity through the symbiotic relationship between words and pictures, based on a careful analysis of eir narrative. Beyond the confines of conventional language, a more comprehensive expression of gender and sexuality is made possible by the interaction of words and images.

“Straight-acting white for same”: In-person and online/app-based discrimination exposure among sexual minority men

This study quantitatively and qualitatively examined the prevalence, frequency, and content of discrimination exposure among gay, bisexual, and other sexually minoritized men (SMM) within sexual minority contexts. Participants were an online, U.S. national sample of 14,133 SMM who reported discrimination exposure within sexual minority contexts targeting: body type, race, sexual behavior, HIV status, gender expression, age, and income/employment. Quantitative analyses included prevalence percentages and frequencies and ANOVAs, t-tests, and correlations to examine the frequency of discrimination exposure type across participant race/ethnicity, sexual identity, gender identity, HIV status, age, and income. Qualitative analyses included conventional content analysis of responses to an open-ended discrimination exposure item. Results showed that discrimination exposure was nearly universal (99%). Discrimination exposure frequency was lowest among White men and, other than for income/employment discrimination exposure, highest among Asian/Pacific Islander men. For several discrimination types, exposure frequency was highest among groups targeted by group-specific negative stereotypes (e.g., Black men were exposed to the most income/employment discrimination). Qualitative analyses highlighted specific exposures to discrimination targeting body type, race/ethnicity, gender identity, attractiveness, education, and intersections between forms of discrimination. Over 69% of write-in responses were relevant to online/app-based discrimination. Findings underscore the importance of examining individual and intersectional discrimination exposure targeting marginalized social positions within sexual minority communities, particularly in online/app contexts.

Differential Evaluation of Straight and Gay Men for Nonverbal Effeminate Behavior.

The purpose of this study was to determine how violation of gender-based expectancies might influence straight men's attitudes toward men who differ by sexual orientation (i.e., straight or gay). This study was specifically designed to avoid methodological issues that may have been present in similar research. Hypotheses were informed by Expectancy-Violation Theory (EVT) and the Black Sheep Effect (BSE), which together suggest that an effeminate straight man should be evaluated by other straight men more negatively than an effeminate gay man because the former target negatively violated expectations. Additionally, EVT suggests that a masculine gay man should be evaluated more positively than a masculine straight man because the former positively violates expectations, while the BSE instead suggests the latter should be evaluated more positively than the former due to ingroup bias. Self-identified straight men evaluated a male target whose sexual orientation and gender conformity were manipulated through a photo and vignette. A moderated mediation analysis was performed to determine if perceived expectancy violation mediated the relationship between sexual orientation and evaluations for both effeminate and masculine men. Straight effeminate targets were evaluated more negatively than gay effeminate targets; however, straight masculine targets were evaluated more favorably than gay masculine targets, a finding more consistent with the BSE. In addition, perceived expectancy violation did not mediate the relationship between sexual orientation and evaluations regardless of gender expression. More research should be conducted to identify the mechanisms through which evaluations of straight and gay targets differ based on gender expression.

Preaching beyond Binary Categories: An Approach from Process Theology

Thinking in binary categories has often characterized both the Christian community and communities beyond the church. This pattern of mental operation typically sees binary categories as self-contained and often as mutually exclusive, e.g., male/female, judgment/salvation, and religious/secular. However, some interpreters call binary thinking into question and point to possibilities of more nuanced perspectives, perhaps most well-known with respect to more expansive views of gender: the categories of male and female are not mutually exclusive but are reference points among clusters of sexual and gender expression and preferences. Process theology offers preachers ways to transcend binary exclusivism. Several convictions of process thought come into play: the divine aim that all things work together for optimum becoming, the dipolar nature of God, the internal relationship of all things, and especially the perception that a binary is an invitation for creative transformation in thinking beyond the binary pattern about how the elements in the field of the binary might relate with one another so as to honor diversity as part of moving towards optimum becoming. The article begins with a statement of the problem, summarizes key elements of process thought that come into play, sketches how a preacher might seek the creative transformation of binary impasses, and brings forward three case studies of binaries that illustrate this approach in action.

Revaluing Gender and Religion in the Anthropological Debate of the Anthropocene: A Critique on the Threefold Culture–Nature–Supernature Divide

This study argues that current anthropological research on human–nature relatedness lacks an explicit focus on gender and religion. It brings to the forefront that most current studies in Anthropocene anthropology that move away from anthropocentrism and towards studying more-than-human relatedness imply a disregard of gender that concerns both the ‘human’ and the ‘non-human’ in their mutual relationships. Presuming that the concept of sociality does not distinguish between human and nonhuman, the authors believe, however, that expressions of gender in more-than-human social relatedness cannot be denied. Simultaneously, they state that Anthropocene scholarship, by conceiving a secular future for humans restoring their relatedness with nature, is inclined to leave the ‘supernature’ out and to ignore experiences and embodied practices of enchantment in the modern world. By reviewing the feminist anthropological literature on the nature–culture divide and exploring the potential of enchantment as a way out of the secular condition of anthropology, the authors aim to restore a focus on gender and religion in anthropological Anthropocene scholarship while also transcending the threefold nature–culture–supernature divide. This review offers the theoretical prelude and introduction to the contributions of the Special Issue “Gender, Nature and Religious Re-enchantment in the Anthropocene”.

Gender expression and gender identity in virtual reality: avatars, role-adoption, and social interaction in VRChat

Introduction: This study examines the complex relationship between gender, virtual reality, and social interaction.Methods: Utilizing unobtrusive observations and interviews within the VRChat platform, this research explored avatar choices, interactions, and full-body tracking (FBT) technology utilization as they related to users’ expressions and perceptions of gender in virtual reality (VR).Results: The findings revealed that cultural background plays a significant role in shaping gender expression and perception. Results demonstrated the fluidity of gender expression in virtual environments, highlighting how users can challenge and subvert traditional gender norms, and the potential of virtual reality as a tool for experiential learning, fostering cross-cultural understanding, and promoting inclusive and diverse gender expressions.Discussion: This study contributes to the emerging body of literature on virtual reality and gender, providing insights that can inform future research and technology development.

Relationship experiences of transgender and non-binary adults: exploring dating goals, relationship structures, minority stress, sexual fetishization, and relationship victimization

Objective Here we investigate the relationship experiences of TNB individuals, with a particular focus on (1) relationship status and structure; (2) dating motivations and dating app use; (3) minority stress in relational contexts, including rates and experiences of fetishization, and minority stress-related difficulties in relationship formation and maintenance; (4) rates of relationship violence, victimization, and online harassment; and (5) relationship outcomes, namely sexual and relationship satisfaction. Method 316 TNB adults (M age = 26.84 years, SD = 7.47) completed a survey to assess their relationship experiences. Results Just over half the sample was in a romantic relationship; 68% were monogamous and 32% were consensually non-monogamous (CNM). Almost 75% of partnered individuals were satisfied in their relationship, and neither sexual nor relationship satisfaction differed by gender or relationship structure (monogamous vs. CNM). The highest rated motivation for dating was to find a love relationship, and the lowest rated motivation was for casual sex. Almost 70% reported difficulties finding a partner because of their gender identity or expression, and 63% reported having experienced fetishization. Compared with men and non-binary individuals, rates of fetishization were highest for women. Finally, high rates of online and in-person victimization were found, including verbal abuse (52%), sexual coercion (44%) and physical violence (34%). Conclusion Results provide new evidence about the relationship experiences of TNB adults. Results suggest that many TNB individuals form and maintain satisfying relationships, but also face significant minority stress-related challenges in relational contexts. More research into relationship interventions to better support TNB individuals is warranted.

Experiences of hereditary cancer care among transgender and gender diverse people: "It's gender. It's cancer risk…it's everything".

Transgender and gender diverse (TGD) individuals are a significant yet underrepresented population within genetic counseling research and broader LGBTQI+ health studies. This underrepresentation perpetuates a cycle of exclusion from the production of medical knowledge, impacting the quality and equity of care received by TGD individuals. This issue is particularly poignant in cancer genetic counseling, where TGD individuals with elevated cancer risk receive risk assessment, counseling, and referral to support based on risk figures and standards of care developed for cisgender individuals. The experiences of TGD individuals navigating inherited cancer syndromes remain largely undocumented in medical literature, posing challenges to the provision of inclusive care by genetics providers. To bridge this knowledge gap, we conducted a cross-sectional qualitative study. Nineteen semi-structured interviews were held with gender diverse adults having hereditary cancer syndromes, family histories of such syndromes, or personal histories of chest cancer. Our study employed thematic analysis using combined inductive and deductive methods to illuminate how hereditary cancer care intersects with participants' gender identities, gender expression, and gender-affirming care experiences. Participants reflected on care experiences that felt affirming or triggered gender dysphoria. Participants also discussed the interplay between risk-reducing mastectomy and top surgery, exploring co-emergent dynamics between cancer risk management and gender expression. Significantly, participants identified actionable strategies for healthcare providers to enhance support for gender diverse patients, including the mindful use of gendered language, collaborative decision-making, and conveying allyship. These findings offer valuable insights into tailoring genetic counseling to meet the unique needs of TGD individuals, advancing the path toward inclusive and appropriate care for LGBTQI+ individuals with hereditary cancer syndromes.

Queer breaches and normative devices: language learners queering gender, sexuality, and the L2 classroom

ABSTRACT Cisgender and heterosexual norms permeate every level of language classrooms, from textbooks to classroom discourse to teachers’ actions, constraining queer/trans learners’ ability to be themselves. Yet queer/trans and non-queer/trans learners alike may challenge cisheteronormativity within the language classroom and create new possibilities. We investigate the possibilities of queer/trans learners’ agency within these normative structures by bringing together three cases from larger separate projects, examining the context and actions of learners in each setting as they attempt to queer their classrooms to make them habitable. Drawing from Ahmed’s queer phenomenology, we analyze the devices that orient students to classroom cisheteronormativity, actions that students and their accomplices may take to breach these norms, and the reactions to and potential of such breaches within the L2 classroom context. We find that orienting devices, including curricular representation, language use, and grading practices, convey implicit and explicit messaging that can limit expressions of gender and sexuality. Yet queer breaches, when not subject to straightening, can lead to new classroom possibilities for expression, playfulness, and identity validation. We conclude by considering the implications of this analysis for practice.

Exploring the Fluidity of Becoming: A Stylistic Analysis of Claudia Morgado E.’s No Bikini


 The paper is a critical exploration of the fluidity of becoming through the character of Robin in Claudia Morgado Escanilla’s short film No Bikini1 (2007). The paper further investigates the role of water in the dynamic configurations of the paradigms of gender expressions and highlights Robin’s relationship with water in their process of ‘becoming.’ An extensive focus on the stylistic construction of Robin’s character and the space of the swimming pool is analysed in rendering further possibilities of extending one’s self beyond the realms of the heteronormative world. Hence, this paper essays at understanding the positionality of children amidst the larger queer expressions predominantly constitutive of adult lives, and how children negotiate gender roles and a child’s casual manner of queering heteronormative structures, are further studied.

Gender Expression Under Dormitory Conflict Discourse

Dormitory interpersonal conflict is an important problem students face in college life. On the micro level, it affects students’ study life and physical and mental health. It also affects social opinion and student affairs management to a certain extent on the macro level. However, the expression patterns of different genders in the process of dormitory conflict are different. Therefore, this study aimed to analyze the different expressions of males and females under dormitory conflict. We analyzed the gender expression of dormitory conflict in college students from the perspective of linguistics, communication, and sociology. We found that females are more sensitive to certain trivial things influenced by patriarchal society.

ISSP position stand on cultural praxis in sport psychology: reaffirming our commitments to the ethics of difference, cultural inclusion, and social justice

ABSTRACT The international sport psychology community is intricately interconnected with the broader geopolitical landscape. Therefore, our community can be a powerful agent, transforming political polarisation in sports into respectful conversations of differing opinions, valuing diversity, and promoting cultural safety, inclusivity, and ethical practices. The International Society of Sport Psychology (ISSP) has been at the forefront in providing a comprehensive scientific review of pressing topics facing our communities, sharing the best scientific and applied practices, and inspiring sport psychology professionals to envision a more equitable future. The current heated debates about self-identity and gender expression, protecting women athletes’ rights and opportunities, performance and mental health, and athlete activism, compel us to reaffirm our commitment to cultural praxis in sport psychology. This position stand demonstrates how cultural praxis can become a catalyst for genuine change, paving the way to a more culturally responsive, just, and inclusive future in sport psychology.

Passports, Prisons, and Every Space Between

In 2016 long-standing activism culminated in the implementation of Bill C-16, which added “gender and gender expression” to the protected classes of the Canadian Human Rights Act. Despite a commitment to consistency across federal policy, wide discrepancies occurred between the changes to the passport and those to the prison. On the one hand, Citizenship Canada announced that “people who do not identify as female (‘F’) or male (‘M’)” could change their passport sex to be an X. On the other hand, the Correctional Service of Canada (CSC) begrudgingly introduced Interim Policy Bulletin 584, which provides accommodation based “on gender identity or expression” within the binary system. Through a comparative analysis, this article queries the enactment of nonbinary recognition between two foundational sites of Canadian federal control: a site of mobility (the passport) and a site of immobility through mass incarceration (the prison). Arguing against expanding prisons or the creation of nonbinary correctional institutions, this article traces the racial geographies that X is both embedded within and enacts, exposing the violence that ushers forth new forms of trans citizenship reliant on anti-Blackness, captivity, and fungibility. Building from these case studies, this article mobilizes the state deployment of gendered expression and determination to nuance theories of gender self-determination. Specifically, this article considers how the theoretical application of the term may dissimulate distinctions in (in)violability, vulnerability, and capacity between and within Blackness and transness.

Языковое выражение гендерного статуса в немецком языке: за и против

The study aims to determine the influence of modern social processes in the ethnic society of German-speaking countries on the linguistic component of gender expression in the German language. The paper analyzes the current means of gender identity expression in the German language, emphasizes the role of including the gender parameter in linguistic research. The scientific novelty of the work lies in systematizing modern trends in gender expression, determining the role of language for expressing gender identity, roles and expectations in the German ethnic society. As a result of the study, two main strategies for combating androcentrism in the German language are identified: the replacement of gender-specific linguistic units with gender-neutral ones and the equal use of lexical units of the feminine and the masculine grammatical gender in speech. The analysis of the public reaction to modern innovations in the expression of gender status in language is carried out.

Emphasizing Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity Data Capture for Improved Cardiovascular Care of the LGBTQ+ Population

ImportanceThe rising self-identifying lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ+) population makes understanding the unique health care needs of sexual and gender minoritized patients an urgent one. The interaction between minority stress and cardiovascular disease has been well described among underrepresented minoritized populations. The underrepresentation of minoritized populations in clinical research is partly responsible for worse cardiovascular outcomes in these populations. The absence of sexual orientation and gender identity and expression (SOGIE) data makes it difficult to understand the cardiovascular health of LGBTQ+ adults, thereby widening health care disparities in this population. Advancing cardiovascular health equity for LGBTQ+ patients must begin with careful and accurate SOGIE data collection.ObservationsCurrent SOGIE data capture remains inadequate despite federal mandates. Challenges in data collection include political and regulatory discrimination, patient/practitioner hesitancy, lack of supportive guidance on SOGIE data collection, improper terminology, regulatory inertia, and inadequate and often incorrect integration of SOGIE data into electronic health records (EHRs). Additional challenges include grouping participants as “others” for statistical significance. The inclusion of SOGIE data has demonstrated an impact in other fields like cancer survivorship and surgery. The same needs to be done for cardiology.Conclusions and RelevancePotential solutions for improving much-needed SOGIE data collection include (1) implementing LGBTQ+ inclusive policies, (2) integrating SOGIE data into the EHR, (3) educating health care professionals on the relevance of SOGIE to patient-centered care, and (4) creating a diverse cardiovascular workforce. These steps can substantially enhance the ability to collect SOGIE data to address LGBTQ+ cardiovascular health care disparities.

The ‘Mascara Boys’: Performance, Subversion, and the New Pakistani Masculinity

This study offers an exploration into the performative expressions of gender and masculinity by the "Mascara Boys" in Pakistan. Situating the research within the frameworks of performativity theory and hybrid masculinities, the study investigates how these individuals subvert and challenge established masculinity norms through the strategic use of Instagram as a transgressive digital space. The findings reveal a multifaceted landscape where digital platforms act as both a stage and a catalyst for conversations on gender diversity, both within Pakistan and transnationally. The Mascara Boys emerge as agents of change who navigate complex intersections of socio-cultural expectations to embody a form of hybrid masculinity that is both locally informed and globally resonant. Through their intentional acts, they not only disturb entrenched heteropatriarchal structures but also contribute to a richer, more complex understanding of masculinity. The study concludes that their emergence as practitioners of hybrid masculinity within the Pakistani context signals a significant paradigm shift, urging a re-evaluation of normative gender roles and paving the way for a more inclusive discourse on gender diversity in Pakistan.

Updated pooled analyses of first-line anti-PD1/PD-L1 inhibitors plus chemotherapy in advanced esophageal squamous cell carcinoma.

366 Background: Advanced and metastatic esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) patients have limited treatment options and poor prognosis. Recently, several studies demonstrated the clinical benefit of combining immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) and chemotherapy (CT), leading to its approval in the first-line setting. Since then, efforts have been made to identify the patients who may benefit the most or not from the combination of ICI plus CT. Methods: We searched PubMed, Scopus, and the Cochrane Library for randomized clinical trials investigating first-line ICI plus chemotherapy (CT) for advanced or metastatic ESCC patients. Outcomes of interest included: overall survival (OS), progression-free survival (PFS), objective response rate (ORR), and OS according to gender, PD-L1 expression (<1% / ≥1%), and PD-L1 CPS (<10 / ≥10). We used I2 statistics to assess heterogeneity, and the fixed-effect model was used to pool studies. Results: Eight studies were included with 4,702 patients. Of them, most had an ECOG 0 or 1, and were younger than 65 years (62%), male (77%), and Asian (78%). Metastatic disease was diagnosed in 75% of patients. ICI plus CT was administered to 58%, and 43% received CT +/- placebo. Median follow-up ranged from 7.1 to 22.6 months. ICI plus CT significantly improved all efficacy outcomes compared to CT alone: decreasing the risk of death by 32% (HR for OS: 0.68; 95%CI 0.63-0.74; p<0.00001); reducing the risk of progression or death by 38% (HR for PFS: 0.62; 95%CI 0.58-0.67; p<0.00001); and increasing the objective response rate (risk difference: 0.17; 95%CI 0.14-0.20; p<0.00001). A survival benefit was seen across all subgroup analyses, but it was significantly higher in patients with PD-L1 ≥1% compared to those with PD-L1 <1% (reduction in the risk of death of 38% versus 23% respectively, p=0.03). OS was not significantly different between males versus females, or PD-L1 CPS≥10 versus CPS<10. Conclusions: Our large systematic review and meta-analysis support the efficacy and survival benefit of ICI plus CT as first-line therapy for all ESCC patients, regardless of gender or PD-L1 expression.

Associations between Gender Expression, Protective Coping Strategies, Alcohol Saliency, and High-Risk Alcohol Use in Post-Secondary Students at Two Canadian Universities.

This study, conducted in October 2017 at two Canadian universities, aimed to explore the relationships between gender expression, protective coping strategies, alcohol saliency, and high-risk alcohol use. Validated scales were employed to assess these variables using survey data. Multivariate analyses were conducted to investigate the associations between these factors and high-risk drinking. This study revealed significant associations between high-risk drinking and androgynous gender roles (OR = 1.58, 95% CI: 1.19-2.10) as well as among self-reported males (OR = 2.21; 95% CI: 1.77-2.75). Additionally, protective behavioural strategies were inversely related to high-risk drinking (OR = 0.95; 95% CI: 0.94-0.96), while higher alcohol saliency exhibited a positive correlation with high-risk drinking (OR = 1.12; 95% CI: 1.11-1.14). These findings underscore the importance of considering gender, alcohol saliency beliefs, and protective behavioural strategies in the development and refinement of interventions aimed at reducing high-risk alcohol use on Canadian campuses.