Gender Equality In Family Research Articles

Gender labor segregation in the care economy: needs research and solutions

The purpose of the research to determine the needs and workload of people who provide free care for their elderly relatives at home. Methodology – a mixed method was applied, which included an electronic individual questionnaire with open and closed questions among 201 residents of Kazakhstani urban and rural areas. Originality / value of the research - the first study in Kazakhstan aimed at identifying the needs and the time use of people engaged in unpaid care for their elderly relatives. Findings: A social and demographic portrait of a caregiver for an older adult at home was composed, the share of institutional, paid and unpaid care in households and the distribution of household workload between spouses were estimated, and the perception of gender equality in families was defi ned. The study showed that the basic needs of people caring for their older relatives at home included benefi ts and payments, services of a public social worker /compensation for care assistant services, a solid pension, an increase in the caregiver’s social status, free medicines and medical care. A shortage of institutional care services for older people in Kazakhstan has been identifi ed, and recommendations for developing a national care system have been proposed.

Family Planning Policy in China and the Gender Equality in Family and Labor Market

This article examines the effects of China’s Family Planning Policy (FPP) on the gender wealth gap and the division of housework within Chinese families. Initially, the study applies dependency theory to analyze the influence of the FPP on Chinese families. Firstly, we find that there was no significant gender wealth gap during the One-Child Policy (OCP) period, which indicates that the OCP indirectly reduced the economic dependence of Chinese women on their husbands by narrowing the gender wealth gap. Secondly, despite an increase in male participation in housework during the OCP, the dependency of males on females for housework and childcare remained unchanged. These factors exerted pressure on Chinese women and influenced their overall life satisfaction.

Commmunity Perception of Gender Equality in Families in Lattekko Village, Bone Regency

Gender is a cultural interpretation and receives a lot of attention in society. One of the problems that occurs in the community in Lattekko Village, Bone Regency, this research is to determine community perceptions and forms of equality within the family by studying family systems theory through developing scales or indicators that reflect aspects of gender equality. Quantitative approach to data collection. The research results show that the level of public knowledge regarding gender equality is still very low. Of the total 40 respondents, only 9 (22.5%) respondents knew gender, while 31 (77.5%) respondents did not know. However, the level of gender equality between men and women does not result in differences in treatment, work, time, public participation in society and household duties. The level of knowledge of respondents regarding gender equality in Lattekko Village, Awangpone District, Bone Regency, is still very low.

KESETARAAN JENDER DALAM KEPUTUSAN BER KB DI PUSKESMAS KECAMATAN PALMERAH JAKARTA BARAT TAHUN 2022

Decision-making relatewith reproductive health is not fully in the hands of women sometimes it based on husband or family especially when problems with termination of pregnancy arise. This condition can lead women to death. The aim is to explore gender equality in family planning decisions were in Palmerah in West Jakarta District Health Center in 2009. The benefits of this research is to understand gender equality in family planning decisions were expected to prevent the occurrence of an unwanted pregnancy that led to the decline in maternal mortality. This research is quantitative descriptive design with cross sectional correlation. By involving 131 mothers as the respondent. Data were analyzed by univariate, bivariate and multivariate. Results showed gender equality in family planning decisions were the most are those that have gender equality in family planning decisions were numbered 68 women (51.9%) and independent variables that have significant knowledge (p = 0.000), P-value attitudes (p = 0.000) P-value perception (p = 0.000) and for the characteristics of the mother and the father of P-value for Age Mr (p = 0049), P-value for Mother Works (p = 0.000), P-value for family income (p = 0021). Statistical tests can be performed because of logistic regression analysis results bivariatnya to determine the candidates all have the value p value <0.25. Of the six variables are independent variables age of the father of the P-Wald 0.016 most related to gender equality in family planning decisions were once controlled by the Income Families P-Wald 0.025. The results of this study recommends to the Head of Puskesmas Kec. Palmerah to improve the promotion of gender equality. Recommendations are also given to other researchers who intend to conduct research on gender equality to involve more variables that were assessed with different design and use instruments that have validity and reliability of raw value.

Parental leave system design impacts on its gendered use: Paternity leave introduction in Spain

AbstractObjectiveThe article evaluates the 2007 introduction of nontransferable and fully paid paternity leave in Spain.BackgroundPrevious research has focused on paternity leave reforms, especially in the Nordic and continental countries. This article studies characteristics of the parental leave system design, including transferability, payment, and purpose of different types of leave for mothers and fathers in a Mediterranean country.MethodWe use a quasi‐experimental approach based on a sample of heterosexual dual‐earner couples with children born before and after the paternity leave introduction. We estimate differences in differences regression models.ResultsThe 2007 reform caused a significant increase in fathers' number of days of parental leave. Most fathers used the whole nontransferable and fully paid paternity leave, but they hardly used transferable or unpaid leave. Mothers used all of these, especially paid leave.ConclusionThe number of nontransferable fully paid days of parental leave provided by law approximates the actual number of days most fathers used.ImplicationsThe policy design matters. A design of equal, nontransferable, and fully paid leave for each parent is necessary for equal use by fathers and mothers—and thus for gender equality in families and work.

Does ICT change household decision-making power of the left-behind women? A Case from China

With labor migration, patriarchal families in rural China are changing. Furthermore, informatization is altering family, social, and cultural norms and accessibility to relative resources. Gender differences in information technology, however, may precipitate a digital divide and aggravate gender power gaps in families. Rural families in which males migrate to cities for employment, leaving female spouses behind, are common in China. The influence of informatization on the distance in family power structure between male and female members await further exploration. Employing resource and cultural norm theories and the propensity score matching (PSM) method, this study analyzed effects of male spouse migration and ICT (information and communication technology) use on ‘left-behind’ women's household decision-making power. The results showed that having migrant husbands increased household decision-making power of left-behind women and enhanced gender equality in families. Left-behind women's cellular phone use bolstered their household decision-making power, while using computers had no apparent effect. Left-behind women may lack skills to operate computers except for entertainment and socializing. Thus, they do not reap human capital advantages from using them.

Deteriorating Employment and Marriage Decline in Japan

As is the case in Western countries, more Japanese are marrying later or remaining unmarried and are postponing childbearing or staying childless. Previous studies revealed that those individuals who were unable to secure regular employment due to the serious recession between the mid-1990s and mid-2000s, labelled a “lost generation,” had a very low marriage rate. But what about subsequent cohorts? Using a discrete-time logit model to analyse Japanese Life Course Panel Survey data, this study investigates the effects of employment on first marriages between 2007 and 2015, including cohorts after the lost generation. The results indicate that: (a) among men who are classed as non-regular employees, unemployed, or low-income regular employees, the likelihood of first marriage is low due to their weak economic position; and (b) women have a low likelihood of first marriage if they are non-regular employees or unemployed, not because of their employment status but because they have less chance of meeting a romantic partner and also because of their values regarding work and marriage. These explicit gender differences in the findings contradict observations made in contemporary Europe and North America, where a trend towards gender convergence in the effects of employment and earnings on marriage has been identified. The ambivalence towards gender equality in family and the workplace will be discussed to understand why many young Japanese remain single.

One step forward? Advances and setbacks on the path toward gender equality in families and work

AbstractMen and women increasingly express egalitarian preferences for organizing family life, but workplace norms and practices are still based on relatively traditional assumptions about the gender division of labor in families. In this article, we unpack this discordant feature of the cultural landscape with recent sociological research on gender, work, and family. We begin by discussing the growing body of evidence on preferences for gender–egalitarian relationships and specify how these egalitarian desires are incongruous with workplace norms and practices. Such a mismatch between desires and reality tends to produce negative personal and career outcomes, including work–family conflict, stress, and job and marital dissatisfaction. Then, we offer a critical review of the recent actions taken by some employers and policymakers to address this issue. We observe some progressive changes in both the public and private sector in regard to family leave policies, flexible work arrangements, childcare support, and fertility benefits, but these policy initiatives still fall short of supporting gender–egalitarian arrangements for working families. We conclude with a discussion of how researchers could better evaluate and increase the effectiveness of workplace initiatives.

Social work with families at social risk promoting gender equality

The article is based on the research whose aim is to find out the attitudes of social workers toward gender equality. The qualitative research was carried out in 2014 in order to find out social workers' attitudes to gender equality in families and families at social risk, as well as obstacles and possibilities for implementation of gender equality in families at social risk. Eight social workers working with families at social risk were interviewed using semi-structured interview and content analysis for research data analysis. The research data reveals that gender equality in the family can be reached by mutual agreement, when the division of duties and responsibilities is in accordance with needs and abilities of family members. Good family relations are emphasized as a prerequisite for gender equality. Families at social risk with unbalanced social functioning and relationships are affected by stereotyped thinking about gender roles. As informants point out, this makes gender equality impossible in families at social risk. Social workers reveal that they do not directly relate the gender dimension with social work practice, and as a result it becomes problematic to promote gender equality in families at social risk. The main obstacles for implementation of gender equality are clients' resistance to change, too much responsibilities put on women-mother by social workers and other institutions that deal with social risk families, lack of information on gender equality and tools for promoting gender equality in the family. However, the informants provide solutions for promotion of gender equality in micro, mezzo and macro practice that correspond to the guidelines presented in the documents and strategies on gender equality at national and EU level.

How men became the local agents of change towards gender equality

The Work-Sharing Couples Study was an action research project conducted in the early 1970s to reconcile work, family and gender equality in families. Its design involved both spouses working part-time and sharing childcare and housework. This article is based on a follow-up study of the original couples 30 years later. The men played a key role in initiating work-sharing in their families and how the men became agents of change is the topic of the article. Biographical influences from their families of origin and domestic skills, facilitated by the contemporary concept of a modern, profeminist masculinity, were important background factors, and promoting the careers of wives emerged as an important motivational factor. Their authoritative agency in promoting more egalitarian patterns of work and care in their own families also invokes the question of a constructive use of male power. This could give rise to a further discussion of power and masculinity and men as agents of change towards gender equality.

The Politics of the Family Law Reform Movement in Contemporary Korea: A Contentious Space for Gender and the Nation

Abstract This paper examines the politics of family law reform in Korea up to the 2005 revision, when the family head system was abolished. Why did it take so long to abolish the gender hierarchy of Korea’s family law, and what made the family head system so entrenched? Moreover, how was the family head system finally abolished, in 2005, after a long history of conservative obstruction? This paper demonstrates that there have been multiple and conflicting views on gender equality in family, presented by three major actors: conservatives, the Korean state, and women’s groups. Each vigorously defended its view of how gender relations in the family should figure into the construction of the Korean nation. Conservatives attempted to reify gender hierarchy in the family as a core value of the Korean culture, and therefore argued to preserve it. Women’s groups envisioned gender equality as intrinsic to genuine democracy, which could not be achieved if the old family law were preserved. This paper argues that the revisions to the family law were the outcome of changing political relations among these three critical stakeholders. These relations were reflected by changes in the dominant discourse on the social functions of family law at each revision, from a carrier of tradition in the early postcolonial period, to a transmitter of economic development in the 1970s, and finally into a catalyst for democracy in the late 1980s and afterward. The growing political influence of women’s groups in the 1990s and their close relationship with the Korean government and “progressive” social groups finally brought about the abolition of the entrenched gender hierarchy in family law.

Four Decades of Trends in Attitudes Toward Family Issues in the United States: The 1960s Through the 1990s

This article examines trends in family attitudes and values across the last 4 decades of the 20th century, with particular emphasis on the past 2 decades. The article focuses on attitudes toward a wide range of family issues, including the roles of men and women, marriage, divorce, childlessness, premarital sex, extramarital sex, unmarried cohabitation, and unmarried childbearing. More generally, the article considers trends in 3 broad contemporary values: freedom; equality; and commitment to family, marriage, and children. Five data sets are used for the article: Monitoring the Future, General Social Survey, International Social Science Project, Intergenerational Panel Study of Parents and Children, and the National Survey of Families and Households. These 5 data sets reveal substantial and persistent long‐term trends toward the endorsement of gender equality in families, which may have plateaued at very high levels in recent years. There have also been important and continuing long‐term trends toward individual autonomy and tolerance toward a diversity of personal and family behaviors as reflected in increased acceptance of divorce, premarital sex, unmarried cohabitation, remaining single, and choosing to be childless. At the same time, marriage and family life remain important in the cultural ethos, with large and relatively stable fractions of young people believing that marriage and family life are important and planning marriage and the bearing and rearing of children.

Gender equality in families: Bengali middle‐class employed women in India

The aim of this paper is to examine certain aspects of the domestic lives of Bengali middle‐class women in Calcutta. Bengali women are a group which remain largely unstudied by sociologists. The present study examines the extent to which paid employment has had any impact on the domestic division of labour within middle‐class Bengali households. The data show that there has been very little alteration in traditional patterns of household work. The findings should help rebut some of the commonly held assumptions about the relationship between earning power and gender equality.

主婦の就労と性別役割分業

This paper aims at discussing possible future changes in role differentiation in the family caused by an increase of wives'labor market participation. For this purpose, a qualitative approach was taken rather than a simulational analysis based on macro data.The first condition in the future which can be predicted at this moment would be an advancement of class stratification by occupation that females belong to, as a result of the Equal Employment Opportunity Law. Then, males' participation in house keeping and social activities would incease with an improvement of general working conditions such as a flex-time system and reduction of total working hours. Total working hours for household chores also will decrease as a result of more availability in purchasing home-aid services. Even if they are unemployed, more wives tend to participate in social activities.Predictable statements expected in this case are as follows : 1) Equality at workplace would proceed gender equality in family.2) Ideology and an actual practice would not develop in parallel regarding role differentiation and equality by sex. For instance, the husband may share household chores but does not neccessarily retain an egalitarian ideology.3) Type of role sharing would differ depending on household type and their marital relationships and it also would be diversified by their resource such as the possibility of using household-aid services and help from their kin.