Gender Equality In Society Research Articles

“We at least say we are equal”: Gender equality and class in healthcare professionals’ discursive framing of migrant mothers

In the last few decades, the demography of Iceland has become increasingly diverse with an immigrant population similar to that of the other Nordic countries. Women comprise almost half of all international migrants and many of those female migrants require maternity care in their host countries. While some literature describes how migrant women experience the healthcare provisions of their host countries, less is known about the experience of providing the service, from the perspective of the healthcare practitioners. In this study we adopt a social constructionist perspective to explore the discourses of knowledge healthcare professionals in Iceland draw on in their discussion of prenatal and postpartum healthcare in Iceland. Interviews were conducted with 16 healthcare professionals with extensive experience of providing maternity care to migrant women to understand how they construct and make sense of the needs and behaviour of migrant women seeking maternity care. Our findings suggest that some healthcare professionals subject migrant women to normative professional discourses of parenting, without considering how those ideals are tailored to white, middle class women. Migrant mothers and pregnant women are thus excluded from the middle-class mothering norms that are ascribed to Icelandic women. Our findings also highlight how national identity, such as being part of a gender equal society and the image of Iceland as a classless society, influences how healthcare professionals view migrant women. This underscores the importance of cultural reflexivity, and policies and scholarship where an intersectional understanding of gender, class and migrant worker status is at the forefront.

Gender equality in academic gastroenterology: a review of gastroenterology literature over four decades.

Historically males have dominated the physician ranks, although in recent years, there has been an increase in the proportion of female doctors to redress this imbalance. With such attention being paid to gender equality in society, this study aimed to characterise the changing prevalence of female authorship of peer-reviewed published research with in the field of gastroenterology. In order to quantitatively assess the growth of female gastroenterologists, we decided to examine the changing face of gender equality within the field of academic gastroenterology from 1971 to 2010. All research published in the January and July issues ofGastroenterologyfrom 1971 to 2010 was reviewed. The gender of the first author and last author (considered the senior author) of each study was recorded. Research was subsequently categorised by type: basic science research, clinical trials, and epidemiologic research. Data was analysed in 5-year time periods. Author gender could be identified from a total of 865 abstracts from 80 journal issues. In total, there were 120 (13.8%) female first authors and 91 (10.5%) female senior authors. Female first authorship has tripled since 1995, from 11% (1991-1995) to 32% (2006-2010). Female senior authorship has also tripled since 2000, from 7% (1996-2000) to 24% (2006-2010). Results demonstrated that there has been a significant increase in the prevalence of female authorship of published research in Gastroenterology since 1995. The increasing prevalence of females within the field of academic gastroenterology can therefore be extrapolated to demonstrate the growing numbers of female gastroenterologists in the entire field including clinical and academic gastroenterology.

Theoretical And Methodological Basis Of Gender Application And Management In The System Of Higher Education

It is emphasized that the education system is the initiator of changes to introduce gender equality in society. This, in turn, requires the development of a theoretical and methodological basis for the implementation and management of a gender approach to the education system. Therefore, this article, from a scientific point of view, examines the features of the implementation of a gender approach in higher education, the creation of equal rights and opportunities for women and men in higher education.
 One of the effective mechanisms for ensuring gender equality is the work of the Advisory Council on Equal Rights and Opportunities for Women and Men, created under the Ministry of Higher and Secondary Specialized Education. Analyzed the results of a survey on the provision of guarantees of equal rights and opportunities for women and men in the field of higher education. Dior guidelines have also been developed for integrating a gender perspective into the education system.

DEVELOPMENT OF GENDER-ORIENTED BUDGETING IN UKRAINE BASED ON THE EXPERIENCE OF FOREIGN COUNTRIES

Purpose: the article reveals the concept of gender budgeting, analyzes the experience of introducing and developing the concept of gender-oriented budgeting abroad. The attention is focused on the development results and effectiveness of the strategy of gender-oriented budgeting in Ukraine. Methods: general scientific and special legal methods were used in the work. Results: it is determined that Ukraine, in pursuit of effective and dynamic economic development, has an important task to achieve gender equality in society, and for this it is necessary to take into account gender in the budget. As the causes of the economic and social problems of protecting the rights of women and men differ, the costs of the state budget associated with their solution must meet the needs of both women and men. Gender budgeting is one of the effective methods to achieve the above goal, because such budgeting involves the rational structuring of revenues and expenditures from the state budget so that the needs of women and men are addressed proportionally. It is argued that the experience of many European countries is useful in implementing a gender budgeting strategy for Ukraine. Due to the implementation of such an effective gender policy instrument in Ukraine, the quality of financial management at the state and local levels will significantly improve, the economic situation in the country will improve, the system of financial resources allocation at all levels will improve, gender equality goals will be encouraged. accountability and public participation in the planning and distribution of the country’s budget. It is determined that today in Ukraine there are insignificant regulatory frameworks for the creation and implementation of gender-oriented policy, which would fully regulate all its stages, methods and means of implementation. Gender budgeting activities in Ukraine should include activities such as research, monitoring, study and development of implementation policies and strategies, and an information campaign. Only in the case of comprehensive regulation of the implementation process, including legislative, the result of the introduction of gender budgeting will have a positive impact on the state of the Ukrainian economy and society. The current experience of foreign countries is important for the formation of a new legislative field in Ukraine in the field of gender-oriented budgeting in order to further develop democratic processes in society and in public administration.

The Role of Multi-Actor Engagement for Women’s Empowerment and Entrepreneurship in Kerala, India

Entrepreneurship has been increasingly promoted as a means to achieve women’s empowerment in the pursuit of gender equal societies by international development organizations, NGO’s as well as national and local governments across the world. Against this, the paper explores the role and influence of multi-actor engagement on successful empowerment of women based on a case study of Kudumbashree program in a regional context of Kerala, in South India. Our objective is to examine the women empowerment outcomes of the Kudumbashree initiatives, implemented within a multi-actor engagement framework supportive of women’s empowerment through capacity building and social inclusion programs. The case study demonstrates ‘how multiple-level engagements help enhance women’s development and support broad sustainable social change, in view of their sensitivity to the embeddedness of women’s agency under specific socio-political and cultural contexts’. We find that Kudumbashree programs, through its multi-actor engagement, strives for an equilibrium between social change through policy and regulatory change (top down) and social change via mobilizing the people (bottom-up). From a policy angle, the key learnings from the successful outcomes of Kudumbashree may be considered for designing rural and urban community development programs with a focus on the multidimensional empowerment as well as social and economic inclusion of women and other marginalized communities.

A systematic review: Empowerment interventions to reduce domestic violence?

The World Health Organization defines domestic violence against women as a major health problem. Domestic violence is a consequence of a lack of power, empowerment, and gender equality in societies. In recent years, researchers have proposed various interventional approaches involving empowerment to reduce domestic violence against women. This systematic review investigated the impact of interventional approaches on preventing domestic violence against women through empowerment. This review study involved searches of English databases, such as the Web of Science, Scopus, Embase, MEDLINE (via PubMed), and the Cochrane Library, and Iranian databases, such as Scientific Information Database, Magiran, and Irandoc, as well the use of Google Scholar to find relevant articles published from 2000 to 2020 (Retrieval date: July 1, 2020). We used the following keywords: family violence, violence, domestic violence, intimate partner violence, physical abuse, spouse abuse, elder abuse, child abuse, power, empowerment, personal power, professional power, and decision-making. The inclusion criteria were that the target group in the interventional studies was women and girls who experienced domestic violence; the interventional approaches used empowerment to prevent domestic violence; and the full text of the articles was accessible and available in English or Persian. Our electronic search revealed 121,925 relevant papers of which 11 studies were included in the review. We categorized the studies according to the risk factors for domestic violence against women and the interventions that were adopted. The interventions were applied at the individual, communication, and community levels. Most interventions were performed at several levels. Our review showed that the studies mainly focused on interventions that reduced rather than prevented domestic violence. The reviewed studies used various strategies in different societies, which made it difficult to perform exact comparisons. However, our review indicated that using economic interventions with communication-based and community-based interventions are effective in reducing the risk of domestic violence. We recommend further research be done with respect to the cultural context in each country. • Violence against women and girls has significant impacts on the health and well-being of the individual, their families, and society. • Economic interventions in conjunction with other communication and community-based programs are effective. • The effects that domestic violence poses on quality of life, marital relations, and women’s authority in the family require serious consideration and intervention.

Associations of Power Relations, Wife-Beating Attitudes, and Controlling Behavior of Husband With Domestic Violence Against Women in India: Insights From the National Family Health Survey-4.

This study assesses the relationship of power relations, attitudes toward wife-beating, and controlling behavior of husband with violence against women in India using the recent National Family Health Survey (NFHS-4). In India, about 31% of ever-married women experienced domestic violence committed by their partner during 2015-16. Women's decision-making power was associated with a decreased likelihood of spousal violence. However, the justification of wife-beating and controlling behavior of husband increased the risk of intimate partner violence. This study emphasizes the need for prioritizing girls' education, enhancing women's autonomy, prevention of child marriage, and promoting gender equality in society to address the problem of spousal violence.

Reviving the Spirit of Gender Equality: Fatayat Nahdlatul Ulama between Idealism and Realization

As the Muslim women's movement Nahdlatul Ulama, Fatayat NU has dedicated itself especially to reviving the spirit of gender equality in society. This study uses a descriptive qualitative research design that portrays basic cadre training as an effort to strengthen the spirit of gender equality in Fatayat NU cadres. This research is conducted at the Budossyan Village Hall, Tengaran District, Semarang Regency, which was attended by 50 Fatayat NU cadres. The data collection instruments are observation, interview and documentation. Realizing idealism in gender equality requires hard work from all elements. Fatayat NU is actively empowering women to reach gender equality in society even though in reality they still face many challenges and obstacles. The biggest challenge faced by Fatayat NU is how to fight the patriarchal culture that still dominates women roles in society. The results shows that the implementation of this training is successful in supporting Fatayat NU cadres to be more sensitive to issues of gender inequality by encouraging themselves to take an important role in society. Finally, it is concluded that the realization of idealism in reviving the spirit of gender equality in Fatayat NU still needs to be improved and evaluated periodically so that Fatayat NU cadres can become role models as agents of change in society in achieving gender equality.

Reviving the Spirit of Gender Equality: Fatayat Nahdlatul Ulama between Idealism and Realization

As the Muslim women's movement Nahdlatul Ulama, Fatayat NU has dedicated itself especially to reviving the spirit of gender equality in society. This study uses a descriptive qualitative research design that portrays basic cadre training as an effort to strengthen the spirit of gender equality in Fatayat NU cadres. This research is conducted at the Budossyan Village Hall, Tengaran District, Semarang Regency, which was attended by 50 Fatayat NU cadres. The data collection instruments are observation, interview and documentation. Realizing idealism in gender equality requires hard work from all elements. Fatayat NU is actively empowering women to reach gender equality in society even though in reality they still face many challenges and obstacles. The biggest challenge faced by Fatayat NU is how to fight the patriarchal culture that still dominates women roles in society. The results shows that the implementation of this training is successful in supporting Fatayat NU cadres to be more sensitive to issues of gender inequality by encouraging themselves to take an important role in society. Finally, it is concluded that the realization of idealism in reviving the spirit of gender equality in Fatayat NU still needs to be improved and evaluated periodically so that Fatayat NU cadres can become role models as agents of change in society in achieving gender equality.

Roditeljski stilovi i uključenost očeva u odgoj

The active involvement of fathers in child-rearing affects the child’s overall growth and development, and the parenting style impacts the direction of the influence on individual aspects of a child’s life. In order to achieve gender equality in society, it is necessary to raise public awareness of the importance of a father’s gender role, a desirable parenting style, and his inclusion in all aspects of family life. The aim of the research is to determine the level of father involvement in child-rearing, as well as the dominant parenting style based on the children’s assessment. A total of 290 pupils from 10 elementary schools in Osijek-Baranja County participated in this research, all of whom were in grades 5-8. Sociodemographic data, the 2018 parent involvement questionnaire - URU18, and the parenting behavior questionnaire 29 - URP29 were used. The results are in line with research conducted so far, and they indicate the importance of a father’s education and a supportive parenting style aiming at his involvement in housework and child care. Father’s education significantly presupposes his involvement in housework, taking care of school-related duties and obligations, and participation in leisure activities. A supportive parenting style is a significant positive predictor of all forms of father involvement, i.e., housework, school-related duties and obligations, activities, child care, and counseling. The results of this research indicate the importance of raising parental awareness of the importance of the supportive parenting style and the fathers’ involvement in child-rearing.

The GBB index: A proposal to measure the gender balance on company boards

Gender balance on company boards is one of the core goals of greater social justice and gender equality in societies (Council of Europe, 2003). To this end, it is pivotal to adequately measure whether boards are balanced and close to parity. This research proposes a gender balance on boards (GBB) index to measure the balance between women and men on the boards of directors of firms. It varies between zero, when the board is homogenous with only women or only men, and one, when the board is totally balanced with 50% women and 50% men. It is designed so that it can be adapted according to the theoretical framework, and it can serve as a practical tool for measuring and monitoring the results and progress of the firm, industry, or context against the desired benchmark. The index can be used as a guide for policymakers, regulators, and other social actors including the media on the degree of uptake of actions required to improve governance practices. It provides simple, objective, and comparable data that can be used to raise awareness in society about progress towards a greater gender-balanced representation on corporate decision-making bodies.

A Tale of Two Pandemics? COVID-19 and Gendered Policy Responses in the EU

Pre-existing imbalances between women and men in European societies do not bode well for gender balance throughout the pandemic and its unequal pressure. The unprecedented tragedy of the COVID-19 outbreak highlights and exacerbates long-established challenges for the path towards gender equal societies. In this context, this analysis asks what women’s place in the pandemic response is, highlighting cross-country differences in France, Germany, Italy and Spain on the basis of the UNDP COVID-19 Global Gender Response Tracker. The assessment identifies the key drivers deteriorating women’s welfare across the labor market, family balances and gender-based violence, comparing how variations in risk factors (e.g. length and intensity of the pandemic and derived restrictions) match to policy responses catering for the needs of women. Findings reveal that the worst hit countries are not unambiguously those with the starkest policy effort to mitigate any negative outlook for women. The place for women in the crisis-management and recovery remains fairly limited, especially in those countries already lagging behind in ensuring equal economic opportunities. The evidence suggests that in the absence of a strong prioritization of gender parity, the turbulent road ahead may be even more tumultuous for women, resulting in a concrete risk of a heavy COVID-19 legacy reversing the patchy progress of the latest years. While the situation is still unfolding, it is crucial to closely monitor the gendered initiatives while at the same time promoting a deeper policy effort towards equality.The analysis investigates gender parity in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic through a comparative assessment of outbreak and restriction severities – with well-established risks concerning parity – together with (gendered) responses in selected Member States. The four countries, namely France, Germany, Italy and Spain include some of the worst-hit societies within the EU while allowing for the homogeneous comparison across the big Member States across the core and periphery of the Union. Pinpointing the gendered impact of crises as emerged in the literature on the Great Recession and early evidence from the pandemic, the analysis identifies the areas in which policy measures are most needed to counteract the negative impact of the health crisis and its broad implications for work, life and societies. The starting point of the analysis is the benchmark of the pre-pandemic status of the countries of interest in terms of progress toward equality, as evidence by international cross-country tracking of gender parity (WEF 2019) to derive a view of the situation of women and policy preferences and actions in this regard across the four countries. The overview is enriched with a cross-country comparison of the scale of the outbreak in the four Member States with special attention to (i) discrepancies in dynamics which may increase the negative outlook for women in some of the countries in the sample and (ii) early findings on the economic and policy responses and the preliminary picture they draw on potential divergences in accounting for and catering to women’s needs. From such premises, the paper assesses discrepancies in gendered policymaking concerning the pandemic crisis management, considering cross-country trends and the contribution of factors such as the pre-existing family and social structure – with its implications for parity – and the scale of the COVID-19 tragedy. Based on the data from the UNDP (2020) Gender COVID tracker, the research further assesses the alignment between factors heightening the burden on women – such as length of restrictions and in particular school closures and stay-at-home orders – and the gender-sensitive policies. A further element of consideration is the place for women leadership both in crisis management and in the public debate surrounding the pandemic response and gender parity.

Gender norms in sports and role of sports in promoting a gender-equal society in Thailand:

Gender norms in sports and role of sports in promoting a gender-equal society in Thailand:

“It’s Not Macho, Is It?”: Contemporary British Christian Men’s Constructions of Masculinity

Religion is a key site for constructions of masculinity, and visions of a gender equal society must include religious men. This study examines how a group of British white, heterosexual, middle-class, lay Anglican men construct masculinities via discourses on church-going, worship styles, and godly submission. The interviewed men express a hybrid form of masculinity, informed by religious faith, that embraces typically “feminine” characteristics such as love, humility, and vulnerability. At the same time, they articulate ideals of heteronormativity and essentialized gender differences that support hegemonic masculinity. The participants engage simultaneously in a selective, “discursive distancing” from, and a discursive alignment with, hegemonic masculinity norms, thus revealing tensions between competing masculinity norms.

Gender disparities in fear of failure among 15-year-old students: The role of gender inequality, the organisation of schooling and economic conditions

IntroductionPrior research indicates that female students express higher fear of failure than male students and that fear of failure is associated with lower social and emotional well-being and higher levels of stress, anxiety, burnout and depression. Fear of failure also leads individuals to limit their choices and take fewer risks than would be warranted given their ability and context to minimise the possibility of failing. MethodsWe examined cross-country differences in gender gaps in fear of failure as well as factors that explain gender gaps and variations of gender gaps across countries using multilevel modelling techniques. Participants were 517,047 15-year-old students from 59 countries who took part in the 2018 Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA). ResultsWithin countries, students with higher reading achievement and who lacked a growth mindset reported higher fear of failure. The gender gap in fear of failure was especially high among high-achieving students and students with high-achieving peers. The size of the gender gap in fear of failure differed across countries: it was higher in countries with higher levels of economic prosperity, with lower levels of societal-level gender inequality and countries with comprehensive education systems. ConclusionsThe greater prevalence of fear of failure among female students among high-achieving students attending high-achieving schools in prosperous and more gender equal societies could help to explain the paradox of the persistent underrepresentation of females in certain occupations in contexts that are most supportive of females.

Officer and Organizational Correlates With Police Interventions in Domestic Violence in China.

Although domestic violence has long been identified as a serious social problem in China, little is known about police officers' attitudinal and behavioral tendencies toward such incidents. Drawing upon survey data collected from police officers in two Chinese provinces, this study assesses whether officer and organizational factors are correlated to police inaction and intervention in resolving family violence. More than a quarter of Chinese police officers often and sometime did not take any action when responding to domestic violence. Chinese officers favored most the least punitive approaches of mediation and separation, with the most punitive actions, written warning and criminal sanction as the least preferred interventions. We found that Chinese officers with low levels of knowledge about the domestic violence law, higher degrees of tolerance of violence and less supportive attitudes toward an active police role in handling domestic violence are less willing to take any action against the offenders. Chinese police officers who perceived stronger supervisory support and expressed better knowledge about China's new domestic violence law are more likely to intervene in domestic violence, whereas police officers who expressed greater degrees of tolerance of violence and believed in gender equality in society are less inclined to intervene. Policy makers and police administrators ought to pay greater attention to frontline supervisors' attitudes and behavior toward proper responses to family violence. If active intervention is preferred, then measures and programs should be put into place to improve police officers' legal knowledge and communication and problem-solving skills pertaining to conflict resolution.

Domestic Role Of Husband During Pregnancy Wife

The understanding of positive gender equality in society has many benefits in life, especially in reducing cases of gender injustices, household problems and improving maternal health, especially in pregnancy. Husbands should be willing to spend some time to take care of employees work in addition to earning a living. Support husband in participating in the role of domestic important in preventing complications during pregnancy until after childbirth. The purpose of this research is to analyze factors that are influenced by the role of domestic husband. The research method used is quantitative with Cross sectional design. Data is obtained by conducting interviews on husbands who accompany expectant pregnancy with a questionnaire guide. The factor affecting husband's participation in household work is knowledge and desolation about gender. Education to the public about gender equality is seen from a much needed role to reduce incomprehension and misrepresentation of society on Gender Equality

Ambedkarites in Making: The Process of Awakening and Conversion to Buddhism among Non-Mahar Communities in Maharashtra

Scholars have presented Buddhist discourse in Maharashtra- the western part of India, as an expression of protest and emancipation of the former untouchable caste Mahar. But in the recent past, people from different social backgrounds belonging to non-Mahar castes have embraced Buddhism. Now it has become the collective discourse of protest of different castes and tribes from marginalized communities. This paper, an outcome of my anthropological study, concerns with changing consciousness among non-Mahar castes regarding conversion to Buddhism as a tool of resistance to overcome caste inequalities. Brahmanical patriarchy is the basis on which the caste system thrives, thus it is the root of women’s oppression. Women’s assertion for a gender-equal society and its actual implementation on the ground constitutes a major part of the anti-caste movement. Therefore, this study also seeks the answer to the question of how Buddhism helps to rupture the caste patriarchy and its rigid structure. A significant indicator would be to see precisely how women are breaking those age-old boundaries of castes. Therefore, this paper also addresses the issue of women’s emancipation through Buddhism and how it challenges the Brahmanical patriarchy and liberates its women followers from oppression.

Sex differences in moral judgements across 67 countries.

Most of the empirical research on sex differences and cultural variations in morality has relied on within-culture analyses or small-scale cross-cultural data. To further broaden the scientific understanding of sex differences in morality, the current research relies on two international samples to provide the first large-scale examination of sex differences in moral judgements nested within cultures. Using a sample from 67 countries (Study 1; n = 336 691), we found culturally variable sex differences in moral judgements, as conceptualized by Moral Foundations Theory. Women consistently scored higher than men on Care, Fairness, and Purity. By contrast, sex differences in Loyalty and Authority were negligible and highly variable across cultures. Country-level sex differences in moral judgements were also examined in relation to cultural, socioeconomic, and gender-equality indicators revealing that sex differences in moral judgements are larger in individualist, Western, and gender-equal societies. In Study 2 (19 countries; n = 11 969), these results were largely replicated using Bayesian multi-level modelling in a distinct sample. The findings were robust when incorporating cultural non-independence of countries into the models. Specifically, women consistently showed higher concerns for Care, Fairness, and Purity in their moral judgements than did men. Sex differences in moral judgements were larger in individualist and gender-equal societies with more flexible social norms. We discuss the implications of these findings for the ongoing debate about the origin of sex differences and cultural variations in moral judgements as well as theoretical and pragmatic implications for moral and evolutionary psychology.

Realization of Gender Equality in the Workplace Feminist Perspectives of a WLB

It has been a long time since people focused on the term “work-life balance” (WLB). It is an exaggeration to say that a WLB is in vogue like gender equality. Also, in academic fields in Japan, Europe, and the United States, WLB studies have been vigorously discussed, and a number of papers have been published since the 21st century. A WLB policy has been misconstrued as applying only to women because the ideology of the sexual division of work has not been totally dispelled; many women work away from home compared to the old days. This gives a false impression that if working women can easily take maternity leave or childcare leave, many women will have an opportunity to work, which appears to result in gender equality in society. In this interpretation, it has been considered important that company quality should be improved to make maternity leave or childcare leave available to female employees. This paper traces the historical context and previous studies about appearance of the term “WLB,” analyzing what a WLB policy should be to realize real gender equality.