Gender Disparities In Management Research Articles

Navigating Gender Disparities on the Management of Chronic Disease: a Narrative Review

Chronic diseases globally expose significant gender disparities in management and outcomes. Women often experience delays and inadequate treatment due to biological, psychosocial, and systemic biases, compounded by societal norms hindering self-care and health-seeking behaviours. Similarly, the LGBTQIA+ community faces discrimination and lacks culturally competent healthcare. This review addresses these issues collectively, aiming to uncover root causes and propose strategies for equitable healthcare outcomes. A literature review (2016-2024) using PubMed, Google Scholar, and Wiley Online identified peer-reviewed studies on gender, health determinants, and chronic diseases, focusing on socioeconomic, biological, and psychological factors. Socio-ecological models and culturally sensitive healthcare strategies are crucial for enhancing treatment adherence and reducing gender bias. Community-level interventions and policy changes are essential for equitable healthcare access. Integrating gender-inclusive practices into medical education is pivotal to achieving global health goals by 2030.

Female ownership and female directors’ moderating role as corporate governance monitoring mechanisms in increasing the value of Thai family-owned firms

PurposeThe phenomenon of “broken rungs” has prevented most women from attaining managerial positions relative to men. Despite this gender disparity in management, female executives are more likely to enhance shareholder trust due to higher ethical standards, which can be hypothesized to mitigate the negative impact of family ownership on firm value. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the moderating role of female ownership and female directors in mitigating the unfavorable effects of family ownership on firm value as measured by Tobin’s Q and the Market Value of Equity (MVE).Design/methodology/approachMultiple linear regression is applied to examine the proposed hypotheses, as well as other vital factors, such as board independence (BI), the dual chief executive officer (CEO)–chairman role (CEO duality) and control variables (i.e. firm size, firm age, leverage and investment ratio).FindingsThe results revealed that female directors could buffer the negative impact caused by family ownership, leading to higher firm value, when given a sufficient level of female ownership or the appointment of more female directors, regardless of female ownership levels. Otherwise, female ownership cannot help overcome the negative effects of family ownership in Thai-listed firms. This study also sheds light on corporate governance elements that impact firm value. CEO duality reduces the value of Thai-listed companies, whereas board independence increases firm value.Practical implicationsThe managerial roles for women should be promoted in Thai-listed enterprises. The government can support new laws, policies and programs for embracing a cross-cutting gender perspective. Female network initiatives enable women to advance in their managerial careers.Originality/valueTo the best of the authors’ knowledge, this study intends to fill the research gap by investigating how female directors and owners can moderate family ownership’s influence on the value of firms listed on the Stock Exchange of Thailand (SET), which is one of the emerging capital markets.

Gender Disparities in Osteoporosis Screening and Management Among Older Adults.

One in two women and one in four men experience an osteoporosis-related fracture in their lifetime. Related morbidity and mortality rates are higher in men versus women. Current guidelines are inconsistent in the screening recommendations for osteoporosis in men. Examination of gender disparities in the management of osteoporosis-related fractures among Medicare enrollees is currently lacking. In this retrospective cohort study using 5% National Medicare claims data from January1, 2012 through December31, 2016, eligible patients who were at least 65years of age on the date of a new fracture episode were classified into two mutually exclusive cohorts on the basis of whether they received testing and/or treatment for osteoporosis in the 6-month period after the new fracture episode. The cohorts were defined on the basis of the National Committee for Quality Assurance (NCQA) quality measure "osteoporosis management in women who had a fracture." Patients were followed to identify the occurrence of subsequent fracture, all-cause mortality, and a composite outcome-defined as the first occurrence of either subsequent fracture or mortality. Logistic regression models were carried out to identify predictors of testing and/or treatment and time-varying survival analysis to identify the relationship between the presence of testing and/or treatment and patient outcomes. Of the 35,774 eligible patients, only 10.2% (12.1% women and 5.7% men) received osteoporosis testing and/or treatment within 6months after a fracture. The interaction between gender and fragility fracture was significant (P < 0.0001). Fragility fracture had greater adjusted odds of testing and/or treatment among men (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] 3.47; 95% CI 2.94-4.10) than women (AOR 1.65; 95% CI 1.53-1.79). Of patients who were eligible for the outcome assessment, 27.5% experienced a subsequent fracture, 23.2% died, and 44.3% experienced a composite outcome during follow-up. Patients who received testing and/or treatment had a significantly lower hazard of all-cause mortality (hazard ratio [HR] 0.57; 95% CI 0.50-0.65; P < 0.0001) and the composite outcome (HR 0.42; 95% CI 0.39-0.45; P < 0.0001), but no difference in the risk of subsequent fracture (HR 1.02; 95% CI 0.94-1.11; P = 0.6083). Men were found to have a significantly lower hazard of subsequent fracture (HR 0.69; 95% CI 0.64-0.73; P < 0.0001), all-cause mortality (HR 0.67; 95% CI 0.61-0.72; P < 0.0001), and the composite outcome (HR 0.69; 95% CI 0.65-0.73; P < 0.0001). Testing and/or treatment for osteoporosis among older adults with a fracture is poor in the Medicare fee-for-service population overall and worse for men compared to women. Receiving appropriate testing and/or treatment was associated with reduced mortality and the risk of composite outcome. Improving osteoporosis testing and/or treatment and reducing health disparities are essential for managing the clinical and economic burden of osteoporosis in the USA.

Gender disparities in management and treatment in acute myocardial infarction – a German nationwide real-life analysis

Abstract Background/Introduction Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) continues to be one of the most frequent diseases worldwide, remaining among the most common causes of mortality in both women and men of industrialised nations. Female sex has been reported to be associated with an unfavourable outcome in AMI. Differences related to patients' sex have been reported for incidence, symptom presentation, pathophysiological characteristics as well as treatment strategies and outcome. Purpose Objective of this routine-data based analysis was to explore sex differences of recent nationwide trends in in-patient healthcare and acute outcome of AMI. Methods The data base provided by the Federal Statistical Offices comprises all in-patient treated patients on a case base per year. We identified all cases with a main diagnosis of ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) and non-ST elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) between 01.01.2014 and 31.12.2017. Further, data on concomitant diseases, risk constellations and selected cardiovascular procedures were acquired for sex-specific analysis. Results In total, we identified 280,515 STEMI and 595,220 NSTEMI cases over the four-year period. STEMI cases decreased from 72,894 in 2014, to 70,230 in 2015, to 69,178 in 2016, and to 68,213 in 2017 with 70% of STEMI cases assignable to men. Female sex was associated with older age (74 vs. 62 yrs), and higher prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors such as chronic kidney disease (19.21% vs. 12.5%), diabetes (26.4% vs. 21.7%), left ventricular heart failure (36% vs. 32.1%), or atrial fibrillation (17.6% vs. 13%). However, dyslipidemia (43.9% vs. 49.3%) and smoking (7.4% vs. 12.1%) were more frequent in male STEMI cases than in female STEMI cases. Overall, 74.3% of female and 81.3% of male STEMI cases received percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI; p&amp;lt;0.0001; s. Figure); coronary bypass surgery was performed in 2.7% of female vs. 4.2% of male cases (p&amp;lt;0.0001). There were 5,125 female and 2,015 male STEMI patients aged 90 years and older. These received less frequent percutaneous coronary intervention (42.5% female vs. 52.8% male; p&amp;lt;0.0001) and coronary bypass surgery (0.1% female vs. 0.4% male; p=0.0063) compared to younger age groups. Observed in-hospital mortality was significantly increased in female patients with STEMI (15% female vs. 9.6% male; p&amp;lt;0.0001) and NSTEMI (8.4% vs. 6.3%; p&amp;lt;0.0001). Conclusion In a nationwide real-world setting, in-patient STEMI cases continue to decrease over the recent past in both, male and female patients. Women with AMI are older and continue to be less likely to receive revascularization therapies than men. In addition, women present with significantly higher observed in-hospital mortality compared to men. It is important to draw attention to the peculiarities of women with AMI and to supply revascularization therapy equally in high risk clientele. Funding Acknowledgement Type of funding source: Public grant(s) – National budget only. Main funding source(s): Innovationsfonds des gemeinsame Bundesausschusses

Gender Disparities in Management and Outcomes Following Transcatheter Aortic Valve Implantation With Newer Generation Transcatheter Valves

The impact of gender on management and early outcomes after transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) in the setting of newer generation transcatheter heart valves (THVs) is not well known. We evaluated gender-specific differences on clinical management and in-hospital outcomes in adults who underwent TAVI with newer generation THVs. The study population included 298 consecutive patients who underwent TAVI and received a newer generation THV (Sapien 3 [Edwards Lifesciences, Irvine, California] or Corevalve Evolut R or Evolut Pro [Medtronic, Minneapolis, Minnesota]) from December 2015 to June 2018 at an academic tertiary medical center. Of the 298 patients, 154 (52%) were men and 144 (48%) were women. Compared with men, women were older, had lower serum creatinine, higher left ventricular ejection fraction, and lower rates of multiple co-morbidities, including previous coronary artery bypass graft surgery, previous myocardial infarction, and atrial fibrillation. Women were noted to have smaller aortic annular area and perimeter and underwent implantation of smaller THVs than men. At the time of discharge, women were more frequently prescribed a P2Y12 inhibitor (primarily clopidogrel) and less frequently prescribed oral anticoagulation (namely warfarin). Hospital length of stay and in-hospital rates of mortality, disabling stroke, and pacemaker were similar in men and women. In conclusion, in this observational prospective study of adults who underwent TAVI with newer generation THVs, while gender-related disparities in clinical presentation and procedural management were observed, no significant difference in clinical outcomes were noted in men and women. Further studies examining gender-related differences in procedural and postprocedural care after TAVI in the contemporary era are warranted to better understand and optimize clinical outcomes in both men and women.

The Women’s Heart Health Programme: A Pilot Trial Of Sex-Specific Cardiovascular Management

With increasing knowledge of sex-specific differences in cardiovascular disease and gender disparities in management, we investigate whether a sex-tailored cardiovascular program can improve outcomes.

Gender disparities in AMI management and outcomes among health professionals, their relatives, and non-health professionals in Taiwan from 1997 to 2007

Numerous reports of gender differences in the management and mortality of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) patients have raised concerns on gender inequity in cardiac care. However, no study has explored whether gender disparity exists among health professionals and their relatives. Therefore, this study assesses gender disparity in the management and mortality of AMI patients in Taiwan, and determines whether such disparity exists among health professionals and their relatives. National Health Insurance (NHI) files were used to obtain information on a cohort of 79,360 AMI patients aged 30–85 years in Taiwan from 1997 to 2007. The use of catheterization and revascularization (CATH/RAVS) and one-year mortality were compared between men and women in all adult patients, health professionals and their relatives, and non-health professional patients. Taiwanese women with AMI were significantly less likely than their male counterparts to receive CATH/RAVS, and showed greater one-year mortality. Similarly, women in the professional group were significantly less likely to receive CATH/RAVS. However, they did not have worse survival outcomes (hazard ratio: 1.01; 95% CI: 0.68–1.50) compared to men. Regarding mortality following CATH/RAVS, no gender disparities against women were observed in health professionals and their relatives, whereas significant gender disparities persisted in non-health professional patients. In conclusion, this study shows a substantial gender disparity against women in the management and one-year survival of AMI patients in Taiwan. This research extends earlier studies by showing similar gender gaps in treatment uses among health professionals and their relatives without strong evidence on gender disparities against women in survival.

Gender Disparity In Management Of Lipids Persists

Gender Disparity In Management Of Lipids Persists