Abstract
Chronic diseases globally expose significant gender disparities in management and outcomes. Women often experience delays and inadequate treatment due to biological, psychosocial, and systemic biases, compounded by societal norms hindering self-care and health-seeking behaviours. Similarly, the LGBTQIA+ community faces discrimination and lacks culturally competent healthcare. This review addresses these issues collectively, aiming to uncover root causes and propose strategies for equitable healthcare outcomes. A literature review (2016-2024) using PubMed, Google Scholar, and Wiley Online identified peer-reviewed studies on gender, health determinants, and chronic diseases, focusing on socioeconomic, biological, and psychological factors. Socio-ecological models and culturally sensitive healthcare strategies are crucial for enhancing treatment adherence and reducing gender bias. Community-level interventions and policy changes are essential for equitable healthcare access. Integrating gender-inclusive practices into medical education is pivotal to achieving global health goals by 2030.
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