Gender Differentials Research Articles

Negative Trade Shocks and Gender Inequality: Evidence from the USA

We study the differential post‐layoff responses in labour market outcomes for men versus women when unemployment is caused by international trade. We capitalize on the richness and unique design of two US Trade Adjustment Assistance (TAA) datasets to analyse gender differentials in wages and employment. Three main findings stand out from our analysis. First, the pre‐layoff wage gap between men and women who have lost their jobs due to trade and enter the TAA programme is very wide: a 31.5% premium for men, even after controlling for a series of demographic characteristics. Second, the success rate in finding employment for women who have been laid off because of trade is similar to the rate for men, with significant differences across states and sectors. Third, the pre‐layoff wage premium for men is completely eliminated upon re‐employment. However, we attribute this result to wage compression. We also document a series of gender‐related outcomes across demographic characteristics, retraining choices, geography and sectors.

First-author gender differentials in business journal publishing: top journals versus the rest

First-author gender differentials in business journal publishing: top journals versus the rest

Gender Differentials In The Use Of Flipped Classroom Instructional Models In Enhancing Achievement And Retention In Oral-English Contents Of Senior Secondary School In Minna, Niger State, Nigeria

Gender Differentials In The Use Of Flipped Classroom Instructional Models In Enhancing Achievement And Retention In Oral-English Contents Of Senior Secondary School In Minna, Niger State, Nigeria

GENDER EQUALITY FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF JURISPRUDENCE

Recently, in the 2021 Global Gender Gap report which identifies the gap between women and men across four sub-indices: economic participation and opportunity, educational attainment, health and survival, and political empowerment, Malaysia ranked 112 out of 156 countries. Therefore, recognising the significant role of women, Malaysia is committed in achieving gender equality and promoting the rights of women and girls. This paper deals with the socioeconomic status of Malaysian women. It provides an analysis of the views of jurists regarding gender equality and recent trends of the female labour force participation, the areas where the female labour force is concentrated at present, and gender differentials in many ways, and it makes recommendations to improve women’s status. The Paper focuses on the need to enhance more opportunities for Malaysian women as gender equality is not only a basic human right but is also critical in accelerating progress on sustainable development.

Providing guideline-recommended preventive cardiovascular care to Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander women: exploring gender differences with a medical record review in primary health care.

For Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander women, the premature burden of cardiovascular disease is affecting their capacity to fulfil roles in society, and promote the health and wellbeing of future generations. In Australia, there is limited understanding of the difference in primary preventive cardiovascular care experienced by women, despite knowledge of sex and gender differentials in health profile and receipt of guideline-based acute care. This paper sought to explore the health profile and receipt of assessment and management of cardiovascular risk for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander women accessing preventive primary health care, and investigate gender differentials. Records of 1200 current clients, 50% women, aged 18-74years from three Aboriginal Health Services in central and South Australia for the period 7/2018-6/2020 were reviewed. Twelve percent had documented cardiovascular disease. Compared with men, women with no recorded cardiovascular disease had a greater likelihood of being overweight or obese, a waist circumference indicative of risk, diabetes, and depression. Women were less likely to report being physically active. The research concluded that gaps exist in the provision and recording of guideline-recommended primary preventive care regardless of sex. These are stark, given the evident burden.

Smallholders' coping strategies in response to climate variability in semi-arid agro-ecozones of Upper Eastern Kenya

Rainfed agriculture dominates food production systems in arid and semi-arid agro-ecozones. Water is a key limiting factor to crop growth in the small-scale farming systems of the Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) region. Climate adaptation is a fundamental and necessary response to the threat posed by the current and future climatic changes in semi-arid farming systems of the SSA region. This study was implemented to identify the socioeconomic drivers and determinants of adaptation to rainfall variability at the farm level in contrasting agro-ecological zones of Kenya. Two hundred and seventy (270) farmers were selected. The survey was implemented in Mbeere South, Meru South, and Maara Sub-Counties in Kenya to determine farmers' perceptions of climate variation during the decade that preceded the survey and climate adaptation strategies that farmers implemented. The most common climate adaptation strategies included the use of terraces (89%), early maturity crop varieties (82%), and intercropping (79%). In comparison, the least common strategies included water-harvesting strategies (29%), trenches (35%), and staggering planting dates (46%). Farmers in low potential agro-ecological zones recorded lower education levels, less secure land tenure systems, and poor access to training, extension, and credit facilities necessary for successful climatic adaptation strategies. The study findings indicated that farmers in low potential zones, including Mbeere South Sub-County, faced more risks due to the nature of climatic variation in this agro-ecozone. Farm socioeconomic characteristics were important factors that influenced farmer adaptation, including gender and age differentials, education attainments and agricultural training, farm labor availability, household food security status, and preceding annual occurrences of crop failure. There is a need to develop holistic approaches that incorporate scientific findings from the researchers and the local household-based strategies that can enhance risk assessment and management, coping and adaption strategies, and decision-making by multiple stakeholders.

Perspectives on Race, Gender and Power Differentials in Lived Experiences of Failed Suicide Bombers in Pakistan

The study documents lived experiences of failed suicide bombers in Pakistan. It describes the influence and impact of social structures like gender, geography race and ethnicity with reference to their experiencing of suicide bombing. The study also characterizes the power relations in their interactional contexts entailing in unquestioning submission and support to militant organizations. Owing to ideological charged conditions and overwhelming existence of terrorist organisation certain regions and ethnicities in Pakistan exhibit unusual inclination to suicide terrorism. The article also argues the strategic necessity and ideological under pining of feminizing suicide terrorism in Pakistan by terrorist outfits. Feminizing of suicide terrorism in Pakistan is driven by out of strategic and political expediency. Women in Pakistan are enlisted mostly by means of physical and emotional coercion, exploitation of familial ties and patriarchal influences. The lived experiences of the male and female suicide bombers gathered from in-depth interviews and secondary data delineate the factors and process of ‘zombification’. Keywords: Female suicide bombers, Suicide bombing, gender, race and ethnicity, terrorism, power.

Gender and Productivity Differentials in Smallholder Groundnut Farming in Malawi: Accounting for Technology Differences

The gender gap in agricultural productivity has been of ongoing interest to development policy and we revisit the subject in the context of groundnut, an important food and cash legume in Sub Saharan Africa. We address production technology differences between male and female managers of groundnut plots and examine the implications for the male–female difference in productivity. Using cross-sectional data, two recent stochastic meta-frontier (SMF) techniques are coupled with statistical matching to examine gender-related technology, managerial, single and total factor productivity (TFP) gaps. The results reveal different production technologies in use by male and female producers, and technology (6–7 per cent points) and managerial (3–5 per cent points) differentials, which translate into significant male advantages in land productivity (6.2 per cent) and TFP (15.3 per cent). A heterogeneity analysis provides valuable insights: Technology, managerial and TFP gaps, which favour male managers, decrease with age, years of schooling, exposure to extension, and use of hired labour and improved seeds; but increase with total cultivated area. Closing the productivity gap will require expanding female production possibilities through use of improved inputs and practices and enhancing managerial skill and know-how through extension.

Spillover Effects of Retirement on Physical and Mental Health of a Spouse or Partner: Do Gender and Sexuality Matter?

This study evaluated the role of the built environment on residents’ wayfinding behaviours at Louis Brier Home in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. The goal of this study was to explore baseline mobility challenges for the residents traveling between their bedrooms and social spaces. In response to this, low-cost environmental interventions were proposed and implemented to support safe and independent wayfinding for the residents. The project consisted of three phases. First phase involved a mixed methods approach using behavior mapping and spatial observations of the residents interacting with their physical environment, combined with one focus group with the staff members. In the second phase, researchers presented actionable environmental interventions for the care home administration to consider and implement. The final phase involved post-implementation behaviour mapping, spatial observations and a focus group session. The implemented environmental interventions influenced in improved resident wayfinding and orientation in the long-term care home.

Gender Differentials on Academic Performance and Lifelong Learning Attribute in Chemical Engineering

Gender Differentials on Academic Performance and Lifelong Learning Attribute in Chemical Engineering

Three decades of gender and education differentials in attitudes toward divorce in Taiwan, 1985–2015

ABSTRACT Rising rates of divorce in Taiwan prompted debates over changes in the meaning of family, which must be understood alongside changes in attitudes toward divorce. The diffusion and lagged diffusion theories offer competing hypotheses regarding divorce attitude change by education and gender over time. Using the Taiwanese Social Change Survey, this study examines the trends in attitudes toward divorce in Taiwan over three decades (1985–2015). We test the diffusion and lagged diffusion theories by examining the relationships between higher educational attainment, gender, and attitudes towards divorce. We find that Taiwanese men and women became more open toward divorce in general along with higher education expansion. Increased acceptance toward divorce is more substantial for the college educated than those without, and college-educated women are more open to divorce than are college-educated men. The results support the diffusion theory and highlight the importance of education and gender in shaping attitude shift.

Gender Gaps in Wages and Mortality Rates During Industrialization: The Case of Alcoy, Spain, 1860–1914

What role did women play during industrialization? Interpretations of this key period of history have been largely based on analyses of men’s work. This paper offers evidence of the effects of women’s involvement in the industrialization process that took place in Alcoy, Spain, over the period 1860–1914. Using data drawn from historical sources, the study analyzes labor force participation rates and wage series for women and men in the textile industry and three other sectors of activity (education, health, and low-skill services). The paper then connects the gender pay gaps with life expectancy indicators. Results suggest that women’s contribution to household income might have favored the female life-expectancy advantage, an effect that seems to have been channeled through a reduction in the relative mortality rates of female infants and girls, at the expense of a higher mortality rate of working-age women. HIGHLIGHTS Analyzing women’s early labor market participation helps interpret current trends in women’s wages and life conditions. Gender wage gaps in 1860–1914 in Alcoy, Spain are representative of women’s earnings during industrialization. The research connects women’s earnings with gender differentials in life expectancy. Mortality rates of girls and elderly women decreased as compared to men’s rates. The opposite occurred to working-age women, who were exposed to poor working conditions.

Examining gender differentials and determinants of private health insurance coverage in Zambia

BackgroundHealth insurance is an essential aspect of healthcare. This is because it enables the insured to acquire timely and essential healthcare services, besides offering financial protection from catastrophic treatment costs. This paper seeks to establish gender differentials and determinants of health insurance coverage in Zambia.MethodsThe data used in this study was obtained from the 2018 Zambia Demographic and Health Survey. Data were analyzed using STATA 13.0 software and focused on descriptive and Probit regression analyses.ResultsThe study reveals that for women and men, age, wealth category, education, and professional occupation are positively associated with health insurance while being self-employed in the agricultural sector negatively influences health insurance coverage for both sexes. Other variables have gender-specific effects. For instance, being in marital union and having a clerical occupation increases the probability of having health insurance for women while being in the services, skilled, and unskilled manual occupations increases the probability of having health insurance for men. Further, residing in rural areas reduces the probability of having health insurance for men.ConclusionThe study concludes that there are differences in factors that influence health insurance between women and men. Hence, this study highlights the need to enhance health insurance coverage by addressing the different factors that influence health insurance coverage among men and women. These factors include enhancing education, job creation, diversifying insurance schemes, and gender consideration in the design of National Health Insurance Scheme.

Impact of minimum wage legislation on gender differentials in sticky wages: evidence from Korea

ABSTRACT This study adds to a growing body of studies on gender inequality, centred on the role of the minimum wage. The unprecedented increases of the minimum wage in Korea during the 2010s allow us to directly observe the social and economic impacts of these changes. This study explores the minimum wage role in mitigating the gender gap in sticky wages where firm performance worsened. Using a sample of 7,514 firm-year observations between 2010 and 2020 in the Korean KOSPI and KOSDAQ markets, we find that men’s wage stickiness in times of poor performance was greater than that of women, and the minimum wage reduces the gap in sticky wages between genders, alleviating gender inequality problems in wage determination.

Life Expectancy and Healthy Life Expectancy of Adults in Oman: Does Women’s Longer Life Expectancy than Men Mean Success or Burden for Women?

Objectives: The objective of this study was to examine the life expectancy (LE) and healthy life expectancy (HLE) of Omani adults with age and gender differentials, focusing on whether the higher LE of women than men is a gain or burden for women. Method: Data for the study come from multiple sources such as the 2010 population census, the 2008 World Health Survey in Oman, and secondary data published in the Statistical Yearbook of Oman. The life table and the modified life table proposed by Sullivan were used for estimating the LE and HLE of adult people of age 20 and above, respectively. Results: LE in Oman reached 76 years for both sexes in recent times. However, since 2010 LE has been stalled in the vicinity of 76 years in Oman. Women had higher LE than men (79 years versus 74 years). In terms of HLE, men outweighed women in Oman. At the age of 20, the gap between male-female LE was found to be 4.7 years in favor of females, whereas the gap between male-female HLE was found to be 5.8 years in favor of males. Females spent a relatively long time in poor health status than males (20.8 years versus 10.8 years) and the proportion of life spent in poor health was greater for females than males (35.0% vs. 19.3%). This revealed the paradox of less mortality but higher morbidity among women, supporting the “Failure of Success” hypothesis. Conclusion: Appropriate health policy and strategy need to be taken to reduce the gender gap in LE and HLE in Oman.

Gender Difference in Entrepreneurial Intentions: A New Perspective from College Students to Facilitate Teacher Leadership in Entrepreneurial Education

To better specify the methods of teacher leaders in entrepreneurial education in Chinese higher education institutions, gender differences in entrepreneurial intentions were investigated to determine how these differences affect the allocation of limited resources and how these differences affect the institutions’ meeting of students’ needs. Based on the classic Theory of Personal Behavior, this work analyzed the extent and determinants of gender differentials in the entrepreneurial intentions of Chinese college students with Blinder-Oaxaca decomposition method. The data came from a field survey of 620 Chinese college students. The result suggested that, instead of discrimination and stereotypes, the gender difference in entrepreneurial intentions was primarily due to different “endowment effects” (gender differences in the observed variables with respect to entrepreneurial attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavior control). Hence, as leaders who take a more hierarchical position of facilitator, decision-maker, or mediator in entrepreneurial education, teachers should tailor their educational approaches in accordance with the different aptitudes between female and male students. Different curricula that target those gender qualifications would be required to balance the gender difference in entrepreneurial intentions of college students.

Wage Differentials in Malaysia: Public Employment, Gender, and Ethnicity

Abstract The study examines the earnings differentials between the public and private sector in the Malaysian economy in terms of the moderations of the gender and ethnic wage differences in the public sector. The study uses the annual earnings from the Salaries and Wages Survey for 2011 and 2016. The key findings are that public employees are paid higher wages compared with private sector employees and the overall gender and ethnic wage differentials have declined in recent years. We also find that both gender and ethnic wage differentials are much smaller in the public sector.

Gender, union formation, and assortative mating among older women

This paper presents a search-theoretic model of union formation among women, aged 55 and older. Specifically, it provides new estimates of gender differentials in cohabitation and marriage at older ages, and documents recent patterns of assortative mating using data from the 2008–2017 American Community Survey. Our analyses reveal that cohabitation represents a much smaller share of all older unmarried women, all partnered women, and all women in comparison to patterns observed among their male counterparts. The results also reveal highly uneven patterns of union formation by age, race and marital history, which reflect demographically uneven constraints and preferences. Our analyses also document, for the first time, patterns of assortative mating at older ages. Shortages of similarly-aged men, especially among older African American women, seemingly heighten the likelihood of demographically mismatched unions. Older women are less likely to form unions with same-race or economically attractive partners, defined as men having a college-degree. This study shows that older single women, in general, are at a comparative disadvantage in the marriage market, both in forming co-residential unions and in finding partners who match their own social, demographic, and economic profiles. This paper highlights considerable heterogeneity in the experiences of America's older women. It calls for new theoretical approaches that acknowledge the unequal resources and bargaining power among older women in the marriage market.

Gender differentials in poverty among migrants in rural border communities of Oyo state, Nigeria

The study examined relative poverty among migrant men and women in rural border communities of the Oyo State. Three rural border settlements were randomly selected in Atisbo and Saki-west Local Government Areas (LGAs) of Oyo State. Two hundred and four (204) questionnaires were administered to the father and mother in 102 migrant households and 198 questionnaires were retrieved for analysis. Using Principal Component Analysis (PCA), the study revealed that women have a higher poverty level than men. Also, the Principal Component Analysis revealed that the high loadings of factors on component one (Dwelling Conditions), for both men and women, imply inadequate living conditions. This indicates the need for improved dwelling conditions for the migrants and also the need to focus on gender-based poverty interventions especially among females, as they are more affected by poverty.

Gender Differentials in the Adoption of Drought-Tolerant Maize Varieties among Farmers in the Northern Region of Ghana

This study examined gender differences in farmers’ adoption of drought-tolerant maize (DTM) varieties in northern region of Ghana. Specifically, it described the socio-economic characteristics of the farmers by gender; determined their rate of adoption of the DTM varieties; and analyzed the factors affecting the rate of adoption of the varieties. The study was conducted in the Northern region of Ghana. Simple random sampling technique was used to obtain data from 600 respondents, comprising 551 males and 49 females. Data were collected with the use of a survey questionnaire that contained questions on respondents’ socio-economic characteristics such as age, years of schooling, household size, farm size, access to credit, level of awareness and adoption of DTM varieties and extension contact, among others. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and probit regression model. The results for the entire respondents showed average values of 49.75 years for age, 10.8 for household size, with a significant difference (p<0.05) between male and female farmers for each of the variables. Average farm size of 3.38 ha, with a significant difference (p<0.01) between male and female farmers for the variables. The adoption rate of DTM was 13.3% in the entire sample with a significant difference (p<0.05) between male (13.4%) and female farmers (12.2%). The determinants of adoption of DTM varieties for both male and female farmers were age of the household head, education, source of seed, and level of awareness, specific to male farmers was educational status of the respondents while farm size was specific to female famers. It was concluded that policy strategies aimed at improving the uptake of DTM varieties must consider equality in male and female farmers’ access to resources such as credit, labour and land. Keywords: Gender, Drought-tolerant, Maize varieties, Adoption, Ghana. DOI: 10.7176/JBAH/11-20-04 Publication date: October 31 st 2021