Determine Gender Differences Research Articles

Sagittal trunk excursion and lumbar repositioning error between female and male patients with patellofemoral pain syndrome.

Patellofemoral pain syndrome (PFPS) is a challenging clinical problem affecting adults, adolescents, and physically active populations. PFPS impacts the patient's trunk kinematics in the frontal plane. Previous studies have found gender-based biomechanical differences in patients with PFPS; however, sagittal trunk kinematics during mini-squats and lumbar proprioception in PFPS have not been studied previously. To investigate sagittal trunk excursion (It is defined as the sagittal trunk flexion angle from the start to the end of the mini squat) during mini-squats as well as lumbar repositioning error between individuals with and without PFPS, and determine gender differences in the outcome variables. A sample of 56 participants aged 18-25 years was enrolled; 30 with PFPS (13 males, 17 females) and 26 asymptomatic controls (11 males, 15 females). The sagittal trunk excursion during mini-squats was examined by two-dimensional (2D) photographic analysis using Surgimap software. Active lumbar flexion repositioning error was assessed using an isokinetic dynamometer. For sagittal trunk excursion, no significant main effect of group was observed (). On the other hand, the main effect was significant for gender (), as was the interaction effect. Compared to the control group, the PFPS group showed significantly () lower sagittal trunk excursion in females than in males during mini-squats. For active lumbar flexion repositioning error, no evidence was found for significant main or interaction effects (). Females with PFPS exhibit a more erect sagittal trunk posture than males during mini-squats. Trunk posture should be considered during weight-bearing activities in PFPS, and gender-specific assessment protocols should be developed.

Gender Differences in Determinants of the Components of the Frailty Phenotype among Older Adults in India: Findings from LASI Wave-1.

This study examines the gender-specific determinants of the components of frailty in a community-dwelling setting in India. Using data from the Longitudinal Ageing Study in India (LASI) Wave-1, this study employed 30,978 (14,885 male and 16,093 female) older adults (aged 60+) to fulfil the study objective. The modified Fried frailty phenotype criteria defines frailty by the five components: exhaustion, weak grip strength, slow walking speed, unintentional weight loss, and low physical activity. The result showed grip strength (79.1%) as the most discriminant component among males, and physical activity (81.6%) as the most discriminant component among females. The results also indicated that grip strength (male: 98.0%, female: 93.5%) and physical activity (male: 94.8%, female: 96.9%) showed a sensitivity of more than 90%, which appears to be a good indicator of frailty. Combining this dual marker increased the accuracy to 99.97% among male and 99.98% among female samples. The findings suggested adding grip strength and physical activity as a proxy measure of frailty, which can increase the precision of screening without a large additional investment of time, training, or cost.

Determining Gender Differences in Education and Labor Market Outcomes

Determining Gender Differences in Education and Labor Market Outcomes

Cardiovascular responses to isometric handgrip exercise in young adults: Does gender matter?

Background: Substantial physiological and morphological differences between the gender may influence the cardiovascular adaptation and adjustment to static exercise. Aims and Objectives: The aim of the study was to determine gender differences in acute cardiovascular responses to isometric handgrip (IHG) exercise at 30% of maximum voluntary contraction (MVC). Materials and Methods: An observational and cross-sectional study was conducted on 60 apparently healthy young adults of both sexes (M: 30, F: 30) aged between 18 and 22 years. Participants performed IHG exercise at 30% of MVC for 3 min or till fatigue. Systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), pulse rate and oxygen saturation (SpO2) were recorded at rest, 1st min of exercise, at 3rd min of exercise, and 2 min after the end of exercise. Mean arterial pressure (MAP), pulse pressure (PP), and rate pressure product (RPP) were calculated. To find out gender differences, all pre- and post-exercise parameters were compared between the groups using unpaired Student’s t-test with significant P < 0.05 at 95% confidence interval. Results: At rest and during IHG exercise, SBP, DBP, PP, MAP, and RPP were significantly higher in males. While heart rate and SpO2 was not affected by gender during IHG exercise. Conclusion: Research, therapeutic, and diagnostic approaches should take gender differences in physiological cardiovascular adaptation to static exercise into account.

Morbilidad por enfermedades crónicas y su atención sanitaria en Asturias: análisis de género

ObjectiveTo determine gender differences in the magnitude and complexity of chronic diseases and gender inequalities in health care in the adult population of Asturias in 2022. MethodA cross-sectional population study in people (>14 years) with at least one diagnosis of chronic disease (780,566 inhabitants). Sources of information: computer program for morbidity groups (Ministry of Health), Electronic medical record of primary care and hospital. Comparative analysis by sex and age, the mean values of chronic diseases and complexity index (Student's t test and one-way ANOVA), and probability (odds ratio and 95% CI) of suffering from specific chronic diseases, making one or more visits to the hospital emergency department or one or more admissions to hospital. Results89.9% of women and 82.1% of men were registered with at least one chronic disease. The mean was higher in women (4.36) than in men (3.22) (p<0.001). Complexity index: men 4.56 and women 5.85 (p<0.001). Results show that women are more likely to attend the hospital emergency department, with an attendance rate of 50% for the diseases cited, compared with men at 29%. The rate of hospital admission is higher in men in 13 of the 14 diseases studied (85%). ConclusionsGender analysis can also be applied to secondary sources of the National Health System. Despite the greater magnitude and complexity of chronic diseases in women, there is a higher frequency of hospital admissions in men compared to women with the same diseases. This implies an unequal care profile in the field of hospital admissions that the scientific literature associates with gender biases in health care.

Imagery Matters: The Role of Fitness Influencers in the Reproduction of Socio-Cultural Gender Norms

Introduction This research explored Instagram ‘Fitness Influencers’, to develop an understanding of the content they post online, the level of objectification and gender differences in the extent of this objectification. The media previously has presented gendered representations of women and men, with women subjected to greater objectification than males, with similar findings in social media research. Fitness Influencers are online micro-celebrities influential on young people, thus knowledge of the images being consumed is beneficial due to the associated detrimental effects of unconsciously internalising objectified media and that promoting unattainable beauty standards. Methods A content analysis of 90 influencer images was conducted to provide an understanding of the type of images shared, followed by a Chi square (χ2) to determine gender differences; the qualitative content analysis phase identified four main themes, lifestyle, brand endorsements, engaged in activity and objectification. Results There were no significant gender differences found (p&gt;0.05) however, objectification sub-themes found significant differences in muscularity between males and females and in sultry poses (p&lt;0.001), in line with gender stereotypes and norms in society. Conclusion The identification of greater objectification of males highlights the need for greater consideration for male’s body image, and greater consideration for the content being shared online more generally, due to the associated detrimental effects of consuming certain types of imagery.

A comparative study of life satisfaction and psychological stress levels among male and female allied health college students

Gender differences in psychological disorders have distinct gender profiles, with males more susceptible to aggressive behavior, hypertension, and substance abuse and females more prone to depression and anxiety. Likewise, stress responses among both genders vary physiologically and psychologically, which could lead to complications in many ways. Therefore, this study aimed to determine gender differences in life satisfaction and psychological stress levels among allied health college students. Using a purposive sampling technique, a comparative cross-sectional study recruited 190 male and 190 female students. The self-administered questionnaire included questions related to sociodemographics and two validated scales, the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-10) and the Satisfaction With Life Scale (SWLS). Descriptive statistics were calculated for the study variables, and the students' locality was compared by gender using the chi-square test. Moreover, other sociodemographics, PSS, and SWLS scores were compared by gender using the Mann‒Whitney U test, and the chi-square test was used to determine gender differences in the outcomes of SWLS. The study results showed that the PSS and SWLS scores were higher among female students than their male counterparts, which were statistically significant (p &lt; 0.05). Furthermore, female students were more satisfied with their life than male students, which was also statistically significant (p &lt; 0.05). Our study highlights that female first-year allied health students are more likely to encounter psychological stress, despite being more satisfied with their lives than male students. Therefore, establishing a student support committee within the allied health faculty or university is recommended to provide counseling and guidance in healthy ways to cope with psychological stress for both male and female students.

Gender Differences in Determinants of Students’ Interest in STEM Education

Despite the government’s call for students to pursue science, technology, engineering, and mathematics in the era of the Fourth Industrial Revolution (4IR), the gender gap in STEM education is still of significant concern in South Africa. This study aimed to describe different push-pull factors that influenced male and female students when choosing STEM education at the TVET college level. This study used qualitative research methods and focus-group interviews with a sample of 20 students studying at a TVET college in a rural part of the Limpopo province. In addition, a thematic analysis was used to analyse the data collected. The study revealed that the following factors: lucrative salary, graduate unemployment rate, aptitude for mathematics and science, parental education and autonomy and independence, and rejecting stereotypical feminine identities were push-pull factors that influenced both male and female TVET college students to choose STEM education. The policy implication of this study is that an Afrocentric approach should be infused into the teaching and learning of STEM at TVET colleges.

Gender Differences in the Prevalence of Parkinson's Disease.

Parkinson's disease (PD) affects males more than females. The reasons for the gender differences in PD prevalence remain unclear. The objective of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to update the overall male/female prevalence ratios (OPR). We updated previous work by searching MEDLINE, SCOPUS, and OVID for articles reporting PD prevalence for both genders between 2011 and 2021. We calculated OPRs and investigated heterogeneity in effect estimates. We included 19 new articles and 13 articles from a previously published meta-analysis. The OPR was 1.18, 95% CI, [1.03, 1.36]. The OPR was lowest in Asia and appeared to be decreasing over time. Study design, national wealth, and participant age did not explain OPR heterogeneity. Gender differences in PD prevalence may not be as stark as previously thought. Studies are needed to understand the role of other determinants of gender differences in PD prevalence.

Workplace gender harassment, illegitimate tasks, and poor mental health: Hypothesized associations in a Swedish cohort

Workers exposed to gender harassment and illegitimate tasks may experience adverse mental health outcomes such as depression and burnout. However, the longitudinal effects and the complex interrelationships between these variables remain largely unexplored. We investigated the cross-lagged relationships between gender harassment, illegitimate tasks, and mental health outcomes among working adults in Sweden over a period of two years, as well as the gender differences in the cross-lagged effects. Additionally, the study examined whether illegitimate tasks mediated the relationship between gender harassment and negative mental health outcomes over time. Data were drawn from the Swedish Longitudinal Occupational Survey of Health (SLOSH), covering 2796 working men and 4110 working women in a two-wave analysis from 2018 to 2020. We employed a structural equation model to examine the cross-lagged effects and the mediating effect between gender harassment, illegitimate tasks, and mental health outcomes over time. Furthermore, we applied a multigroup analysis to determine gender differences in the cross-lagged effects.The results showed statistically significant cross-lagged relationships (forward, reverse, and reciprocal) between gender harassment, illegitimate tasks, and mental ill-health. There were statistically significant gender differences in these cross-lagged relationships (burnout: △χ2(47)=106.21, p < 0.01; depression: △χ2(47)=80.5, p < 0.01). Initial illegitimate tasks mediated the relationship between gender harassment and mental ill-health outcomes over time. The gender differences in the interrelationships between gender harassment, illegitimate tasks, and mental ill-health outcomes among workers in Sweden indicate that policies, regulations, and interventions that address these exposures in organisations must be tailored to benefit both men and women.

The Effectiveness of Digital Stotytelling in Teaching Speaking for Students with Different Gender Classification

The purpose of this study is to find out the effectiveness of using digital storytelling towards students’ speaking ability based on gender classification. The samples of this study were two classes of class IX students from MTsN 1 Kediri. The experimental group was Class IX-G, and the control group was Class IX-I. Both pretest and posttest set were used as the research instrument. To determine the effectiveness of the media utilized, ANCOVA analysis was used, and an independent sample T-test was used to determine gender differences. The study's findings revealed the effectiveness of digital storytelling to teach speaking as evidenced by sig.=.0000&lt;.05. Further analysis proceeded to the effectiveness of digital story telling based on gender classification. As evidenced by sig. =.003.05., digital story telling was effective in teaching speaking to female students. Meanwhile, male students were not empowered. By sig=.416 &gt;.05., there was no statistically significant difference between male students taught using digital storytelling and those taught using printed text evidence. It means that both teaching media are equally effective for teaching speaking to male students.

GENDER DIFFERENCES IN PATIENTS WITH ATRIAL FIBRILLATION SHOWN BY TRANSTHORACIC ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY AND COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY

Relevance: Cardioembolism is one of the major causes of ischemic strokes and accounts for 15-30% of all cerebral infarctions. Atrial&#x0D; fibrillation (AF) accounts for up to 60% of cardioembolic strokes. Assessing thromboembolic risk is important for patients with AF; however, these concerns do not apply equally to men and women.&#x0D; The study aimed to determine gender differences in echocardiographic and computed tomography characteristics of patients with&#x0D; atrial fibrillation.&#x0D; Methods: The included 202 patients underwent both transthoracic echocardiography and computed tomography. We excluded patients&#x0D; with allergies to iodide, increased creatinine levels, hyperthyroidism, pregnancy, and age &lt;18 years.&#x0D; Results: An increase in BMI by 1 kg/m2&#x0D; in female patients increased the risk of left-atrium appendage (LAA) thrombus by 10% (OR=1,1,&#x0D; p=0.019). The yearly increase in the age of women lowers the risk of LAA thrombosis by 6% (OR=0,94, р=0,01). Each increase of EDD in&#x0D; women to 1 cm raises the risk of LAA thrombosis by 151% (OR=2,51, p=0.031). Each increase of ESV and EDV in women to 1 ml raises the&#x0D; risk of LAA thrombosis by 4% and 3%, respectively (p&lt;0.05). Each increase of LVESVI and LVEDVI in female patients to 1 ml/m2 raises the&#x0D; risk of LAA thrombosis by 6% and 5%, respectively (p&lt;0.05).&#x0D; Older age, higher CHA2&#x0D; -DS2&#x0D; -VASc, HAS-BLED scores, and enlarger LA in male patients were significantly associated with LAA&#x0D; thrombosis.&#x0D; The yearly increase in the age of men increases the risk of LAA thrombosis by 5% (OR=1.05, p=0.012). Men with coronary atherosclerosis at risk of thrombosis by 224% (OR=3,24, p=0.002).&#x0D; Conclusion: Understanding gender differences may help clinicians provide better care to individuals with AF

GENDER DIFFERENCES IN PATIENTS WITH ATRIAL FIBRILLATION SHOWN BY TRANSTHORACIC ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY AND COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY

Relevance: Cardioembolism is one of the major causes of ischemic strokes and accounts for 15-30% of all cerebral infarctions. Atrial&#x0D; fibrillation (AF) accounts for up to 60% of cardioembolic strokes. Assessing thromboembolic risk is important for patients with AF; however, these concerns do not apply equally to men and women.&#x0D; The study aimed to determine gender differences in echocardiographic and computed tomography characteristics of patients with&#x0D; atrial fibrillation.&#x0D; Methods: The included 202 patients underwent both transthoracic echocardiography and computed tomography. We excluded patients&#x0D; with allergies to iodide, increased creatinine levels, hyperthyroidism, pregnancy, and age &lt;18 years.&#x0D; Results: An increase in BMI by 1 kg/m2&#x0D; in female patients increased the risk of left-atrium appendage (LAA) thrombus by 10% (OR=1,1,&#x0D; p=0.019). The yearly increase in the age of women lowers the risk of LAA thrombosis by 6% (OR=0,94, р=0,01). Each increase of EDD in&#x0D; women to 1 cm raises the risk of LAA thrombosis by 151% (OR=2,51, p=0.031). Each increase of ESV and EDV in women to 1 ml raises the&#x0D; risk of LAA thrombosis by 4% and 3%, respectively (p&lt;0.05). Each increase of LVESVI and LVEDVI in female patients to 1 ml/m2 raises the&#x0D; risk of LAA thrombosis by 6% and 5%, respectively (p&lt;0.05).&#x0D; Older age, higher CHA2&#x0D; -DS2&#x0D; -VASc, HAS-BLED scores, and enlarger LA in male patients were significantly associated with LAA&#x0D; thrombosis.&#x0D; The yearly increase in the age of men increases the risk of LAA thrombosis by 5% (OR=1.05, p=0.012). Men with coronary atherosclerosis at risk of thrombosis by 224% (OR=3,24, p=0.002).&#x0D; Conclusion: improved clinician understanding of gender differences may help clinicians better care for individuals with AF

Characteristics and Gender Differences of Headache in the Veterans Health Administration: A National Cohort Study, Fiscal Year 2008-2019.

To determine gender differences in headache types diagnosed, sociodemographic characteristics, military campaign and exposures, and health care utilization among US veterans in the Veterans Health Administration (VHA). This study used a retrospective cohort design to examine VHA electronic health record (EHR) data. This cohort includes veterans who had at least 1 visit for any headache between fiscal years 2008 and 2019. Headache diagnoses were classified into 8 categories using International Classification of Disease, Clinical Modification codes. Demographics, military-related exposures, comorbidities, and type of provider(s) consulted were extracted from the EHR and compared by gender. Age-adjusted incidence and prevalence rates of medically diagnosed headache disorders were calculated separately for each type of headache. Of the 1,524,960 veterans with headache diagnoses included in the cohort, 82.8% were men. Compared with women, men were more often White (70.4% vs 56.7%), older (52.0 ± 16.8 vs 41.9 ± 13.0 years), with higher rates of traumatic brain injury (2.9% vs 1.1%) and post-traumatic stress disorder (23.7% vs 21.7%), and lower rates of military sexual trauma (3.2% vs 33.7%; p < 0.001 for all). Age-adjusted incidence rate of headache of any type was higher among women. Migraine and trigeminal autonomic cephalalgia rates were most stable over time. Men were more likely than women to be diagnosed with headache not otherwise specified (77.4% vs 67.7%) and have higher incidence rates of headaches related to trauma (3.4% vs 1.9% [post-traumatic]; 5.5% vs 5.1% [postwhiplash]; p < 0.001 for all). Men also had fewer headache types diagnosed (mean ± SD; 1.3 ± 0.6 vs 1.5 ± 0.7), had fewer encounters for headache/year (0.8 ± 1.2 vs 1.2 ± 1.6), and fewer visits to headache specialists (20.8% vs 27.4% p < 0.001 for all), compared with women. Emergency department utilization for headache care was high for both genders and higher for women compared with men (20.3% vs 22.9%; p < 0.001). Among veterans with headache diagnoses, important gender differences exist for men and women veterans receiving headache care within VHA regarding sociodemographic characteristics, headache diagnoses, military exposure, and headache health care utilization. The findings have potential implications for providers and the health care system caring for veterans living with headache.

Mental skills in Serbian handball players: In relation to the position and gender of players.

ObjectivesDespite the potential link between mental skills and athletic performance, little is done to examine handball players’ present level of mental skills concerning their performance. To begin with, the study has three folded aims; the first one is to examine the factor structure of Bull’s Mental Skills Questionnaire, which was developed in the United Kingdom to measure selected mental skill, of Serbian athlete population. The second aim is to determine gender differences in those mental skills, and the third aim is to determine differences between the playing positions in the mental skills of handball players to create a mental profile of Serbian handball players.Materials and methodsThe sample consisted of 170 handball players, aged 14 to 39, who have played handball at the semi-elite, competitive-elite, and successful-elite level. The modified exploratory factor analysis was used to determine the latent dimensions of the Bull’s Mental Skills Questionnaire. For examining gender differences in the manifestation of mental skills Mann–Whitney U test was used.ResultsCompared to the original structure of the questionnaire, which singles out seven factors of mental skills (imagery ability, mental preparation, self-confidence, anxiety and worry management, concentration ability, relaxation ability, and motivation), five factors were singled out in the sample of Serbian male and female handball players (anxiety and concentration management—α = 0.74; self-confidence—α = 0.75; relaxation ability—α = 0.66; mental preparation—α = 0.68, and imagery ability—α = 0.66). With these five subscales as dependent variables, results of the Mann–Whitney U test show that there are significant gender differences in variable anxiety and concentration management (U = 2893.5, p = 0.049) and relaxation ability (U = 2833.0, p = 0.031). Female handball players score higher on anxiety and concentration management and lower on relaxation ability. When playing positions are in question, results of Kruskal–Wallis‘s one-way analysis of variance, i.e., Mann–Whitney’s post hoc analysis, suggest that statistically significant differences were observed between wings and center backs and wings and goalkeepers in the imagery ability.ConclusionThe Bull’s Mental Skills Questionnaire in Serbian sample of handball players show satisfactory psychometric characteristics but has singled out five factors of mental skills compared to the original questionnaire.

Statins in severe hypercholesterolemic patients: Gender and cardiovascular events gaps

Background and Aims : Statins are the first line of treatment in patients with severe hypercholesterolemia (SH) to prevent cardiovascular disease. Even though, it is well known that atherosclerosis is more prevalent in men than in women, there is a lack of information regarding their treatments in this population. Aim: to determine gender differences considering treatment and prognostic in a middle-age population with SH.

Gender Difference in Palatal Rugae Patterns Among Adult Bengali Population in Chattogram

Background: The anatomical fold on the front portion of the hard palate is known as the palatal rugae. They are distinct and do not change during life, making them perfect for use as an identification tool when other options are unavailable. The aim of our study is to determine gender differences in palatal rugae pattern among the Bengali population in Chattogram of Bangladesh.&#x0D; Materials and methods: A total of 200 Bengali male (100) and female (100) populations aged 18 years and above were studied. The data was assessed based on the Thomas and Kotze classification. The student's t-test was used to compare all quantitative data.&#x0D; Results: Curved and straight type palatal rugae were significantly higher (p &lt; 0.05, p &lt; 0.001 respectively) in males than females. Wavy and circular type palatal rugae were higher in females than males and the difference was significant (p &lt; 0.001, p &lt; 0.05 respectively). The female exhibited a higher converging palatal rugae p &gt; 0.05. The male exhibited a higher diverging palatal rugae p &lt; 0.001.&#x0D; Conclusion: The Bengali population of Chattogram has a distinctive pattern and sexual diversity of palatal rugae. That can be used to reliably identify subjects and gender differences in the Bengali population.&#x0D; JCMCTA 2022 ; 33 (1) : 82-87

Towards Gender-Based Market Segmentation: The Differential Influence of Gender on Dining Experiences in the University Cafeteria Industry

The study sought to determine gender differences in dining experiences in the university cafeteria industry in Zimbabwe, with the ultimate goal of providing the basis for gender-based market segmentation. The dimensions of the dining experiences investigated were the atmospherics experience, the food experience, and the service experience; these were also informed by the literature. Data was collected in a systematic survey using a structured questionnaire. The study targeted university students and a sample of 150 was analysed. Data was analysed using the one-way MANOVA. The results indicated that there were no statistically significant gender differences along all dimensions of dining experiences. The conclusions made are that males and females do not respond differently to marketing stimuli in the cafeteria industry, and therefore there is no viable market segmentation on the basis of gender. It was recommended that if any need for market segmentation of the cafeteria market exists, it must be done on other segmentation basis such as geographic, psychographic, behavioural, or other demographic factors such as age and religion.

Metacognitive determinants of gender differences in management activity in the conditions of remote forms of its implementation

The article presents materials that reveal the specifics of the influence of the gender factor on the organization of the metacognitive sphere of personality in management activity. Differences in the indices of the structural organization of the components of the metacognitive plan for samples differentiated by gender have been established. The provisions are formulated according to which remote forms of implementation of management activity act as a means of enhancing metacognitive potential, on the one hand, and reducing the role of the gender of managers, on the other.

Gendered Determinants of Food Security Inequities Within Intersectionality Framework: Case Study From Uganda

ObjectivesFood security (FS) research shows that disadvantaged groups, defined through characteristics such as gender, have less resources, and human and social capital, face more barriers to exercise their rights and are more marginalized. This study aims to determine sources of FS inequities intersecting with gender, measuring their relative significance. MethodsWe used nationally representative data from Gallup World Poll, Uganda 2019 (n = 951). A binary logit model was estimated at different equity levels before and after accounting for gender differences. Predicted probabilities of FS were used to identify differences between men and women across different determinants. We used the difference-in-difference approach to test the interaction of gender with variables exhibiting a gender difference in magnitude, direction, or significance. We tested whether a) such differences (gender gaps) are statistically significant; b) gender significantly intersects with each of those variables. We computed odds ratios that included significant intersections between gender and selected variables. ResultsDespite gender differences in several FS determinants, there was a significant gender gap among low-educated (p < 0.1), low-income, married, and socially supported (all p < 0.05) men and women. Further difference-in-difference analysis showed that gender significantly intersected with social support and marital status (p < 0.05). Accounting for gender variability, the final model showed that residing in the Eastern region, lacking shelter, and being a single woman decreased FS odds. More adults in the household, higher education and income, social support, and satisfaction with community infrastructures enhanced FS status. ConclusionsThis is a first attempt to model and test gender differences using a difference-in-difference approach within an intersectionality framework. Results suggest that conventional FS approaches may not suffice to reduce inequities if gender is conceived as a control variable rather than a foundation to explain inequities. Gendered-centered analysis helps identify most disadvantaged groups and inform policies to target inequities. Funding SourcesFonds de Recherche du Québec Société et Culture (FRQSC), QC Canada; McGill University.