Gender Differences In Delay Research Articles

Predicting Gender Differences in School Achievement and Social Acceptance: The Role of Delay of Gratification

The study explored whether delay of gratification measured in 6-year old preschool children, incrementally predicts their subsequent academic achievement and social acceptance in elementary school above cognitive abilities. The role of gender in this relationship was also examined. The sample comprised 99 girls and 120 boys attending fourth, fifth and sixth grades. The study was longitudinal with two measurement points: measures of cognitive abilities and delay of gratification were taken at the age of 6, while measures of academic achievement (GPA, grade in Croatian language and math) and social acceptance, measured with the sociometric technique, were taken between the age of 10 and 12 years. It was confirmed that delay of gratification predicted both subsequent academic achievement and social acceptance in elementary school above cognitive abilities, but more strongly for boys than for girls. Also, delay of gratification mediated the relationship between gender and all four dependent variables. Gender differences in social acceptance, Croatian and math grades were partially explained and gender differences in GPA were fully explained by gender differences in delay of gratification measured at preschool age.

Gender differences in delays to diagnosis of acromegaly: data from the Swedish National Patient Register

Gender differences in delays to diagnosis of acromegaly: data from the Swedish National Patient Register

Insurance and Prehospital Delay in Patients ≤55 Years With Acute Myocardial Infarction

This prospective study assessed whether gender differences in health insurance help explain gender differences in delay in seeking care for patients in the US, with acute myocardial infarction (AMI). We also assessed gender differences in such prehospital delay for AMI in Spain, a country with universal insurance. We used data from 2,951 US and 496 Spanish patients aged 18 to 55 years with AMI. US patients were grouped by insurance status: adequately insured, underinsured, or uninsured. For each country, we assessed the association between gender and prehospital delay (symptom onset to hospital arrival). For the US cohort, we modeled the relation between insurance groups and delay of >12 hours. US women were less likely than men to be uninsured but more likely to be underinsured, and a larger proportion of women than men experienced delays of >12 hours (38% vs 29%). We found no association between insurance status and delays of >12 hours in men or women. Only 17.3% of Spanish patients had delays of >12 hours, and there were no significant gender differences. In conclusion, women were more likely than men to delay, although it was not explained by differences in insurance status. The lack of gender differences in prehospital delays in Spain suggests that these differences may vary by health care system and culture.

Abstract P66: Differences in Chest Compressions Provided to Male and Female Victims of Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest

Background: Prehospital healthcare providers may fear that they will injure patients while performing manual chest compressions (CC). The provider’s perception of a patient’s fragility may influence the aggressiveness with which he/she performs CC. As a consequence, EMS personnel may provide CC of differing forcefulness when treating male versus female patients. The objective of the present study was to compare the depth of CC provided to male and female patients. A secondary objective was to determine whether there were gender differences in delays and interruptions in CC. Methods: Data were recorded from the treatment of 203 out-of-hospital cardiac arrest patients (60 female and 143 male) using ZOLL AED Plus devices, which are capable of recording CC depth, shock timing, and CC timing. Mood’s median statistical test was used to compare the proportions of females vs. males receiving less than median CC depth during pre-shock and post-shock sets of CC, less than median CC start delay (time to CC after pad placement), and less than median pre-shock and post-shock CC interruption times. A total of 420 shocks (n=307 for male, n=103 for female) were included in the analysis. Results: 68% females vs. 45% of males received less than the median pre-shock CC depth of 1.74 in (p=0.002). 58% females vs. 47% of males received less than the median post-shock CC depth of 1.77 in (p=0.07). For delay in starting CC after pad placement, 65% of females vs. 45% of males had below the median delay of 12.95 sec (p<0.0001) and for CC interruption time prior to a shock, 61% females vs. 46% of males had below the median interruption time of 22.87 sec (p=0.009). Conclusions: Prehospital healthcare providers are more likely to perform CC of lower depth when treating female compared with male patients, perhaps due to fear of injuring female patients. Although lower depth of CC could negatively impact resuscitation outcome for females, shorter delays in beginning CC and shorter pre-shock interruptions could alternatively improve outcome for female patients.

Gender differences in delays in diagnosis and treatment of tuberculosis

Gender differences in delays in diagnosis and treatment of tuberculosis

Gender differences in delays in diagnosis and treatment of tuberculosis

To assess the gender variations in delay from symptom onset to help seeking, diagnosis and treatment of tuberculosis (TB) using DOTS at community level, in 10 subdistricts of Bangladesh with 2.5 million people under a non-governmental organization's (Building Resources Across Communities, or BRAC) DOTS programme for TB control. A cross-sectional survey of 1000 newly diagnosed pulmonary TB patients (500 women and 500 men). Women, in comparison with men, had significantly longer mean and median delays in total delay (63.2 and 61.0 days vs. 60.3 and 53 days, respectively), total diagnostic delay (61.2, 60.0 vs. 58.5, 52.0 days), patient's delay (51.9, 50.0 vs. 48.7, 42.0 days) and treatment delay (2.0, 1.0 vs. 1.9, 1.0 day). Patient's mean and median delays were longer than the health system delay. However, patient gender showed strong association with total delay, total diagnostic delay and patient's delay. Older age of women was significantly associated with longer patient and treatment delay categories, respectively. Compared with men, women experienced longer delays at various stages of the clinical process of help seeking for TB. This warrants appropriate measures to improve the situation.

Gender Differences in Delay of Gratification: A Meta-Analysis

A series of meta-analyses were conducted to test Bjorklund and Kipp's hypothesis that due to selection pressures operating during evolution, women and girls are better able than men and boys to delay gratification (Bjorklund & Kipp, 1996). A total of 38 effect sizes were derived from 33 studies in which participants made one or more choices between a small (or less preferred) immediate reward and a large (or more preferred) delayed reward. Overall, there was a small female advantage (r = .058). Further analyses revealed that the female advantage was larger when continuous measures (r = .096) rather than dichotomous measures were used (r = .021). No evidence was found for the gender gap changing systematically with age. Discussion focuses primarily on alternative explanations for the gender difference found here. Consideration is also given to how the female advantage in delay of gratification might be reflected in real-life situations.

An examination of gender differences in DPOAE phase delay measurements in normal-hearing human adults

This study examined gender differences in f 1- and f 2-sweep distortion product otoacoustic emission (DPOAE) phase delay measures in 60 normal-hearing human adults. Phase delay measures were obtained at six different f 2 frequencies ranging from 1.1 to 6.0 kHz ( f 2/ f 1 ratios were 1.1–1.3). Primary levels for f 2 were 45 and 50 dB SPL ( f 1 was 15 dB> f 2). Gender differences have been observed in normal-hearing human adults in both auditory brainstem response (ABR) and f 1-sweep DPOAE studies. Gender differences in delay have been attributed to differences in the average length of the cochlea, where female cochleas are 13% shorter than male cochleas. Previously, the authors have proposed that the f 1-sweep phase delay estimate is predominantly composed of a level-independent transport time to the site of DPOAE generation and a small proportion of the level and frequency-dependent filter build-up time. The f 2-sweep delay also contains the transport time, however, it is predominantly composed of the filter build-up time. Therefore, delay differences between stimulation paradigms are equal to a proportion of the filter build-up time. In this study, mean f 1- and f 2-sweep delays were significantly longer in male ears than female ears at 1.1 kHz (45 and 50 dB). At 50 dB, f 1-sweep phase delay measures were 18% longer in male ears (6.5 ms) than female ears (5.5 ms). Mean f 2-sweep delays were 23% longer in male ears (10.0 ms) than female ears (8.1 ms). This gender difference was not observed when the isolated filter build-up time was calculated from the DPOAE phase delay difference. These observations may therefore be attributed to a gender-related anatomical difference in cochlear length.